Warm Water Research Articles

Spatial Patterns and Environmental Control of Polychaete Communities in the Southwestern Barents Sea

The Barents Sea region is influenced by an increased inflow of warm Atlantic water, which impacts all components of the local ecosystem. Information on the state of benthic communities is required to predict alterations in the food web’s structure and functioning. The spatial distribution of polychaete communities was investigated in relation to environmental conditions at nine stations along the Kola Transect (70°00′–74°00′ N, 33°30′ E) in April 2019. A taxonomically diverse fauna containing 114 taxa was found, with 95 identified at the species level. The fauna was composed predominantly of boreo-Arctic species (63%), followed by boreal (22%) and Arctic species (13%). The polychaete abundance and biomass exhibited considerable variability, ranging from 910 to 3546 ind. m−2 and from 3.4 to 72.7 g m−2, with average values of 1900 ind. m−2 and 18.7 g m−2, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct polychaete communities differing in dominant species composition, abundance, and biomass. The southern region featured the most abundant community, the middle part exhibited the highest diversity, and the northern area presented the community with the highest biomass. These spatial variations in community structure corresponded closely to the distribution and properties of water masses within the study area. Multivariate analysis identified depth as the primary driver of diversity indices, with higher values observed at shallow water sites. Salinity and water temperature together explained 46% of the variation in abundance, reflecting warming effects and showing positive or negative effects, depending on the taxa. Furthermore, an increase in water temperature had a positive impact on the contribution of boreal species to the total material, while exerting a strong negative effect on the overall community biomass, underscoring the potential of polychaetes in biological indication.

Temperature and Abundance Effects on Spatial Structures of Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) at Different Life Stages in the Oceanographically Variable Gulf of Maine

ABSTRACTThe Gulf of Maine (GOM) northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, once supported a significant winter fishery, but a moratorium has been placed on the fishery since 2014 because of a population collapse and recruitment failures that have been attributed to unfavorably warm water temperatures. The GOM is at the southernmost end of the northern shrimp's range, suggesting its population dynamics and distribution may be vulnerable to warming water temperatures. In this study, we used survey data to estimate spatial indicators for GOM northern shrimp at four life history stages to identify possible temporal trends and examine relationships between the indicators and northern shrimp abundance and bottom temperature. We observed patchier distributions over time, which were related to declining population abundance, and a distributional shift northward that was associated with warming bottom water temperatures. Northern shrimp habitat distribution was strongly associated with bottom temperature. Shrimp of all life stages were found in bottom waters cooler than the station's average bottom temperature.

Why Is It Too Cold? Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Cold-Water Pollution Effects on Recruitment of an Imperiled Warmwater Fish.

Environmental temperature shapes the ontogeny of ectotherms by influencing rates of growth and development which can be key determinants of survival. Whereas the escalating impacts of water management on freshwater ecosystems is well documented, the effects of cold-water releases from dams-which can alter downstream temperatures-remains relatively underexplored but may present novel challenges to endemic ectotherms. Specifically, little is known about how thermal depressions reshape phenotypic and genetic patterns during larval metamorphosis for fishes that evolved in warmwater systems. We assessed the effects of thermal shifts on larval ontogeny of the endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), which evolved in the warm waters of the Colorado River Basin, USA. We hypothesised that development is more sensitive to cold-water influences than growth and that temperature would influence patterns in gene expression related to development. Our results supported these hypotheses and showed that both wild and laboratory-reared larvae in slightly cooler temperatures exhibited delayed development, but similar growth compared to larvae reared in warmer conditions. These findings suggest growth and development in early ectotherm life stages can be decoupled, which follows patterns more like the temperature-size rule than allometric scaling of development by size. We also observed transcriptional differences related to genes associated with stress responses and development in our laboratory-reared fish; here, gene expression of fish from the coldest conditions at the end of the experiment was more similar to fish reared in warmer temperatures at the midpoint. Our findings suggest that modest temperature reductions can delay ontogeny and alter the transcriptional landscape while not necessarily limiting growth. This finding highlights the need for conservation practitioners to consider cascading impacts that even small temperature reductions can cause in riverine ecosystems.

Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A Review

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Lancefield) has emerged as a significant pathogen affecting both humans and animals, including aquatic species. Infections caused by S. agalactiae are becoming a growing concern in aquaculture and have been reported globally in various freshwater and marine fish species, particularly those inhabiting warm water environments. This has led to numerous outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in fish. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a member of the Cichlid family, is one of the severely affected fish species by S. agalactiae. The current study aims to focus on S. agalactiae infection in cultured O. niloticus with reference to its transmission and sources of infection; risk factors influencing GBS infection, disease clinical signs, lesions, and pathogenesis; S. agalactiae virulence factors; and how to diagnose, treat, control, and prevent infection including vaccination and herbal extract medication.

Evidence of 2024 Summer as the Warmest During the Last Four Decades in the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas

The summer of 2024 witnessed record-high sea surface temperatures (SST) across the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas (AICS), following unprecedented air heatwaves over the sea under a long-term warming trend of 0.46 °C/decade for the mean atmospheric temperature (1982–2024). The respective mean SST trend for the same period is even steeper, increasing by 0.59 °C/decade. With mean summer surface waters surpassing 28 °C, particularly in the Ionian Sea, the southern Cretan, and northern Aegean basins, this summer marked the warmest ocean conditions over the past four decades. Despite a relatively lower number of marine heatwaves (MHWs) compared to previous warm years, the duration and cumulative intensity of these events in 2024 were the highest on record, reaching nearly twice the levels seen in 2018, which was the warmest until now. Intense MHWs were recorded, especially in the northern Aegean, with extensive biological consequences to ecosystems like the Thermaikos Gulf, a recognized MHW hotspot. The strong downward atmospheric heat fluxes in the summer of 2024, following an interannual increasing four-decade trend, contributed to the extreme warming of the water masses together with other met-ocean conditions such as lateral exchanges and vertical processes. The high temperatures were not limited to the surface but extended to depths of 50 m in some regions, indicating a deep and widespread warming of the upper ocean. Mechanisms typically mitigating SST rises, such as the Black Sea water (BSW) inflow and coastal upwelling over the eastern Aegean Sea, were weaker in 2024. Cooler water influx from the BSW decreased, as indicated by satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentrations, while upwelled waters from depths of 40 to 80 m at certain areas showed elevated temperatures, likely limiting their cooling effects on the surface. Prolonged warming of ocean waters in a semi-enclosed basin such as the Mediterranean and its marginal sea sub-basins can have substantial physical, biological, and socioeconomic impacts on the AICS. This research highlights the urgent need for targeted monitoring and mitigation strategies to address the growing impact of MHWs in the region.

Antarctic sea ice multidecadal variability triggered by Southern Annular Mode and deep convection

Antarctic sea ice exerts great influence on Earth’s climate by controlling the exchange of heat, momentum, freshwater, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Antarctic sea ice extent has undergone a multidecadal slight increase followed by a substantial decline since 2016. Here we utilize a 300-yr sea ice data assimilation reconstruction and two NOAA/GFDL and five CMIP6 model simulations to demonstrate a multidecadal variability of Antarctic sea ice extent. Stronger westerlies associated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) enhance the upwelling of warm and saline water from the subsurface ocean. The consequent salinity increase weakens the upper-ocean stratification, induces deep convection, and in turn brings more subsurface warm and saline water to the surface. This salinity-convection feedback triggered by the SAM provides favorable conditions for multidecadal sea ice decrease. Processes acting in reverse are found to cause sea ice increase, although it evolves slower than sea ice decrease.

Identifying gene-level mechanisms of successful dispersal of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during El Niño events.

El Niño events, the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, facilitate the movement of warm surface waters eastwards across the Pacific Ocean. Marine organisms transported by these waters can act as biological corridors for water-borne bacteria with attachment abilities. El Niño events have been hypothesized as driving the recent emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) variants, marine bacterium causing gastroenteritis, in South America, but the lack of a robust methodological framework limited any further exploration. Here, we introduce two new analysis approaches to explore Vp dynamics in South America, which will be central to uncovering Vp dynamics in the future. Distributed non-linear lag models found that strong El Niño events increase the relative probability of Vp detection in Peru, with a 3-4-month lag time. Machine learning found that the presence of a specific gene (vopZ) involved in attachment to plankton in a pandemic Vp clone in South America was temporally associated with strong El Niño events, offering a possible strategy for survival over long-range dispersal, such as that offered by El Niño events. Robust surveillance of marine pathogens and methodological development are necessary to produce resolute conclusions on the effect of El Niño events on water-borne diseases.

