Warm Water Pool Research Articles

WATSU (Water-Shiatsu) increases body awareness and improves pain and mood: A randomised controlled study

Background and purposeWATSU (Water-Shiatsu) is a body-oriented therapy in warm-water pool with passive movements, massage and breathing techniques. The present study investigated the short-term effect of a single session of WATSU on body awareness. Materials and methodsIn a randomized-controlled study 60 volunteers (18–65 years) were assigned to a 20-min intervention of WATSU or to a 20-min lecture on WATSU. Immediately before and after the intervention they had to answer questionnaires. Primary endpoint of the investigation was the change of the total score of the non-verbal Awareness Body Chart (ABC). Secondary endpoints were the changes of the scores of the 14 single body parts of the ABC, of the Visual Analogue Pain Scale, of a German self-perception questionnaire (KEKS) and changes in mood scored with a German questionnaire on mood (Bf-SR). To compare groups, Mann-Whitney U tests were used. ResultsThe WATSU group had a significantly higher increase in the ABC total score in comparison to the lecture group (WATSU: 0.3 (IQR 0 – 0.8), lecture: 0.1 (IQR -0.2 – 0.2), p = 0.014). In the KEKS no group differences were seen. In WATSU a significantly stronger improvement of pain (Visual Analogue Pain Scale: WATSU: −15 (IQR -29 to −8), lecture: −4 (IQR -9 – 2), p < 0.001) and of mood (Bf-SR: WATSU: −6 (IQR -14 to −2), lecture: −1 (IQR -5 – 1), p = 0.003) could be observed. ConclusionThis study showed that WATSU immediately increases body awareness and improves pain and mood.

Detection of Norovirus in warm water and cold-water fish culture pools

Detection of Norovirus in warm water and cold-water fish culture pools

Reading the sediment archive of the Eastern Campeche Bank (southern Gulf of Mexico): from the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact to Loop Current variability

This is the first high-resolution seismic study showing how the Chicxulub impact shaped the eastern slope of the Campeche Bank in the south-eastern Gulf of Mexico. The induced shock wave fractured Cretaceous strata causing the collapse of the upper slope and shelf over a length of ca. 200 km. Failed material was either transported downslope or remained in parts on the accommodation space created by the collapsed. In the Cenozoic, the East Campeche Plastered Drift developed within the created accommodation space, controlled by the inflowing surface current from the Caribbean, which forms the Loop Current. The internal reflection configuration of the drift shows that the closure of the Suwannee Strait in the Late Oligocene and the closure of the CAS in the Mid to Late Miocene controlled the variability of the southern Loop Current in time. Since the Loop Current transports heat and moisture from the western Atlantic warm water pool into the North Atlantic and further to NW Europe by the Gulf Stream, the drift represents an archive for controlling factors that influenced climate of the northern hemisphere. This first high-resolution seismic reflection study from the eastern Campeche Bank expands the understanding of destructive processes that a meteorite impact induces into the earth system. Furthermore, these data document that the East Campeche Plastered Drift bears the potential to understand the link between the climate variability of the northern hemisphere and oceanic processes in the equatorial western Atlantic.

Loop Current attenuation after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition contributes to Northern hemisphere cooling

