Walnut Seeds Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Phytochemical Compositions of Raw and Cooked African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seeds

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Phytochemical Compositions of Raw and Cooked African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seeds

Heritability of walnut seed size and the benefits of large seeds

AbstractJapanese walnuts (Juglans mandshurica) are known to be seed‐dispersed by the hoarding of two species of rodents, Japanese squirrels (Sciurus lis) and large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus). The previous study showed that the squirrel transported and stored larger walnut seeds farther, whereas the mice transported smaller seeds farther. Divergent selection by different seed dispersers may play an important role in differentiation between local walnut populations, in which understanding seed size heritability is crucial. This study aims to determine how the seed size selected by rodents affects the initial growth of walnuts and to what extent walnut seed size is genetically determined. Sixty walnut seeds were collected from a small seed‐producing tree, and 50 walnut seeds from a large seed‐producing tree were sown and grown for 18 years. The seed size produced from each tree showed that the heritability of seed size was high (h2 = 0.52). When 50 smaller and 50 larger walnut seeds were planted under the same conditions, the dry weight of shoots and roots of the larger seeds was significantly greater than that of the smaller seeds, and root length was also significantly longer in the larger seeds. Seed size is heritable, so if squirrels are inhabiting, larger seeds, which are advantageous for regeneration, will be selected, and walnut trees producing larger seeds will be passed on to the next generation. Because selective hoarding has implications for seed establishment success, inhabiting a suitable seed disperser, the squirrel, is more critical for walnut regeneration than previously assumed.

USING BLACK WALNUT ROOTSTOCK FOR CREATING HIGH-YIELDING WALNUT PLANTATIONS

The comparative analysis of seed germination and growth of walnut and black walnut seedlings in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine was carried out. It was found that in rows with a sowing depth of 10 cm and 13 cm, the germination rate of walnut had the highest rates and amounted to 70% and 63%, respectively, and black walnut - 80% and 84%. The lowest germination rate was observed at a sowing depth of 17 cm for walnut and 6 cm for black walnut, 46% and 39%, respectively. The influence of the position of the walnut seeds on their germination was determined. In particular, when sown by the "top up" and "on the edge" methods, the germination rate was 70% and 72%, which is 24-26% higher than the "top down" and "side by side" methods. The germination energy of black walnut seedlings was found to be higher than that of walnut seedlings. The first signs of germination of black walnut were observed 7 days earlier than in field crops of walnut. It was found that the main growth of seedlings in height began from the end of the first decade of June and lasted until the first decade of August. The average height of black walnut seedlings was 50 cm, while the average height of walnut seedlings was 19 cm lower and amounted to 31 cm. The yield of standard black walnut seedlings was recorded at 69% of the total number of seedlings, while in walnut this figure was only 12%. The compatibility of the varieties 'Webu-6', 'Chandler' and 'Kazaku' with black walnut and walnut during the cultivation of grafted seedlings was studied. It was found that the selected experimental varieties of walnut, which were grafted onto black walnut seedlings, showed approximately the same formation of callus tissues, except for the variety 'Vebu-6'. This once again confirms the information that not all walnut varieties can participate in interspecific combinations. It was found that the length of the central root of the black walnut at the end of the first year of cultivation is 15 cm longer than the length of the central root of the walnut and averages 43 cm. The main branching of lateral roots in walnut occurs at a depth of 10 to 20 cm. The number of main skeletal roots is generally 3-4 units. At the end of the first year of cultivation, the seedlings had a significantly smaller root system compared to black walnut. The root system of standard black walnut seedlings is on average 60% larger than that of walnut. The main branching of lateral roots is on average at a root length of 7 to 30 cm. Similar to the walnut, the root system of black walnut has 2-3 tiers. The number of skeletal roots averages 8-10 pieces, and the length of the main skeletal roots ranges from 15 to 30 cm. According to the research results, it can be concluded that walnut seedlings grafted on black walnut seedlings have prospects for further introduction into production as they can bear fruit faster, have relatively restrained growth, allow for the formation of a crown at the 3rd year of life and have a more powerful root system.

