Warm-water Extraction Research Articles

Spotlight on the Multiscale Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Red Adzuki Bean Starch through Partial Amylose Removal Combined with Hydrochloric Acid.

To explore the effect of amylose within starch granules on the efficiency of starch hydrolysis by acid, we chose the warm water extraction method to treat red adzuki bean starch to obtain different degrees of amylose removal granule models and to prepare samples in combination with acid hydrolysis. The amylose content was reduced after acid hydrolysis, reducing the peak viscosity (2599-1049 cP), while the solubility was significantly increased. In contrast, the short-chain content of the deamylose-acid hydrolysis samples was reduced considerably, exacerbating the trend towards reduced starch orderliness and increased solubility. This work reveals the granular structure of starch from the point of view of deamylose and contributes to a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of acid hydrolysis. It might add to knowledge in starch science research and industrial applications for the acid processing of starch-based foods, particularly with regard to the most important factors controlling the structure and function of starch.

Solvent-Kaolinite Interactions Investigated using the 3D-Rism-Kh Molecular Theory of Solvation

AbstractThe oil sands of western Canada represent the third largest hydrocarbon deposit in the world. Bitumen, a very heavy petroleum, is recovered from mined oil sands using warm water extraction followed by separation treatments to isolate the bitumen product. The high energy, water use, as well as tailings remediation challenges associated with the warm water extraction process raise major environmental concerns. Non-aqueous extraction using organic solvents at room temperature has been investigated extensively as an alternative to the warm water extraction process. The main challenge to the large-scale implementation of non-aqueous extraction is the retention of solvent in the tailings. The objective of this work was to present and validate a computational model for the interaction of solvents used in non-aqueous extraction with minerals, such as the abundant and adsorbent clay mineral kaolinite. The model system contained a periodically extended kaolinite platelet immersed in a solvent and all were treated at the atomic level using the 3D Reference Interaction Site Model with the Kovalenko-Hirata closure approximation (3D-RISM-KH) molecular theory of solvation. The solvent solvation free energy of interaction with kaolinite as well as site-specific adsorption energies and kinetic barriers for desorption were computed based on the solvent site density distribution functions. Moreover, the lateral and integrated density distributions were computed to analyze the organization of solvent at kaolinite surfaces. The integrated density distribution profiles were correlated with experimental adsorption isotherms. The results showed very strong adsorption of ethanol and weak adsorption of hydrocarbon solvents on kaolinite, which were in qualitative agreement with experimental solvent extraction reports. The model and these findings are valuable in understanding the mechanism of solvent retention in tailings after non-aqueous extraction and highlight the action of hydroxylated cosolvent additives to enhance extraction using nonpolar solvents.

Asphaltene Precipitation in Paraffinic Froth Treatment: Effects of Solvent and Temperature

In surface-mined oil sands operations, bitumen is extracted from oil sand ore using a warm-water extraction process that produces bitumen froth typically containing 60 wt % bitumen, 30 wt % water, and 10 wt % mineral solids. The bitumen froth is then cleaned in a froth treatment process, in which the froth is diluted with solvent to enhance the separation of bitumen from water and solids. In paraffinic solvent froth treatment, light alkanes, such as pentane or hexane, are used as solvent, leading to precipitation of some of the asphaltenes in the bitumen. The precipitated asphaltenes form agglomerates with the solids and water, and these agglomerates quickly settle, producing very clean diluted bitumen. To precipitate the required amount of asphaltenes, the solvent/bitumen ratio used in commercial operations is typically high. In the present work, we investigated asphaltene precipitation using other solvents, such as butane, neopentane, and carbon dioxide, at different temperatures. It was found that the ...

Isolation, purification and structural characterization of a new water-soluble polysaccharide from Eremurus stenophyllus (boiss. & buhse) baker roots

A new water-soluble polysaccharide (ESPS-1), with the average molecular weight of 52.1kDa and a specific optical rotation of +169.7° (c 1.0, H2O), was successfully isolated by warm-water extraction and then purified using DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns from the roots of Eremurus stenophyllus. The results from chemical and instrumental tests including FT-IR, methylation and GC–MS analysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC) demonstrated that ESPS-1 was a 2-O-acetylgalactan, composed of galactose, arabinose and mannose in a molar ratio of about 10:3:1, respectively. It has a backbone of (1→6)-α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, with branches at O-3 consisting of α-d-Manp-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→. The acetyl groups are substituted at O-2 of (1→6)-linked Galp and the degree of acetylation was about 14%.