The beginning of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) ∼920 ka BP marked the expansion of northern hemisphere ice shields and caused a significant climate change in NW Europe. The MPT ended with the establishment of the 100 kyr ice age cyclicity at ∼640 ka BP, due to orbital eccentricity changes. Previous studies explained the northern hemisphere cooling by cooling of sea-surface temperatures, increased sea-ice cover and/or changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength. We here discuss very-high resolution parametric echosounder (Parasound) imagery and sediment core analytics from a plastered drift at the eastern Campeche Bank (southern Gulf of Mexico), which was deposited under the influence of the Loop Current (LC). The LC transports warm tropical waters from the Caribbean into the Gulf via the Yucatan Channel. It is a key component of the Gulf Stream system, driving the ocean heat, salinity, and moisture transport towards the N Atlantic. The joint interpretation of reflection patterns, age constraints from color-scanning, foraminiferal stable oxygen isotopes, Sr isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and core-seismic integration led to consistent conclusions about changes in LC strength across the MPT, thereby modulating the deep base level and the deposition of the plastered drift. The development of offlapping or onlapping plastered drifts, or the transition between the two termination patterns is best explained by changes in the depth of the relative deep base level and interpreted by changes in the flow regime.Initially, the Middle Miocene to Pliocene closure of the Central American Seaway caused the onset and intensification of the LC and hence a deep base level fall. The sedimentary deposits from this phase have an offlapping prograding clinoform configuration, resembling a forced regression systems tract as is known from shelf areas. The deep base level fall caused sediment truncation above 500 m present day water depth. Below 500–550 m, the offlapping succession is overlain by sigmoidal and onlapping, transgressive systems tract like clinoforms. The transition from deep base level fall prior to the MPT to deep base level rise documents the weakening of the LC during the early MPT. After the MPT, the LC continued to weaken. The related reduction of heat transport from the Western Atlantic Warm Water Pool into the North Atlantic contributes to the further cooling of the northern hemisphere. Generally, the development of offlapping or onlapping plastered drifts or the transition between the two termination patterns can be explained by changes in the depth of the relative deep base level and interpreted by changes in the flow regime.

Structured water dance intervention for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disability: Development and description of the method

People with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD) have a combination of severe intellectual disability and extensive physical impairment, which limits their access to health-promoting enjoyable activities, such as dance. For people with PIMD to participate in dance, there is a need for adjustments and support. Thus, to bring dance and music into their everyday life, the Structured Water Dance Intervention (SWAN) was developed in Sweden. This paper aims to describe the development and methodology of SWAN. SWAN was developed from a holistic view on human existence adhering to a bio-psycho-social perspective. Hence, the key components of SWAN are experience of dance and music, adapted movements, stimulation of the senses, and interaction. In SWAN, the person with PIMD participates in the program in a warm water pool under the guidance of two instructors and in close collaboration with a support person who acts as a dance partner. We conclude that SWAN provides a meaningful activity with the potential to increase wellbeing for individuals with PIMD.

Short-time effects of spa rehabilitation on pain, mood and quality of life among patients with degenerative or post-surgery musculoskeletal disorders

Clinical trials have demonstrated traditional spa therapy effects in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This is the first observational study in Italy aimed at evaluating in real-life the short-time effects of spa rehabilitation on pain, mood and quality of life (QoL) among degenerative or post-surgery MSDs patients. Through the involvement of six Italian spa facilities, 160 patients were enrolled; data from 123 patients were finally analysed. Seventy-nine patients (64.3%) accessed the spa for degenerative MSDs, while 44 (35.8%) had a post-surgical condition. All the patients included in the study underwent 12 sessions of water-based exercise (joint exercises, muscle strengthening, gait training, proprioceptive and balance techniques) conducted in thermal or in warm water pools, six sessions per week, for a period of 2 weeks from March 2019 up to October 2019. A group of 45 patients (36.6%) also received traditional thermal therapies, including 12 mud therapy sessions and 12 thermal baths, six times each week, for 2 weeks. Evaluation before and after the treatment included the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). The analysis of the scores reported in the questionnaires after the treatment showed a significant improvement in all the scores evaluated. Comparison between patients that performed water-based exercise protocols alone (group A) and patients that in addition to water exercise performed traditional thermal interventions (group B) showed no statistically significant differences in NRSp, NRSa, NRSm, SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS and EQ-5D variations; only NRSa value reduction was lower in group B. Sulphate water was found to be associated with a lower reduction of all the scores considered, when compared to the other water types. Patients with degenerative or post-surgery MSDs showed favourable effects on pain, mood and QoL after water exercise training alone or in combination with traditional thermal therapy. Our research provides the first proof that spa rehabilitation can be in real-life conditions an appropriate alternative strategy for post-orthopaedic surgical outcomes recovery. In the future, these results will need to be further investigated.

