Warm Process Research Articles

Integrated Climate Change Mitigation and Public Health Protection Strategies: The Case of the City of Bologna, Italy

Introduction: The ongoing process of global warming, driven by the escalating concentration of greenhouse gases generated by human activities, especially in urban areas, significantly impacts public health. Local authorities play an important role in health promotion and disease prevention, and some aim to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. There is a consistent action underway to reach this goal, hence the need for mapping and implementing effective strategies and regulations. Materials and Methods: This study includes the analysis of policy guidelines adopted by the city of Bologna, consulted in March and April 2024. Bologna is one of the 100 cities committed to achieving climate neutrality by 2030, 20 years ahead of the EU target. To identify the strategies adopted to mitigate climate change, the following methodology was used: (i) the systematic mapping of sources and spatial planning documents; (ii) the extrapolation of goals, measures, and target indicators; and (iii) the development of an overall matrix. Results: The main findings of the study and their connection to public health pertain to the identification of key macro-areas contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, while reducing the impact of climate change on health: (1) built environment and renewable energy sources, (2) transport and mobility, (3) energy, (4) green areas and land use, and (5) citizen support. Within these five macro-areas, 14 goals have been identified, to which a total of 36 measures correspond, and, finally, a target indicator is determined, mainly with respect to the reduction of tons of CO2 equivalent per year. Conclusions: In order to protect public health, it is evident that buildings and urban activities should not produce carbon emissions throughout their lifecycle. This paper presents a method to evaluate municipal policies regarding dual-impact solutions that address both environmental protection through sustainability strategies and public health, in compliance with the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Light and High-Strength Mg-xLi-3Al-2Zn-0.2Y Alloy Produced by Warm Rolling Coupled Annealing Processes

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Light and High-Strength Mg-xLi-3Al-2Zn-0.2Y Alloy Produced by Warm Rolling Coupled Annealing Processes

Stepwise warm rolling for synergistic strength and ductility enhancement in heterolamellar medium-Mn steel

Medium manganese steel represents a promising third-generation advanced high-strength steel. However, achieving excellent plasticity in high-yield-strength medium manganese steel remains challenging, particularly with lower alloying element contents. In this study, we employed an innovative stepwise warm rolling process on 5Mn medium manganese steel, developing a heterolamellar microstructure along the rolling direction. The resulting steel exhibited a yield strength exceeding 1.5 GPa while maintaining a uniform elongation of approximately 29%. The high yield strength is attributed to fine lamellar grains with high dislocation density, while the excellent uniform elongation is due to the synergistic effect of multiple plastic deformation mechanisms, which promoted prolonged strain hardening and delayed the onset of necking. These mechanisms include hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening generated during the early deformation of the heterolamellar structure, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect-induced work hardening, and delamination cracking that alleviates interface strain concentration and delays material failure. Collectively, these mechanisms enabled the material to achieve an exceptionally high product of yield strength and uniform elongation of 45 GPa·%. This work provides new insights into the design of high-strength, ductile medium manganese steels, advancing the application of high-performance medium manganese steels.

Identification of Forming Limits of CP Titanium Gr 2 Using Electrically Assisted Warm ISF Process

Identification of Forming Limits of CP Titanium Gr 2 Using Electrically Assisted Warm ISF Process

An Investigation on Microphysical Characteristics of Early‐, Late‐, and Post‐Mei‐yu Season Rainfall Over Taiwan

AbstractOver Taiwan, Mei‐yu season (May and June), which is primarily linked to frontal systems, is the transition period between winter and summer. Using the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission dual‐frequency precipitation radar (GPM DPR), the current study examined the rain and microphysical characteristics of the Mei‐yu season in Taiwan. In order to examine the areal and intra‐seasonal aspects, May and June months are divided into three sub‐seasons: early‐Mei‐yu, late‐Mei‐yu, and post‐Mei‐yu. The three sub‐seasons exhibited differences in rainfall and raindrop size distributions, with abundance of large drops in the post‐Mei‐yu. Additionally, there were noticeable variations in the raindrop size distributions among the south, central, north, and eastern parts of Taiwan, with more large drops in central Taiwan. To comprehend the microphysical progressions causing the regional and intra‐seasonal fluctuations, CFADs (contoured frequency by altitude diagrams) of rain parameters are utilized. Compared to other two sub‐seasons, the early‐Mei‐yu season exhibited weaker convection. Dominance of stratiform precipitation in late‐Mei‐yu season, and convective precipitation in post‐Mei‐yu season resulted in higher rainfall amounts in these two sub‐seasons (more particularly in post‐Mei‐yu) than the early‐Mei‐yu season. Examination of warm rain microphysical processes (below 5 km height) among these sub‐seasons revealed that the early‐Mei‐yu season is dominated with break‐up process, late‐Mei‐yu season with breakup and coalescence balance, and post‐Mei‐yu with coalescence, size‐sorting and evaporation processes.