Ross Ice Shelf frontal zone subjected to increasing melting by ocean surface waters.

Solar-warmed surface waters subduct beneath Antarctica's ice shelves as a result of wind forcing, but this process is poorly observed and its interannual variability is yet to be assessed. We observe a 50-meter-thick intrusion of warm surface water immediately beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. Temperature in the uppermost 5 meters decreases toward the ice base in near-perfect agreement with an exponential fit, consistent with the loss of heat to the overlying ice. Ekman forcing drives a heat transport into the cavity sufficient to contribute considerably to near-front melting; this transport has increased over the past four decades, driven by the increasing heat content of the ice-front polynya. Interannual variability of the heat transport is driven by zonal wind stress. These results provide a benchmark against which model performance may be assessed as we seek to reduce uncertainty around the contribution of basal melting to sea level rise.

Underestimated role of sea surface temperature in sea spray aerosol formation and climate effects

The uncertainty regarding the correlation between sea spray aerosol (SSA) formation and sea surface temperature (SST) hinders the accurate estimation of SSA’s impact on global climate. Here, we developed a temperature-controlled plunging SSA simulation tank to investigate the impact of SST on SSA formation from two perspectives: SSA particle size distribution and organic enrichment. Our findings show that SSA particle size decreases with decreasing SST, as exhibited by an increase in SSA within Aitken mode and a decrease in SSA within accumulation and coarse modes. SST can significantly enhance organic enrichment in SSA particles, while the multiplicative increases vary from 2 to 10 times depending on the organic matter species and the SSA particle size. Based on our experimental results, it is predicted that SST reduction may lead to a significantly higher contribution of Aitken modal SSA-derived CCN in cold waters (0 °C) than in warm waters (30 °C). Additionally, we incorporate SST for the first time in estimating the global flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) emitted via SSA, yielding a value ranging from 23.45 to 55.78 Tg C yr−1. Compared to previous works, our study reveals the crucial role of SST in influencing both cloud formation and the atmospheric organic burden of SSA.

Crude Garden Cress Seed Oil (Lepidium sativum Linn.) Enhances Post-Thawed Boar Sperm Quality

This study aimed to examine the effects of crude garden cress seed oil (CGCSO) on frozen–thawed boar sperm qualities. Semen ejaculates (n = 12) were collected and further divided into six equal aliquots based on CGCSO concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% v/v) in the freezing extender. Semen samples were processed and cryopreserved utilizing the traditional liquid nitrogen vapor technique. Subsequently, semen samples were thawed in a thermos with warm water at 50 °C for 12 s and evaluated for sperm morphology using scanning electron microscopy, sperm motility using a CASA, sperm viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function, MDA level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activity. The results indicated that 1% CGCSO resulted in superior post-thaw sperm characteristics, including enhanced sperm morphology, motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial function. Particularly, the total motile sperm increased by 16.5%, progressive motile sperm increased by 13.0%, viability improved by 15.1%, acrosome integrity increased by 14%, and mitochondrial function improved by 14.1% compared to the control group. CGCSO treatment at 1% and 1.5% exhibited the lowest level of MDA (45.73 ± 11.2 and 45.73 ± 11.3 µmol/L, respectively) compared to the other groups. The CGCSO-supplemented groups showed higher values of TAC, GSH-Px, and CAT than the control group but not significantly.

Environmental challenge trials induce a biofluorescent response in the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Stress in sea urchins leads to high mortality and economic losses in both the environment and aquaculture. The green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis has been documented emitting complex biofluorescence, yet how this responds to external stressors is unknown. Adult sea urchins (n = 210) were divided between control (n = 30) and experimental groups (n = 180), using three transport variables: out of water, in water at elevated temperatures, (warm-water) and in water at seawater temperature (cold-water). Hyperspectral imaging of external fluorescence and fluorospectrometric analysis on coelomic fluid was measured at five intervals (hour 0,3,6,9,12). External green emissions (∼580 nm) responded to all treatments, peaking at h9. External red emissions (∼680–730 nm) in the cold-water remained low until an h9 peak. The warm water increased emissions at each interval, peaking at h9. The out of water gradually increased, with the highest at h12. The coelomic fluid fluorescence (∼680 nm) was low to nonexistent except in warm-water, whose elevated levels suggest that fluorescent emissions are a measurable byproduct of internal adaptation(s) to stress. Early detection of fluorescent emissions (broken spines, lesions) may prevent economic losses. The observed link between fluorescence and the applied stressors provides a baseline for developing non-invasive technology for improving echinoderm welfare.