Benthic Bacterial Diversity of High-Altitude Athalassohaline Lakes of the Puna de Atacama (Central Andes)

High-altitude saline lakes (located more than 3000 m a.s.l.) provide multiple environmental extremities for polyextremophilic bacteria. In this study, lake sediment samples from Laguna Santa Rosa and microbial mat samples from the warm water pool of Laguna Verde (Puna de Atacama, Chile) were examined by cultivation and pyrosequencing. The 16S rRNA gene-based identification showed that most of the bacterial isolates belonged to different moderately halophilic Marinobacter species (Proteobacteria). Sample-specific occurrence was characteristic of genera Caenispirillum, Halomonas, Idiomarina, Nitratireductor and Salinarimonas (Proteobacteria), Planococcus, Jeotgalibacillus and Paraliobacillus (Firmicutes), Psychroflexus (Bacteroidetes) and Arthrobacter (Actinobacteria). Using cultivation-independent technique, the benthic communities of both lakes were dominated by sequences related to the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In addition, representatives of phyla Actinobacteria, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Cloacimonetes, Cyanobacteria, Deferribacteres, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes, Gracilibacteria, Latescibacteria, Lentisphaerae, Parcubacteria, Planctomycetes, Spirochaetae, Tenericutes and Verrucomicrobia were present at least 1% relative abundance. Large differences were explored in the bacterial community composition of the sediment and mat samples at the level of the identified families. It is hypothesized that depending on the type of benthic habitat, different bacteria – involved in the phototrophy based primary production as well as the mainly anaerobic biodegradation of organic materials – can participate in the local carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

The atmospheric blocking influence over the South Brazil Bight during the 2013–2014 summer

The 2013–2014 summer in the Southeast Brazil region set records for negative precipitation anomalies and the highest sea surface temperatures. Such event was attributed to the anomalous presence of atmospheric blocking, which prevented the propagation of a cold front towards the Equator and the establishment of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, two phenomena that regulate the precipitation regime in this area. These blocking episodes are relatively important to the climate in mid-latitudes, but the feedback of the coastal ocean is still poorly understood under these anomalous conditions. This paper investigates, from a numerical perspective, the impacts on the thermohaline properties and circulation in the South Brazil Bight (SBB). We found that enhanced shortwave radiation leads to intense surface heating and that the presence of northeasterly winds strengthens the coastal upwelling nearby Cabo Frio. The South Atlantic Coastal Waters, transported into the SBB, regulate the extreme heating in the northern half of the domain, while, in the southern half, the absence of cold waters leads to the development of a warm-water pool. The final thermohaline structure induced an enlargement and intensification of the northwestward currents south of São Sebastião Island. Between Ubatuba and Cabo Frio, in the northern half, the northeasterly winds developed an intense surface advection towards offshore, and in the northern region, compensated by an opposite advection, towards the coast. We conclude that the coastal ocean feedback could present extreme anomalous conditions during atmospheric blocking events, leading to impacts upon the thermodynamical properties. Further studies are needed to understand the impacts of these events on biogeochemical properties.

Cultivation of Triple Hybrids of Russian, Siberian, and Amur Sturgeons at a Warm-Water Fish Farm

This study provides biological, fishery, and production characteristic of spawning females of a triple hybrid between the Russian sturgeon, Siberian sturgeon, and Amur sturgeon (RS × SS) × AS and other commercial hybrid sturgeon forms grown in the cages of a warm-water fish farm in Primorsky Krai, Russia. The survival rate of larvae and juveniles of the triple hybrid in conditions of warm-water pools and the survival rate of marketable-size sturgeon was higher than those of Amur sturgeon and hybrids between the Russian and Siberian sturgeons. The weights of the triple hybrid individuals at an age of 3 and 4 years were 1.58 and 2.36 kg, respectively. These values were higher than those recorded for the hybrids between Russian and Siberian sturgeons and close to the standard values for Amur sturgeon. The fish productivity reached 94 kg/m2 of cage, or 134 kg/m2 of cage taking fish that were sold into account. The values of this index were much higher than the standard values not only for Amur sturgeon, but also for other sturgeon species and hybrids. Up to 93% of the females reached maturity after being treated with a hormone-stimulating drug. The first female of the triple hybrid sturgeon became mature at an age of 9 years with a body weight of 13.1 kg. Maturation of the other females of the same year-class was stretched in time and lasted for 7 years, up to 16 years of age. Approximately 75% of them reached maturity at an age of 10–12 years. The maximum recorded weight of a female triple hybrid was 29 kg at an age of 14 years. The inter-spawning interval for 97% of females was 1–2 years. The average annual yield of hard roe obtained from one female at an age of 9–16 years per spawning event was 2.28 kg; the weight of one egg was 17.6 mg; the fecundity was 132 000 eggs; the relative working fecundity was 7440 eggs/kg; the oosomatic index was 12.8%. The values of most of the production indices for the female triple hybrids were intermediate between those characteristic of the initial species used for crossbreeding. For three or four spawning seasons, an average of 5.25 kg of hard roe, or 30% of body weight, was obtained from one female triple hybrid. The roe yield from the most productive females was 10.8–11.0 kg, or 55–73% of body weight. The roe of the triple hybrid sturgeon was distinguished by high quality and was used for manufacturing food products. Females were technologically well adapted for roe stripping and showed a high survival rate of approximately 98% during long-term exploitation. Thus, the triple hybrid of the Russian, Siberian, and Amur sturgeons can be recommended for commercial cultivation with a high production output at warm-water sturgeon farms. Female triple hybrids can be used for the production of quite large amounts of high-quality food caviar. Their roe yield is lower than that in Amur sturgeon and does not differ significantly from the roe yield in the hybrid between the Russian and Siberian sturgeons.