The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.)

This study aimed to investigate changes in fruit characteristics, total phenolics, total antioxidant capacity, organic acids, sugar content, and fatty acid composition in ten walnut genotypes and three cultivars grown at different altitudes under Mediterranean climate conditions. At altitudes of 500 m and 1200 m, total phenolics ranged between 237.51 and 412.96 mg GAE/100 g dw and 234.94 and 392.31 mg GAE/100 g dw, respectively. According to DPPH radical inhibition, the total antioxidant capacity varied between 47.65% and 64.99% at an altitude of 500 m and between 57.76% and 68.92% at an altitude of 1200 m. The oil content demonstrated variations between 53.44% and 76.17% at an elevation of 500 m and between 43.11% and 67.03% at an altitude of 1200 m. At both 500 m and 1200 m altitudes, linoleic acid emerged as the predominant fatty acid and ranged from 58.82% to 62.44% at 500 m altitude and from 57.33% to 59.38% at 1200 m altitude. Notably, malic acid was identified as the primary organic acid, with concentrations ranging from 1.35% to 7.33% at both altitudes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that walnut seeds are abundant in oil, protein, total phenolics, antioxidants, and fatty acids, with variations influenced by the cultivar or genotype and notably affected by altitude.

Investigating the Tocopherol Contents of Walnut Seed Oils Produced in Different European Countries Analyzed by HPLC-UV: A Comparative Study on the Basis of Geographical Origin.

A rapid HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of tocopherols in walnut seed oils. The method was validated and the LODs ranged between 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg, while the LOQs were calculated over the range of 0.50 to 1.00 mg/kg. The accuracy values ranged between 90.8 and 97.1% for the within-day assay (n = 6) and between 90.4 and 95.8% for the between-day assay (n = 3 × 3), respectively. The precision of the method was evaluated and the RSD% values were lower than 6.1 and 8.2, respectively. Overall, 40 samples of walnuts available on the Greek market, originating from four different European countries (Greece, Ukraine, France, and Bulgaria), were processed into oils and analyzed. One-way ANOVA was implemented in order to investigate potential statistically significant disparities between the concentrations of tocopherols in the walnut oils on the basis of the geographical origin, and Tukey's post hoc test was also performed to examine exactly which varieties differed. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the Ukrainian walnut seed oils exhibited significantly higher total concentrations compared to the rest of the samples.

English

Breast cancer is prevalent among women worldwide. African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) seeds extract have been shown to have medicinal properties. This study is to determine the effects of feeding T. conophorum seeds lipid extract on 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) induced breast carcinogenesis and the expression of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (CYP1A1), benzoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (CYP1B1) and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (CYP2B1). The lipid was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane. Forty-five female Wistar rats of 21 days old were used, which were randomly divided into three major groups of 15 animals each. Groups A and B were fed for 12 weeks with diet containing T. conophorum seeds lipid extract (10%), and group B animals were administered MC (200 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally after 4 weeks of feeding. Group C animals were fed for 12 weeks with diet containing no T. conophorum seeds lipid extract and administered MC (200 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally after 4 weeks of feeding. Results indicated that CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2B1 were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in Group B animals liver cells compared to group C with higher expression. Prolonged latency period, reduce tumor weight and size characterized group B animals compared to group C. Histopathology results showed normal morphology of the liver hepatocytes of animals in group B, while necrosis and steatosis were seen in group C. This study therefore showed that T. conophorum seeds lipid extract contains bioactive components that may oppose breast carcinogenesis induced by MC.   Key words: 3-Methylcholanthrene, carcinogenesis, Tetracarpidium conophorum, fatty acids.