Assessing the reliability of species distribution models under changing environments: a case study on cetaceans in the North-East Atlantic

1.Species Distribution Models (SDMs) assume stable relationships between species and their environment from which predictions are made. These relationships are likely to vary with changing environments, and predictions might depend more on modelling choices than on empirical data. Reliability assessments of predictions are necessary to support policy-making.2.We identified environmental extrapolations among potential predictions of cetaceans’ distribution from 2005 to 2020 in the North-East Atlantic and calculated the percentages of calibration data with similar environments (nearby data), supporting these predictions. Thus, the assessment of reliability is generic, as evaluated before model fitting.3.Predictions on continental shelves were extensively supported by the calibration data and were more reliable throughout the year than predictions on continental slopes and abyssal plains, which were more supported in summer. Predictions off Portugal were particularly uncertain due to the lack of surveys in this region of deep, warmer waters with seamounts.4.The high effort between May and July led to a southern winter shift of nearby data, following the decrease in temperatures. A large part of the predictions between December and April was extrapolated due to the low coverage of the winter primary productivity drops, spring peaks and cold waters. They were based on data collected during other seasons and regions, and given the large spatial extent of the area, and the seasonality and regionality of the cetacean distributions, reliable winter predictions might be restricted to geographic areas where winter surveys took place. These predictions are more uncertain and warrant caution.5.Synthesis and applications: extrapolations and nearby data highlighted environmental gaps to predict cetacean distributions in the North-East Atlantic, which could be covered by future surveys. This informs model users of regions and periods when predictions reliability becomes uncertain. SDMs are invaluable tools for supporting conservation applications and, despite the warnings that have been issued, the degree of information available for predicting distribution is still rarely reported. We recommend adding this assessment as routine information on the reliability of predictions.

Theoretical analysis of organic Rankine cycle for maximum power generation in optimization operation conditions

The global critical issue in energy scarcity should be appropriately solved to realize a sustainable society. Effective use of Rankine cycle is one possible way since it provides most of worldwide electricity production. In this paper, theoretical analysis model of organic working fluids R717, R134a, R1234yf, R290, R245fa and R1233zd in Rankine cycle for maximum power generation in optimization operation using low-temperature heat sources are proposed and studied for development next generation green and zero-carbon energy generation system to promote the race to zero. Results show that temperatures of warm and cold water at inlet, mass flow rate of the warm water and performance of the evaporator play a key role to obtain the theoretical optimization operation conditions for maximum power generation. In the case of same initial conditions of temperatures of warm water (85 Celsius degree) and cold water (15 Celsius degree) at inlet, mass flow rate of the warm water (10kg/s) and performance of the evaporator (100kW/K), R717 has the best performance in terms of the maximum power output 56.0kW with thermal efficiency of 8.6%, and the next is the R1233zd (54.4kW, 8.3%), R245fa (54.0kW, 8.2%), R134a (52.8kW, 7.9%), R290 (52.7kW, 7.9%), and R1234yf (51.7kW, 7.7%). Here, it should be noticed that other optimization conditions are almost the same (mass flow rate of the cold water 9.1∼9.2kg/s; performance of the condenser 91∼92kW/K) to get their maximum power output of ORC. In addition, it also known that low-GWP R1233zd (GWP: 1) can deserve the best option to replace R245fa (GWP: 950) and R1234yf (GWP: 4) also can replace r134a (GWP: 1430) since their optimization operation conditions are almost same.