Warm Water Pool System Simulation: Design and Manufacture

Human development and national competitivenes is one of the flagship programs from The Indonesian Government. Bali as one of the best tourist destination in the world is required to have an international standard tourism infrastructure. A swimming pool in a tourism accomodation is a standard facility in a tourist infrastructure. There are several types of swimming pools i.e. public swimming pools and private pools. During its development and demand, private pools develop into swimming pools with additional facilities such as warm water, which is often called a jacuzzi. Another additional facility is added pressure to the water in completing massage, fragrance and foam. The swimming pool is one of facilitity designed to hold water to allow swimming or other recreational activities. Pools can be built in the ground or on the ground as a free construction or as a part of structure and also with a common feature or a free style design. In-ground pools are the most common pools made and constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass. To support comfort and satisfaction when using the swimming pool, the adequate water level in the swimming pool will be maintained by system with several supporting devices such as pumps, dirt filters and maintained at a certain level. Other things that support water quality include temperature, water turbidity, color, odor, pH, chlorine content etc.

Growing a triple hybrid of russian, siberian and amur sturgeons in a warm-water fish farm

Biological and production indices are presented for spawning females of triple hybrid between russian sturgeon, siberian sturgeon and amur sturgeon (RS × SS) × AS and other commercial forms of sturgeon grown in cages of the warm-water fish farm in Luchegorsk, Far East of Russia. In conditions of warm-water pools, survival rate of the triple hybrid larvae and juveniles was higher than that of amur sturgeon and russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon. Weight of the triple hybrid specimens at the age of 3 and 4 years was 1.58 kg and 2.36 kg, respectively, that was higher than that of the russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon and close to the values for amur sturgeon. Fish harvest reached 94 kg/m2 of cage, or 134 kg/m2 of cage in sum with the realized fish. Up to 93 % of females matured after using of hormonal stimulation. The first female of the triple hybrid sturgeon matured at the age of 9 years, with its body weight of 13.1 kg. Other females became matured in different age, up to 16 years, but ¾ of them were matured at the age of 10–12 years. The maximum registered weight of the triple hybrid female was 29 kg (age 14 years). Inter-spawning intervals for 97 % of females were 1–2 years. Average annual yield of hard roe obtained from one female at the age of 9–16 years was 2.28 kg, average weight of one egg was 17.6 mg, average fecundity was 132 . 103 eggs/female or 7.4 . 103 eggs/kg, average oosomatic index was 12.8 %. These values of production indices for the triple hybrid females are mainly intermediate between the indices of initial species. In 3–4 spawning seasons, the yield of 5.25 kg of hard roe, on average, was harvested from one female of the triple hybrid, or 30 % of its body weight. The yield from the most productive females was 10.8–11.0 kg of roe, or 55–73 % of their body weight. These values are lower than the yeild from amur sturgeon but similar to the yield value for russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon. Caviar manufactured from the roe of triple hybrid sturgeon is distinguished by high quality. Its females are technologically advanced for the eggs harvesting and have a good survival, about 98 % during long-term exploitation. So, the triple hybrid of russian, siberian and amur sturgeon can be recommended for commercial cultivation in warm-water sturgeon farms with intensive harvesting.