Structural elucidation of a water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Balangu shirazi (Lallemantia royleana) seeds

A novel water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the seeds of Balangu shirazi (BSG) by warm-water extraction and then purified. The BGG contained 8.2% moisture, 13.1% ash, 1.6% protein and 77.1% carbohydrate. However, no lipid content was observed. Elemental analysis of the gum indicated BSG had a carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen content of 33.39%, 4.05%, 35.45% and 0.31%, respectively. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the major functional groups consisted of (OH), (C-H) and (-COO-), and BSG was comprised of pyranose-form sugars with both α-and β-configurations. Monosaccharide composition analysis by GC-MS showed the BSG contained sugar constituents of arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, fructose, galactose, α-and β-d-glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and glucosamine although mainly composed of rhamnose, galactose, arabinose and galacturonic acid. 1H, 13C and COSY NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-GalpA, (1 → 3)-linked-β-D-Galp, (1 → 6)-linked-β-D-Galp, (1 →)-β-L-Arap, (1 → 2)-linked-α-L-Rhap and (1 → 3)-linked-β-L-Arap in the polysaccharide sequence.

The effect of different extraction techniques on property and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Dioscorea hemsleyi

The rhizoma of Dioscorea hemsleyi (DH) has been used as a treatment of diabetes in China for hundreds of years. Polysaccharides in DH were extracted by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), cold water extraction (CWE), warm water extraction (WWE) and hot water extraction (HWE), separately. Then the different characterizations of four DH polysaccharide (DHP) samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance Gel permeation chromatography (HGPC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV), fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their activities in vitro of DHP were compared. Experimental results showed that HWE had the highest yield and large molecular weight. CWE had the highest uronic acid yield and little molecular weight, and its DPPH, AGI and AAI activity were the best. The molecular weight of UAE was small, and its RP and FRAP activity were the best. Four DHP samples had differences in the surface topography, while they all had the typical IR spectra characteristic of polysaccharides. According the correlation analysis, it showed that the more uronic acid and the lower molecular weight was, the higher the antioxidant activity was. The high content of monosaccharide composition of Xyl, Ara, GlcA and GalA, and little molecular weight have good effect on antidiabetic activity.

Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction.

Practicing “green analytical chemistry” is of great importance when profiling the chemical composition of complex matrices. Herein, a novel hybrid analytical platform was developed for direct chemical analysis of complex matrices by online hyphenating pressurized warm water extraction followed by turbulent flow chromatography coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PWWE-TFC-LC-MS/MS). Two parallel hollow guard columns acted as extraction vessels connected to a long narrow polyether ether ketone tube, while warm water served as extraction solvent and was delivered at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min to generate considerable back pressure at either vessel. A column oven heated both the solvent and crude materials. A TFC column, which is advantageous for the comprehensive trapping of small molecular substances from fluids under turbulent flow conditions, was employed to transfer analytes from the PWWE module to LC-MS/MS. Two electronic valves alternated each vessel between extraction and elution phases. As a proof-of-concept, a famous herbal medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, namely Polygalae Radix, was selected for the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results suggest that the hybrid platform is advantageous in terms of decreasing time, material, and solvent consumption and in its automation, versatility, and environmental friendliness.

Characterization of Fine Solids in Athabasca Bitumen Froth before and after Hydrothermal Treatment

The warm-water extraction of mined oil sands recovers the bitumen content as a froth, with significant amounts of emulsified water and fine mineral solids. Direct thermal processing of this bitumen–water mixture, giving hydrothermal conditions, could reduce the number of process steps. In this study, the mineralogy and wettability of fine solids in Athabasca bitumen froth before and after hydrothermal treatment at 392 °C for 30 min at 15 MPa were investigated. The clay minerals, mainly kaolinite and illite, were unchanged, but siderite (FeCO3) and pyrite (FeS2) were converted to pyrrhotite (Fe(1–x)S) after the treatment. This conversion can be advantageous during direct hydrothermal treatment of bitumen froth because it fixes organic sulfur. The initial fine solids in the bitumen froth possessed a wide range of wettability, but they turned uniformly more oil-wet after the hydrothermal treatment. Consequently, the fine solids mostly stayed in the oil phase after the hydrothermal treatment and did not act as stabilizers for water-in-oil emulsions. The filterability of the fine solids in the bitumen froth was also significantly increased. Consequently, hydrothermal treatment of Athabasca bitumen froth could be used to destabilize water-in-oil emulsions and facilitate fine solids removal by filtration.