Eocene Shark Teeth From Peninsular Antarctica: Windows to Habitat Use and Paleoceanography

AbstractEocene climate cooling, driven by the falling pCO2 and tectonic changes in the Southern Ocean, impacted marine ecosystems. Sharks in high‐latitude oceans, sensitive to these changes, offer insights into both environmental shifts and biological responses, yet few paleoecological studies exist. The Middle‐to‐Late Eocene units on Seymour Island, Antarctica, provide a rich, diverse fossil record, including sharks. We analyzed the oxygen isotope composition of phosphate from shark tooth bioapatite (δ18Op) and compared our results to co‐occurring bivalves and predictions from an isotope‐enabled global climate model to investigate habitat use and environmental conditions. Bulk δ18Op values (mean 22.0 ± 1.3‰) show no significant changes through the Eocene. Furthermore, the variation in bulk δ18Op values often exceeds that in simulated seasonal and regional values. Pelagic and benthic sharks exhibit similar δ18Op values across units but are offset relative to bivalve and modeled values. Some taxa suggest movements into warmer or more brackish waters (e.g., Striatolamia, Carcharias) or deeper, colder waters (e.g., Pristiophorus). Taxa like Raja and Squalus display no shift, tracking local conditions in Seymour Island. The lack of difference in δ18Op values between pelagic and benthic sharks in the Late Eocene could suggest a poorly stratified water column, inconsistent with a fully opened Drake Passage. Our findings demonstrate that shark tooth bioapatite tracks the preferred habitat conditions for individual taxa rather than recording environmental conditions where they are found. A lack of secular variation in δ18Op values says more about species ecology than the absence of regional or global environmental changes.

Application of the GIS methods along with measured parameters to identify the NH4+ origin in the Hranice Karst (Czech Republic)

The study aims to determine the source of NH4+ ions in the mineral waters of the Hranice Karst. The study area is located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, Europe. The area is known mainly for its carbon dioxide of deep origin; the gas was the factor that enabled the formation of hypogene karst, in the Palaeozoic limestones, as well as warm mineral waters. The limestones of the area are covered by Neogene (Miocene) sediments of variable thickness and lithology. Recurrent sampling was done at 36 sites. A total of 96 surface water samples, 65 borehole water samples and 96 karst water samples were assessed. Major anions, cations and the content of nitrogen and its forms were determined for all water samples. The soil types were characterised by a field pedological survey. The normalised difference vegetation index was calculated in QGIS and vegetation vitality was evaluated. Since places with remarkably low vegetation index were found to be linked to the occurrence of Miocene sandstones, they represent points of rather fast entry of rainwater into the ground. As the presence of carbon dioxide creates an anoxic setting underground, the entering nitrates are transformed into NH4+ ions. This mechanism of transformation within the nitrogen cycle explains the presence of NH4+ ions in areas with elevated CO2.

Variability in Water Temperature Vertical Distribution and Advective Influences: Observations from Early Summer 2021 in the Central Yellow Sea

To analyze variations in the vertical distribution of water temperatures and the impact of advection in the central Yellow Sea, multi-layer water temperature and current observations were conducted from 31 May to 8 June 2021. Water temperatures exhibited a typical three-layer summer structure, with a uniform deep-layer temperature averaging 8.23 ± 0.05 °C. The current field was dominated by northeast–southwest tidal currents, but residual current characteristics indicated that non-tidal components significantly influenced circulation. Water temperature changes lagged tidal changes by about 3 h, with strong correlations (R > 0.7), especially in deep layers. Residual currents showed significant correlations with water temperature variations, which were attributed to advective displacement or baroclinic currents. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and complex EOF analyses revealed that thermocline variations (T1, explaining approximately 75% of total variance) were driven by strong northward (C1, approximately 34%) and cyclonic (C2, approximately 32%) advection. In deep layers, slight temperature changes were caused by southward Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (C1) and northward Yellow Sea Warm Current Water (C2) propagation. This study confirms that vertical water temperature variations result from a complex interaction between various advection patterns, with southward tide-induced residual currents (C3, approximately 12%) playing a key dynamic role.

Effect of drinking water temperature and mineral supplementation on pre and post-lambing behavior of Corriedale ewes and their newborn lambs.

Lamb mortality poses a serious challenge to the sheep industry, leading to immediate financial losses for livestock owners. Improvement of management practices, particularly through environmental enrichment, has been consistently linked to increased lamb survival and growth in both ewes and lambs due to its substantial impact on their behavior and overall welfare. In our study, we aimed to enhance ewe production and improve ewe behavior through the optimization of water temperature and the inclusion of mineral supplementation. To conduct our research, four distinct groups comprising 10 ewes each were formed based on body weight and parity. Our comprehensive study involved the observation of both pre and post-lambing behaviors in ewes, as well as the examination of lamb behavior. The pregnant ewes were monitored using video camera surveillance. For studying the pre-partum behavior, videos were thoroughly analyzed for 3h before parturition. For studying post-partum and lambing behavior, videos were analyzed for 3 days (24h per day). Notably, the group that received warm water and mineral supplementation exhibited a discernibly positive behavioral response. These findings illuminate a promising approach for improving ewe production while simultaneously reducing lamb mortality. Our research contributes valuable insights into the sheep industry, offering a pathway toward enhanced animal welfare, economic sustainability, and increased profitability for livestock owners.