Mixed-layer Heat Budget in Western and Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean during El Niño Event in 2015/2016

Temporal variation of mixed-layer heat budget at two contrasting locations, namely, western Pacific (warm water pool) and eastern Pacific (cold tongue) during the extreme El Niño phenomenon in 2015/2016 is evaluated. Oceanic and atmospheric datasets, including sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, shortwave radiation (SWR), longwave radiation, latent heat flux (LHF), and sensible heat flux are analyzed. A slight warming occurred in the eastern tropical Pacific associated with a positive SST anomaly, which reflected the weakening or reversal of the trade winds. Meanwhile, the western tropical Pacific exhibited a cooling tendency during the development phase of El Niño. Analysis of the mixed-layer heat budget shows that the net heat flux due to SWR and LHF significantly contributes to the warming of the eastern tropical Pacific. The contribution from horizontal advection was extremely small on both sides. The analysis shows that the residual term significantly contributes to cooling (warming) tendency observed in the western (eastern) tropical Pacific. This condition may suggest that residual process due to entrainment and diffusivity played an important role in the evolution of cooling (warming) process in the western (eastern) tropical Pacific.

Dinamika Massa Air di Sekitar Pulau-Pulau Kecil Terluar (PPKT) Perairan Utara Papua

&lt;p class="Papertext"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water Mass Dynamics Around the Indonesia’s Outer Small Islands at &lt;br /&gt; North Papua Waters. &lt;/strong&gt;Coastal area of Indonesia’s Outer Islands (PPKT) at North Papua Waters have a huge potential of marine resources which needs to be managed in sustainable ways. In order to make the processes of protection, conservation, rehabilitation, utilization, and enrichment of coastal resources work well, the study about environmental carrying capacity which includes ocean dynamics analysis around PPKT area is needed. Hereby, the study area were including coastal and off shore area of Jiew, Budd, Fani, Bras and Fanildo Island. The measurement of water mass and ocean current was conducted to analyze the impact of regional ocean dynamics to coastal waters of PPKT. This study found the domination of New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) at surface layer, the effect of Indonesian throughflow at subsurface layer (100 – 150m depth), and counter current towards northeast which is believed as a part of New Guinea Coastal Under Current (NGCUC) and Equatorial Under Current (EUC). This ocean current system carried South Pacific Subtropical Water (SPSW) noticed by maximum salinity of 35.4 PSU at 150m depth. There are spatial variability of mixed layer depth and slope of T-S curve at the western and eastern part of study area which might be caused by isopycnal mixing. However, the spatial and temporal variability of Sea Surface Temperature at this area is relatively small due to the presence of Western Paicific Warm Water Pool. With the small annual SST variability, strong ocean current and water mass mixing, this area has a potential for the development of marine ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;

Temperature-Dependent Bifurcated Seasonal Shift of Phytoplankton Community Composition in the Coastal Water off Southwestern Korea

Coastal water around the archipelago off southwestern Korea has been bathed in an unprecedented pool of warm water in summer in recent years. Here, we examined phytoplankton community responses to amplified seasonal temperature fluctuation around the archipelago based on chemotaxonomic analysis in association with physicochemical properties in the shallow coastal water from June 2016 to March 2018. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients were significantly higher during the warm season than during the cold season. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that water temperature was a main driver controlling the phytoplankton community. Generalized additive models denoted that small phytoplankton groups (cryptophytes, cyanobacteria, and prasinophytes) were more resistant to high temperatures (> 25°C) compared with diatoms. Indeed, dominance of diatoms was significant (80%) during the cold season and sharply declined (to 49%) during the warm season. Small phytoplankton were dominant (62%) as the water temperature exceeded 22°C. Our results highlight the effects of temperature-dependent bifurcated seasonality on phytoplankton communities in coastal waters. Furthermore, unprecedentedly high summer temperatures in August 2016 coincided with a remarkable increase in the importance (∼70%) of small phytoplankton. Accumulating evidence provides indications regarding future scenarios: while small phytoplankton will probably account for summer blooms, diatom blooms will shift to winter.