Al-based amorphous coatings by warm spraying: Numerical simulation and experimental validation

Al-based fully amorphous coatings with low porosity were successfully produced via warm spraying, combining numerical simulation and experimental validation. A warm spray gun model, employing computational fluid dynamics, was developed to simulate the warm spraying process. The study delved into the effects of reactant flow rate, oxygen/fuel (O/F) ratio, coolant flow rate, spray distance, particle size, particle shape, particle injection velocity, and particle injection angle on the gas flow field parameters (pressure, temperature, and velocity) and particle in-flight behaviors (temperature, velocity, and in-flight trajectory). The optimum spraying parameters (OSP) predicted by the simulation results were determined: 0.008740 kg/s for reactant flow rate, 2.7 for the O/F ratio, 0.007356 kg/s for coolant flow rate, 142 mm for spraying distance, 10–35 μm for particle size range, spherical for particle shape, 10 m/s for particle injection velocity, and 0° for particle injection angle. Subsequently, warm spraying experiments based on the OSP yielded Al-based fully amorphous coatings with a porosity of 0.08 %. This work provides valuable insights for the production of Al-based fully amorphous coatings with minimal porosity through warm spraying.

Impact of environmental conditions on organic matter in astrophysical ice analogues

ABSTRACT The existence of organic matter presenting a high molecular diversity in extraterrestrial environments is well documented. To understand the origin of this organic diversity, laboratory experiments were developed and showed that irradiation and thermal alteration of simple molecules such as methanol, water, and ammonia in conditions mimicking astrophysical ice environments. Ices containing water, methanol, and ammonia (H2O: MeOH: NH3) photolyzed and monitored by infrared spectroscopy, while the organic matter formed at room temperature was analyzed in situ with infrared spectroscopy and ex situ with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Those ices irradiated at 77 K and 10−8 mbar shows a significant organic molecular diversity: residual organic compounds contain up to 78 C, 188 H, 123 N, and 37 O. Most of them contains all four CHNO atoms (76–86 per cent), followed by CHO (11–17 per cent), and CHN compounds (5–6 per cent). CHNO and CHO compounds are more aliphatic (34–53 per cent), while CHN compounds are mostly condensed aromatics (83–90 per cent). In this work, our objective is to investigate impacts of environment on this organic molecular diversity by focusing on three parameters: photon dose, pressure, and heating rate during the warming process. Analyses of the residue formed showed that the heating rate and pressure weakly alter the abundance of the final organic material, while the irradiation rate reduced its abundance at high photon doses by a factor of 8. These results give insights on the impact of icy environment conditions in the evolution of astrophysical organic matter.

The Interaction Between Climate Forcing and Feedbacks

AbstractA Perturbed Parameter Ensemble (PPE) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) is used to better understand the sensitivity of aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks to changes in model processes. Aerosol forcing through aerosol‐cloud interactions is mostly negative (a cooling) due to shortwave radiation, while feedbacks are positive or negative in different regions due to contrasting longwave and shortwave effects. Both forcing and feedbacks are related to the mean climate state. Higher magnitude cloud radiative effects generally mean larger magnitude net negative forcing and larger magnitude net positive feedback. Aerosol forcing is broadly related to the susceptibility of clouds to drop number. Feedbacks also related to susceptibility, but to a lesser extent and in different regions to aerosol forcing. Aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks are anti‐correlated in the CAM6 PPE such that stronger negative forcing is associated with stronger positive feedbacks. Even the processes governing forcing and feedback sensitivity in the PPE are similar. These include the warm rain formation process, ice loss processes and deep convective intensity.