Provenance and pretreatment effect on seed germination of twenty-six provenances of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

ABSTRACT Due to the long dormancy period and hard seed coat, the natural germination percentage of yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) seeds is low, which seriously hinders the large-scale cultivation of the yellowhorn. In this study, the seeds of 26 provenances with different climatic and geographical conditions were collected and the seed germination was tested, which was conducted to determine the effects of seed pretreatment methods on the germination of yellowhorn. This study showed that the germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT) and germination index (GI) of 26 provenances of yellowhorn seeds in different pretreatment methods were highly significant (p < 0.01). The sand storage + clean water and sand storage + PEG almost significantly promote the GP and GI, and reduce the MGT of all provenances, while the pretreatments of warm water and cold water have almost no promoting effect on the GP and GI. In addition, this study indicates that provenances are as important as pretreatments in germination ability. Correlation between germination ability and geo-climatic data of provenances showed that low temperature can improve seed germination ability. This study showed that the seed germination ability of yellowhorn can be improved by using combined pretreatments for provenances with genetically low germination potential.

Effect Of Giving Warm Water Immersion Therapy For Oedema Of The Legs Of Pregnant Women Third Trimester At Pratama Clinic Cahaya Lubuk Pakam

During pregnancy there are changes in pregnant women, both physical and psychological, which often make pregnant women feel uncomfortable, Swelling in the legs is one of the pregnancy discomforts that pregnant women often complain about and 80% are found in pregnant women in the third trimester. Oedema causes discomfort in pregnant women and can even hinder some activities (1). This study aims to determine the effect of warm water soaking therapy on leg oedema in pregnant women in the third trimester. This study uses a quantitative research design with a one-group pretest-posttest design model, namely observations are made on samples before being given warm water therapy and observations are made again after being given warm water therapy. Samples were taken by purposive sampling. Based on the probability of the test results listed in the table, it can be known that the resulting probability is 0.01. This means that the probability &lt; level of significance (? = 0.05), so that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between lower limb oedema in pregnant women in the third trimester before giving warm water soaking (Pretest) and oedema of the lower limbs in pregnant women in the third trimester after giving warm water soaking (Postest). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an Effect of Warm Water Soaking on the Increase of Leg Oedema in Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester at the Pratama Cahaya Lubuk Pakam Clinic in 2024.

The Effect of Ginger Water Decoction on Leg Edema in Pregnant Mothers at Kasih Ibu Primary Clinic, 2024

The bending of the uterus restricts venous return and gravitational pull, which increases fluid retention and causes 80% of pregnant women in the third trimester to experience leg edema or swelling. Edema in pregnant women’s legs can be a sign of dangerous pregnancy conditions, such as pre-eclampsia. Edema is also very dangerous for pregnant women as it can lead to issues with the heart, kidneys, and other body parts, disrupting their functions. Foot soaking, or foot hydrotherapy, is an additional therapy that can be done independently. To improve blood circulation and trigger a systemic response (vasodilation) through the dilation of blood vessels, bathing with warm water will help. The authors aim to conduct research on "The Effect of Ginger Decoction on Edema in Pregnant Women's Legs at Kasih Ibu Pratama Clinic in 2024" based on the above information and data. They believe that foot soaks can also be combined with other herbal ingredients. The research method used a population of 100 with a sample of 17 individuals, employing a quantitative research design and a one-group pre-test post-test model, where observations were made before and after treatment with data analysis using the Wilcoxon test. The study found that ginger decoction has an effect on reducing edema in the legs of pregnant women. The test results showed a probability of 0.01. This means that the probability &lt; level of significance (? = 0.05), so Ha is accepted, and H0 is rejected, indicating a significant difference between leg edema in pregnant women before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the administration of ginger decoction. Therefore, ginger decoction has an effect on reducing edema in pregnant women's legs.