Influence of the positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2012 and El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) in 2015 on The Indonesian Rainfall Variability

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) are coupled ocean – atmosphere variability in the Indo – Pacific Oceans that play important roles to the Indonesian rainfall variability. This study is focused on the influence of the positive IOD in 2012 and El Niño in 2015 on the rainfall in Indonesia using satellite-derived precipitation data. Sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall and wind components, are analyzed to evaluate the detailed evaluation of those events. The results show that, in 2012, the positive IOD develops in July - October and reaches its peak in September. During the positive IOD in 2012, there is a negative SST anomaly in the eastern Indian Ocean (western Sumatra). This causes a shift in the warm water pool to the western Indian Ocean. This shifted warm pool is accompanied by a shift in the convective region, leading to deareased rainfall in the western Sumatra. Mean while, in 2015, El-Niño started to develop from July to November. Negative anomalies of rainfall in the transition period II and the east monsoon season are in line with the SST elevation in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. So that the eastern and central of the Pacific Ocean become to center of low pressure which causes the air in the eastern Pacific Ocean to upward (convection) which will form a clouds that contain water, so that the eastern and central of the Pacific Ocean will experience an increase in the amount of rainfall while in the western of the Pacific Ocean or the eastern of Indonesia will experience a rainfall deficit.

New insights into the variability of the tropical land carbon cycle from the El Niño of 2015/2016.

A pivotal question in global change science is what role the biosphere plays in ameliorating the rate of climate change and what risks exist that there may be possible tipping points in the Earth System where the biosphere switches from being a brake to an accelerator of climate change [1]. Of the potential major global tipping points, the fate of the tropical forests is among the most important and iconic, with some studies suggesting that climate change could lead to extensive dieback of tropical forests (and the Amazon forest in particular), resulting in further carbon release, major loss of biodiversity, drying of regional climates and thereby further forest dieback and intensification of global warming [2]. However, these scenarios have been the subject of much debate, with questions about whether existing biosphere models sufficiently capture the consequences for key ecological processes, which are dependent on complex system attributes such as species' functional diversity and demography, and on factors such as forest fire that are poorly described [3]. One issue of particular concern is the interannual variability of the tropical land carbon cycle, in particular during El Nino events. During such events, a pool of warm surface water migrates across from the Western Pacific to the Central and Eastern Pacific, disrupting global atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the Walker circulation and causing warming of the tropics in particular. The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest mode of interannual variability both in the climate system [4] and in the global carbon cycle [5]. It has long been noted that El Nino events correlate with a surge in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (e.g. [6]). Global studies of the spatial pattern of carbon dioxide concentration tend …

Strong sea forcing and warmer winter during solar minima ∼2765 yr B.P. recorded in the growth bands of Crassostrea sp. from the confluence of river Ganges, Eastern India

Long term variation of solar activity plays a key role in controlling climatic oscillations during glacial-interglacial cycles. The records of such climatic shifts can be retrieved from sedimentary archives in overbank deposits found in the estuary regions of major rivers in the tropics which are fed by glaciers. In this study we have shown the effect of solar variability on regional climate by altering the river discharge and incursion of warm water pool into the region adjoining Bay of Bengal during seasonal dry period. The incremental growth bands present in the modern day Meretrix sp and Late Holocene Crassostrea sp. were examined for reconstruction of temperature and water composition at the head bay region of the river Ganges. The conventional C14 techniques on fossil oyster yielded age of 2765 ± 130 yr B·P., which coincides with a solar minima. Analysis of clumped isotope thermometry on the growth bands provided temperature estimates for the growth of shells. The temperature estimates for the modern shell, suggesting range of values showed a range between 13° and 42 °C, close to the observed temperatures recorded in the climatological data while the fossil shell had a range of values between 22° and 38 °C. The δ18O measured in the aragonite together with the estimated temperature were used to deduce the water composition during growth at equilibrium condition. The water δ18O varied between −4.8‰ and 1.2‰ for the modern sample, close to the observed values of water measured near this locality, while the range in water composition inferred for the paleo samples was from −2.37‰ to 0.82‰, suggesting a stronger influence of sea water throughout the year. The results are consistent with the argument of infiltration of water from neighbouring warm water pool into the estuary. A similar approach can be extended to evaluate the effects of climate variability due to differential action of river discharge into the sea at seasonal time scales based on available mollusc shells in the sedimentary successions from the region.