Growth Behaviours of Two Rhizospheric Bacterial Strains in the Presence of Different Cadmium Concentrations and Temperatures

Understanding the interaction of Cd with plants, as well as the search for alternatives to minimize its effects, has caught the interest of the scientific community, due to the accelerated growth of contamination with this metal and its high toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of two rhizospheric bacterial strains LC7504001.1 Burkholderia cepacia (C65RLIM) and FJ972527.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C85RLIM) to three concentrations of cadmium (100, 300 and 500 mg/L) and to compare the growth behaviour with increasing temperature from 32 to 45°C. The results show different growth patterns for each strain tested against exposure to the three cadmium concentrations and the four temperatures tested. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (C85RLIM) had the best adaptive behaviour to the three cadmium concentrations tested, and also showed stability when subjected to 500 mg/L CdCl2 and temperatures between 40 and 45°C. The results predict the possible behaviour of rhizospheric bacteria in the face of global warming and heavy metal remediation processes.

The influence of Zn addition on the microstructure and mechanical and corrosion properties of warm rolled Al[sbnd]Mg alloys containing Er and Zr

The effects of a minor Zn addition on the mechanical and corrosion properties and microstructure of a high Mg content AlMg alloy containing Er and Zr in the warm-rolled state were studied using tensile test, nitric acid mass loss test (NAMLT), exfoliation corrosion susceptibility test (ASSET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The tensile test results showed that the 0.58 wt% Zn addition to the Al-Mg-Er-Zr alloy increased the yield strength from 297 to 351 MPa and tensile strength from 416 to 445 MPa, but decreased the elongation from 13.3 % to 12.5 %. The NAMLT and ASSET results showed that the two warm rolled alloys were initially in the stabilization state, but the Al-Mg-Er-Zr alloy without Zn added became sensitized severely after the accelerated sensitization annealing (ASA) at 100 °C. The Zn addition improved the intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance and exfoliation corrosion (EC) resistance significantly. The TEM results showed that, for the Al-Mg-Er-Zr alloy, there were Al3(Er,Zr) phase particles in the matrix and β (Al3Mg2) phase particles separated from each other at the grain boundary. After the ASA treatment, more β phase particles were precipitated and covered the grain boundary completely. For the Al-Mg-Zn-Er- Zr alloy, another nanoscale T (Al32(Mg, Zn)49) phase was precipitated in the matrix, and there were no grain boundary phase particles observed at the grain boundary, because the precipitation of T phase consumed the supersaturated Mg in the matrix, thus suppressing the formation of grain boundary phase particles during the ASA treatment and resulting in a good corrosion resistance. The strengthening effect of the Zn addition was mainly due to the formation of T phase particles during the warm rolling process.

Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy at liquid helium temperatures for quantum materials

Fundamental quantum phenomena in condensed matter, ranging from correlated electron systems to quantum information processors, manifest their emergent characteristics and behaviors predominantly at low temperatures. This necessitates the use of liquid helium (LHe) cooling for experimental observation. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with LHe cooling (cryo-STEM) provides a powerful characterization technique to probe local atomic structural modulations and their coupling with charge, spin and orbital degrees-of-freedom in quantum materials. However, achieving atomic resolution in cryo-STEM is exceptionally challenging, primarily due to sample drifts arising from temperature changes and noises associated with LHe bubbling, turbulent gas flow, etc. In this work, we demonstrate atomic resolution cryo-STEM imaging at LHe temperatures using a commercial side-entry LHe cooling holder. Firstly, we examine STEM imaging performance as a function of He gas flow rate, identifying two primary noise sources: He-gas pulsing and He-gas bubbling. Secondly, we propose two strategies to achieve low noise conditions for atomic resolution STEM imaging: either by temporarily suppressing He gas flow rate using the needle valve or by acquiring images during the natural warming process. Lastly, we show the applications of image acquisition methods and image processing techniques in investigating structural phase transitions in Cr2Ge2Te6, CuIr2S4, and CrCl3. Our findings represent an advance in the field of atomic resolution electron microscopy imaging for quantum materials and devices at LHe temperatures, which can be applied to other commercial side-entry LHe cooling TEM holders.

Monitoring the effects of climate, land cover and land use changes on multi-hazards in the Gianh River watershed, Vietnam