Leaching behavior of water-soluble carbohydrates from almond hulls

Over 58% of the dry matter content of the hulls from the commercial almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb) is soluble in warm water (50–70°C) extraction. The water-soluble extractables include useful amounts of fermentable sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), sugar alcohols (inositol and sorbitol), polysaccharides, and other components. Extraction rate data were taken over a range of temperatures and particle sizes (including whole hulls). Equilibrium concentrations and liquid retention data were taken over a wide solubles concentration range, enabling use of a standard leaching model for the calculation of stage-to-stage concentrations and flows in an ideal countercurrent extractor. The relations between recovery, product concentration, number of ideal stages, and ratio of solvent-to-feed were determined using the model. The data indicate that a solutes concentration of 18–20% dry matter in the concentrate liquid is attainable. Due to the nature of the native hulls to preferentially absorb water from dilute solutions, initial contact of hulls with the overhead liquid concentrate (if well below ∼18% solutes) may result in a significant enhancement of overhead concentration.

Purification and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from bulbs of Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim

A water-soluble polysaccharide (FUP-1) was obtained from Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim through warm water extraction, ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Structural analysis of this compound revealed that the average molecular weight of FUP-1 was 4.1×104Da, and the major monosaccharide component was xylose, followed by glucose and galactose, at low levels. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that FUP-1 exhibited strong hydroxyl, superoxide anion and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities. During in vivo antioxidant testing, the administration of FUP-1 could largely attenuate the increase in d-gal-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) and renew the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serums as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the livers of d-gal-treated mice. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that FUP-1 exerts antioxidant activity not only through its own radical-scavenging activity but also by boosting the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system of the host.

Isolation, purification and characterization of a new gum from Acanthophyllum bracteatum roots

A new gum was isolated from the roots of Acanthophyllum bracteatum (ABG) by warm-water extraction. Purification was carried out by barium complexing to give a yield of 12.4% of pure air-dried or 5.8% of freeze-dried gum. The ABG contained 13.2% moisture, 84.3% carbohydrate, 0.9% protein and 1.5% ash. Its mineral content was comparable to commercial hydrocolloids. Monosaccharide analysis by HPLC showed the presence of galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and uronic acids in the ratio 16.0:7.2:3.0:1.0:3.1 respectively. The viscosity and pH value of 1% ABG solution at 25 °C were 51.5 mPa s and 6.85 respectively. ABG solutions (5–30 wt%) showed shear-thinning flow behavior at shear rates < 10 s −1. The viscosity decreased as temperature increased, and was highest at the neutral state. ABG had low surface and emulsification properties but moderate foaming capacity and relatively high foaming stability, which suggests that ABG could potentially be used in food systems to improve foaming properties.

Optimum preparation technology for Chinese fir wood/Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-MMT) composite board

For this study, an intercalation compounding method was used to prepare Chinese fir wood/Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-MMT) composite board to improve its properties such as surface mechanical properties, flame retardance and dimensional stability. By virtue of water-soluble phenolic resin (PF), Chinese fir wood and Ca-MMT were mixed by pressure and vacuum impregnation. The optimum impregnation technology of Chinese fir wood/Ca-MMT composite board was obtained by using an orthogonal design and a single factor design of pressure and vacuum impregnation, using weight percent gain (WPG) as the basic index. The results are as follows: 1) On the basis of the orthogonal design and an actual experiment, the optimum preparation technology of Chinese fir wood/Ca-MMT composite board is 20% PF resin dispersion concentration (wt%), 1.0 CEC amount of organic intercalation agent, 0.098 MPa vacuum degree, 5% concentration of Ca-MMT and 1.0 MPa pressure. 2) The WPG of the composite board samples of 450 mm length was much larger than that of the samples of 600, 750 and 900 mm length. Warm water extraction contributed little to WPG.

混合塩による塩化と温水浸出の連続処理による鉛汚染土壌の浄化

混合塩による塩化と温水浸出の連続処理による鉛汚染土壌の浄化

混合塩を用いた塩化揮発処理による鉛汚染土壌の浄化

In the previous study, the authors have investigated the mechanism and the optimum condition of lead removal from contaminated soil by application of sequential treatment of chlorination and warm water extraction. Lead was successfully removed from soil at lower temperature than conventional heat treatment on soil. However, relatively large amount of mixed chloride was required.In this paper, new soil remediation technique was investigated to overcome the disadvantage of the sequential treatment. In the new method, stable lead complex in soil was chlorinated to be PbCl2 by HCl gas emitted by reaction between SiO2 and MgCl2-CaCl2-KCl mixed chloride. Because of high vapor pressure of PbCl2, lead was eliminated from soil by chlorination volatilization. Lead removal was promoted by enhancing volatilization of PbCl2 by introducing carrier gas and by optimizing mixed chloride composition. Residual lead content was reduced more effectively with small amount of mixed chloride than the sequential treatment.

Does warm-water extraction of benthic diatoms yield extracellular polymeric substances or does it extract intracellular chrysolaminaran?

In this issue, Chiovitti et al. (2004) argue that a 1-h extraction of diatoms with water at 30oC results in the liberation of the intracellular storage carbohydrate chrysolaminaran and does not yie...