On the long‐term stability of the Lofoten Basin Eddy

AbstractIn recent years, several studies have identified an area of intense anticyclonic activity about 500 km straight west of the Lofoten Islands at 70°N in the northern Norwegian Sea. Now recognized as the coherent Lofoten Basin Eddy (LBE), it is maintained by a supply of anticyclonic eddies that break away from the Norwegian Atlantic Current. Here we show from ship‐based surveys of its velocity field that it is quite stable with a central core in solid body rotation ∼1000 m deep, ∼8 km radius, and a relative vorticity close to its theoretical limit –f. The surveys also show the LBE typically has a &gt;60 km radius with maximum swirl velocities at 17–20 km radius. From the velocity field, we estimate the dynamic height amplitude at the surface to be about ∼0.21 ± 0.03 dyn. m. Second, altimetry from the last 20 years shows the extremum in sea surface height relative to the surrounding waters to be about the same, 0.2 dyn. m. Third, a float trapped in the LBE for many months reveals a clear cyclonic wandering of the eddy over the deepest parts of the basin. Last, three hydrographic sections from the 1960s show the dynamic height signal to be virtually the same then as it is now. From these observations, we conclude that the LBE is a permanent feature of the Nordic Seas and plays a central role in maintaining the pool of warm water in the western Lofoten Basin.

A Synoptic-Scale Cold-Reservoir Hypothesis on the Origin of the Mature-Stage Super Cloud Cluster: A Case Study with a Global Nonhydrostatic Model

Abstract This chapter proposes a working assumption as a way of conceptual simplification of the origin of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)-associated convection, or super cloud cluster (SCC). To develop the simplification, the importance of the synoptic-scale cold reservoir underlying the convection and its interaction with the accompanying zonal–vertical circulation is highlighted. The position of the convection with respect to that of climatological warm pool is postulated to determine the effectiveness of this framework. The authors introduce a prototype hypothesis to illustrate the usefulness of the above assumption based on a numerical simulation experiment with a global nonhydrostatic model for the boreal summer season. Premises for the hypothesis include 1) that the cloud cluster (CC) is a basic building block of tropical convection accompanying the precipitation-generated cold reservoir in its subcloud layer and 2) that a warm-pool-induced quasi-persistent zonal circulation is key for the upscale organization of CCs. The theory of squall-line structure by Rotunno, Klemp, and Weisman (hereafter RKW) is employed for the interpretation. No account is taken regarding the influences of equatorial waves as a first-order approximation. Given the premises, an SCC of O(1000) km scale is interpretable as a gigantic analog of a multicellular squall line embedded in the quasi-stationary westerly shear branch of the zonal circulation east of the warm water pool. A CC corresponds to the “cell,” and its successive formation to the east and westward movement represents an upshear-tilting core of intense updraft. The upshear-tilted SCC is favorably maintained with the precipitating area being separated from the gust front boundary between the cold reservoir and a low-level easterly, which is supported in the realm of the RKW theory where two horizontal vortices associated with the cold reservoir and vertical shear are opposite in sign but cold reservoir’s vorticity can be inferred to be larger, leading to upshear-tilted and multicellular behavior. As a counterexample, CCs to the west of the warm pool (Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea) are embedded in the easterly shear and organized into a less coherent cloud cluster complex (CCC) given the situation of RKW where two horizontal vortices associated with the cold reservoir and vertical shear are still opposite in sign, but the smaller vertical shear west of the warm pool causes even more suboptimal vorticity imbalance in the western flank of cold reservoir, leading to larger tilt with height and intermittent, less viable storm situations. A cold pool or cold reservoir, having been prevalent in mesoscale convection research, is argued to be important for the MJO as pointed out by the emerging evidence in the international field campaign for the MJO called Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability (CINDY)/DYNAMO. The simplified and idealistic hypothesis proposed here does not cover all aspects of MJO and its validation awaits further modeling and observational studies, but it can offer a framework for characterizing a fundamental aspect of the origin of MJO-associated convection.

PARE0003 The Effect of Exercising in Warm Water – Seen from the Perspective of the Patients

BackgroundIn Denmark one in eight of the population, has one or more rheumatic diseases causing pain and decreased physical function in everyday life.Exercising in warm water pools has become a...