Abstract In recent decades, global rapid urbanization has exacerbated the impacts of natural hazards due to changes in Southeast Asia’s environmental, hydrological, and socio-economic conditions. Confounding non-stationary processes of climate change and global warming and their negative impacts can make hazards more complex and severe, particularly in Vietnam. Such complexity necessitates a study that can synthesize multi-dimensional natural-human factors in disaster risk assessments. This synthesis study aims to assess and monitor climate change and land-cover/land-use change impacts on flood and landslide hazards in Vietnam’s Gianh River basin. Three Deep Neural Network (DNN) and optimization algorithms, including the Adam, Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA), and Dwarf Mongoose Optimization (DMOA) were used to determine the regions with the probability of the occurrence of flood and landslide and their combination. All efficiently evaluated hazard susceptibility based on a synthesis analysis encompassing 14 natural and anthropogenic conditioning factors. Of the three, the Deep Neural Network (DNN)-DMOA model performed the best for both flood and landslide susceptibility, with area-under-curve values of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, followed by DNN-TSA (0.97 for flood, 0.92 for landslide), and DNN-Adam (0.96 for flood, 0.89 for landslide). Although the area affected by flooding is predicted to decrease, the overall trend for total hazard-prone areas increases over 2005–2050 due to the more extensive area affected by landslides. This study develop and demonstrate a robust framework to monitor multi-hazard susceptibility, taking into account the changes in climate and land-use influence the occurrence of multiple hazards. Based on the quantitative assessment, these findings can help policymakers understand and identify confounding hazard issues to develop proactive land-management approaches in effective mitigation or adaptation strategies that are spatially and temporally appropriate.

Enhancing strength-ductility synergy in low-Mn lightweight steel by large-deformed warm rolling and flash annealing

The presence of δ-ferrite makes it challenging to achieve higher strength-ductility in low-Mn lightweight steels. In this study, a large deformation warm rolling process was used to construct a precursor enriched with Mn, nano-precipitations, ultra-fine grains, and high-density dislocations. The subsequent flash annealing process not only promotes the formation of multi-heterogeneous structures but also refines and reduces δ-ferrite while increasing the ultrafine-grained hard phase martensite. Additionally, this process enhances the retention of retained austenite, whose ultrafine grains contribute to improved mechanical stability. The synergistic effect of multiple strengthening mechanisms enables low-Mn lightweight steel to achieve outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 1423 MPa and a total elongation of 23.0 %.

Study on sound wave kinematic characteristics and temperature sensing mechanism during the warming process of loose coals

Coal spontaneous combustion is a major threat for safe production. In order to achieve the application of sound wave technology to the monitoring and early warning of coal spontaneous combustion, clarify the propagation characteristics of sound waves in loose coal heating process, and illustrate the temperature sensing mechanism of the sound wave detection and early warning of coal spontaneous combustion, the present study built a test system of sound wave kinematic parameter for loose coals to survey the attenuation characteristics of sound wave propagation during loose coal heating. The elastic wave CT algorithm was used to reconstruct the sound wave velocity field, clarify the propagation path, and identify the temperature anomaly area. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the time for sound wave propagation reduces rapidly and then slowly, the velocity increases gradually, and the internal structure and pores of coals become enlarged. In the sound velocity field reconstructed on the basis of SIRT algorithm, the area with high value corresponds to the high temperature area of the coal, which better reflects the changes of the temperature anomaly area during coal heating.

Concurrent extremes in mid-latitude Asia triggered by resonance of multi-scale zonal wind

Abstract Climatic changes worsen concurrent extreme climate events. In July and August of 2022 and 2020, respectively, unexpected concurrent extreme events occurred in mid-latitude Asia. The sudden and severe consequences highlight the importance of a thorough understanding of the drivers of such extreme events, which is crucial for improving predictions and implementing preventive measures to mitigate future risks. By applying multi-scale window transform methodology, a unique mechanism of multi-scale zonal wind resonance is identified, which manifests as a quasi-stationary co-coupling with low-frequency zonal winds. This resonance leads to barotropic instability, triggering abnormal low-frequency Rossby wave behavior in the entrance and exit regions of the quasi-stationary jet stream. Simultaneously, the intensified meridional wind, coupled with adiabatic atmospheric warming, amplifies baroclinic instability, resulting in an enhanced wave pattern and the high concurrence events of 2022. Under long term future global warming levels of 4 °C, the concurrence, strengthened by multi-scale zonal wind resonance, is expected to persist. The mechanism evident in 2022 plays a broader and more significant role in concurrent events compared to the mechanism in 2020. Under the process of warming, resonance phenomena, as observed in 2022, are projected to become more frequent.

Excellent combination of strength and ductility in austenitic lightweight steel achieved by warm rolling process

In this study, warm rolling was applied to Fe–28Mn–11Al–1C–5Ni (wt.%) austenitic lightweight steel, which realized the higher dislocation density and finer dislocation-cell structures, achieving a better mechanical properties with ∼2.0 GPa of yield strength and ∼6.8 % of total elongation than cold rolling in the same conditions. In the subsequent partial recrystallization condition, the numerous dislocations and substructures existed in warm rolled steel provide more heterogeneous nucleation sites for grain refinement, resulting in the ultrafine-sized austenite and B2 with the size of 0.36 μm and 0.24 μm, respectively. Combined with grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and dislocation strengthening in the unrecrystallized austenite, the present steel shows an ultimate tensile strength of 1734 MPa, a uniform elongation of 21.7 % and a specific tensile strength of 267 MPa g−1 cm3. Such an excellent combination of strength and ductility induced by simple warm rolling and annealing is much better than previously reported for lightweight steels.

Large Divergence of Projected High Latitude Vegetation Composition and Productivity Due To Functional Trait Uncertainty

AbstractVegetation distribution and composition are expected to change in northern high latitudes under rapid warming, which regulates ecosystem functions but remains challenging to predict. Vegetation change arises from the interplay of chronic climate trends such as warming and transient demographic processes of recruitment, growth, competition, and mortality. Most predictive models overlooked the role of demographic dynamics controlled by plant traits. Here, we simulate vegetation dynamics at the Kougarok Hillslope site in Alaska under historical and future climates using the E3SM Land Model coupled to the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Simulator (ELM‐FATES). To evaluate the roles of plant traits, we parameterize the model with 5,265 trait configurations representing diverse physiological and demographic strategies. Results show current modeled biomass, composition, and productivity are most sensitive to traits controlling photosynthetic capacity, carbon allocation, allometry, and phenology. Among all trait configurations, ∼5% reproduce in situ biomass and plant functional type (PFT) composition measured in 2016, that are indistinguishable from these two observed ecosystem states. Notably, these same trait configurations produce diverging biomass, composition, and productivity under future climate, where the uncertainty attributable to traits is twice the change attributable to climate change. The variation of projected productivity arises from emerging PFT composition under novel climate regimes, primarily explained by traits controlling cold‐induced mortality, recruitment, and allometry. Our findings highlight the importance and uncertainty of demographic dynamics and its interaction with climate change in shaping Arctic vegetation change. Improved model predictions will likely benefit from explicit consideration of vegetation demography and better constraints of critical traits.

Morphological and physiological investigations reveal the regulatory effect of exogenous paclobutrazol on flowering promotion by winter warming in Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Changshouguan’

The application of exogenous paclobutrazol (PP333) can improve the ability of winter warming to promote flowering in Chaenomeles speciosa, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, the cultivar ‘Changshouguan’ was sprayed with different concentrations of PP333 during flower bud differentiation, and the changes in the anatomical structures and physiological characteristics of the flower buds during the differentiation process, as well as the growth state of the flower buds and the effect on flowering promotion after winter warming treatment, were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that different concentrations of PP333 could advance the flowering time of ‘Changshouguan’ by 15–24 d under the warming treatment and increase the flowering duration to 17 d compared with those under the warming treatment alone (CK), and 1000 mg/L was the best treatment. Compared with the CK treatment, the PP333 treatment decreased the contents of indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GAs) and increased the contents of zeatin ribosides (ZRs) and abscisic acid (ABA), thus changing the balance of hormones during flower bud differentiation. The inflection point (low point) of the curve shapes of the ZRs/GAs and ZRs/IAA ratios appeared significantly earlier, which showed a pattern consistent with soluble sugar and protein content and antioxidant activity. Interestingly, the above changes also corresponded to earlier flowering times during the warming process. Taken together, these results indicate that spraying an appropriate concentration of PP333 in the early stage of ‘Changshouguan’ flower bud differentiation promotes the early differentiation of flower buds and early flowering under winter warming treatment by altering their endogenous hormone content and homeostasis and changing their physiological state. The key to maintaining a relatively long flowering period in plants in the PP333 treatment group after flowering promotion was the increased accumulation of sugars and proteins.

Research on the Dynamic Softening Mechanism of Dual‐Phase Structure During Warm Forming of Fe–8.5Mn–1.5Al Medium‐Manganese Steel

In this article, Fe–8.5Mn–1.5Al medium‐manganese steel is taken as the research object, and Gleeble 3500 thermal simulation testing machine is used to conduct isothermal compression at different deformation temperatures, strain rates, and strains in its austenite ferrite two‐phase zone. A constitutive model and a dynamic recrystallization volume fraction model for materials are established, and finite‐element method is used to simulate the temperature, equivalent strain, and dynamic recrystallization volume fraction distribution in different regions of the workpiece under different deformation conditions. By comparing and analyzing the microstructure, finite‐element simulation results, and hot working diagrams obtained from the experiment, the microscopic mechanism of dynamic softening of the material when ferrite and austenite coexist is explained; the transformation of the dynamic softening mechanism of the two phases with the hot deformation process is also explained. Early deformation mainly occurs in softer ferrite, which preferentially undergoes continuous dynamic recrystallization. Austenite has a lower stacking fault energy, and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) occurs when the dislocation density reaches a certain critical value. At the same time, when the strain reaches a certain level, the dynamic softening behavior of ferrite will also transform into DDRX. The optimal deformation conditions for Fe–8.5Mn–1.5Al medium‐manganese steel during warm processing in the two‐phase zone are a temperature of 720 °C, a strain rate of 0.01 s−1, and a large deformation zone.

P-248 Egg vitrification related to female age: survival and laboratory outcome of 1233 vitrified-thawed oocytes in non-medical autologous use

Abstract Study question Is the female age at retrieval a determinant factor for the viability and potential of the thawed eggs? Summary answer In patients over 40, thawed oocytes display more abnormal fertilization, develop less in extended culture and yield less top quality blastocyst. What is known already Oocyte cryopreservation is a well-established procedure especially since the advent of the vitrification technique. The successful outcomes achieved with vitrification encourage its application in fertility preservation (FP) for medical and non-medical reasons. Besides, the age-related decline in women’s fertility and the oocyte quality negatively affect the outcome of assisted reproduction. Some studies have reported that age at oocyte retrieval strongly influences reproductive prognosis after FP. However, the appropriate age for non-medical FP is still debated. Although oocyte freezing at a younger age is recommended, there should be a balance between a favourable outcome and the cost-effectiveness of the strategy. Study design, size, duration Retrospective study on 166 patients with frozen-thawed oocytes who underwent ICSI during 2021-2023 in a single hospital. Oocyte vitrification had different purposes: banking for poor responders, to limit the number of embryos, and to solve unexpected situations where partner’s semen sample was unavailable. Patients were divided into three groups according to their age at retrieval (Group A ≤ 37 n = 77, Group B 37-40 n = 44, Group C ≥ 40 n = 45). Post-warming survival, fertilization, and embryological data were studied. Participants/materials, setting, methods 1233 oocytes were thawed. The intact oocytes were microinjected 1-2 hours after warming. Embryos were cultured in Sage 1-StepTM to blastocyst stage, and rated on daily basis. Embryo transfer was performed on day 3 or day 5 and remaining blastocysts were frozen on Day 5 or Day 6. Post warming survival, lysis after ICSI, fertilization, embryo development, blastulation rate (BR) and top blastulation rate (TBR), and morphokinetic features were studied in the 3 groups. Main results and the role of chance 84.6% of the 1233 oocytes (vitrified in a high-security closed system) survived the warming process. 1043 eggs were injected and the post-ICSI lysis rate was 11.2%. No significant differences were seen in thawing survival rate in groups A, B and C (85.6% vs. 83.5% vs. 83.8%, p=0.635) nor in the post-ICSI lysis rate (13.1% vs. 7.4% vs. 11.2%, p=0.072). 2PN fertilization rate was similar between the groups (67.8% vs. 61.3% vs. 67.7%, p=0.178) as well as the total number of embryos (303 vs 146 vs 188 p=0.605). However, triploid fertilization rate (3PN) statistically grew with age (2.8% vs. 5.8% vs. 6.5%, p=0.034). Significant differences were also reported in the global abnormal fertilisation rate (1PN+3PN) (6.4% vs 10.3% vs. 13.3%, p= 0.005). BR and TBR were statistically lower after the age of 40 (BR: 61.5% vs. 62.7% vs 40% p<0.001, TBR: 43.3% vs. 47.9% vs. 24.3% p<0.001). Morphokinetic features in the 3 groups were studied (abnormal cleavage pattern, tSB and tB). Overall results were similar between group A and group B but oocyte potential decreases drastically from the age of 40. Limitations, reasons for caution The major limitation of the study is its retrospective nature and the relative small size of each group. As most of patients were transferred during 2023, the pregnancies have not delivered yet so the live birth rate is not mentioned. Wider implications of the findings Studies have reported the impact of age at oocyte retrieval in case of medical FP in cancer and endometriosis. Here we report a negative effect on outcome after the age of 40 in non-medical FP. Patients should be informed that FP is not a certification of a successful outcome. Trial registration number not applicable