Effect of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seed Oil on 3-Methylcholanthrene-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis and Expression of COX-2 and PPAR-ɣ in Female Wistar Rats

Effect of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Seed Oil on 3-Methylcholanthrene-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis and Expression of COX-2 and PPAR-ɣ in Female Wistar Rats

Effect of different levels and sizes of walnut seed residues on phosphorus availability and alkaline phosphatase activity in calcareous soil

A laboratory experiment has been carried out in the College of Science-University of Salahaddin to study the effect of different levels (0,5,10 and 15%) and sizes(250 and 1000µm) of walnut seeds residues and (160mg.kg-1) phosphorus fertilization on the concentration of phosphorus availability and alkaline phosphatase activity in calcareous soil during 15 and 30 days period of incubation, the experimental design in factorial complet randomize design (C.R.D) with three replications. The results indicated that the application of different levels of walnut seed residues decreases the concentration of phosphorus availability and alkaline phosphatase activity, however the results revealed that combination between levels and sizes of sieved walnut seed residues and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (p≤0.05) affected the alkaline phosphatase activity and the concentration of available phosphorus, the highest values (29.633 µgPNPg-1.hr-1and 6.442mg.kg-1) have been recorded in treatments combination received 1000µm, 15% walnut seed residues and phosphorus fertilizer, respectively.

Effect of Walnut Seed Skin Against Main Organ Damage Caused by Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia, manifested as hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia, is a condition characterized by a decrease in HDL levels with an increase in one or more of plasma lipids, including triglycerides cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and/or plasma lipoproteins including VLDL and LDL. It is also a major problem leading to obesity, stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, degenerative joint disease and circulatory disease and has become one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current anti-hyperlipidemic therapies mainly include statins and fibrates. These drugs used firstly inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and correct the changed blood lipid profile. Secondly, it acts by increasing the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In addition to hepatotoxicity, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis and some undesirable side effects during pregnancy have also been reported. While these side effects limit the use of statins in hyperlipidemia, they also support the research of medicinal plant products with hypolipidemic-phyto-active compounds. The study of plants is a useful strategy for the emergence of new molecules that have an important and enhanced effect on lipid metabolism. For this reason, in the current study, considering the many beneficial effects of walnuts supported by the literature, the unused part of the walnut seed skin (WSS) is focused on. It was investigated whether ethanolic extraction of walnut seed skin (E-WSS) had a protective effect in male Wistar-Albino rats in which hyperlipidemia was induced. The histopathological evaluation of the effects of E-WSS on kidney tissue, the content of which was defined by GC-MS in our previous study, was performed in this study. In the analysis, it was concluded that E-WSS extract had a significant protective effect on the kidney tissue of rats with hyperlipidemia when compared to the healthy control group. When the final evaluation was made, a contribution was made to the literature on the use of a natural compound that does not show toxic effects against hyperlipidemia.

EFFECT OF CHITOSAN AND SODIUM CHLORIDE APPLICATION ON THE STORAGE STABILITY OF COOKED WALNUT SEEDS

Samples of cooked walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) seeds were subjected to proximate and microbiological analysis. The nuts were divided into eight groups and subjected to various preservative hurdles for 20 days. Proximate analysis showed that the nut had moisture, lipid, protein, ash, carbohydrate and crude fibre content of 46.70±1.50, 6.00±0.05, 53.53±2.31, 2.96±0.06, 32.79±1.50 and 4.72±0.15 respectively. Microbiological analysis showed the presence of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Leuconostoc spp, Pseudomonas spp and Escherichia coli. Fungi isolates include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida spp, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Among the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Leuconostoc spp had the highest percentage (100%) occurrence. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was predominant (80%) among the fungi. Sample preserved with sodium chloride and stored at 4±10C had the least microbial count (3.00log10cfu/g) compared to others. The best preservative hurdle in the study was the application of 1000?g/g of chitosan for 2 weeks. Chitosan preserved walnut not only remained fresh but had chemical composition like the freshly cooked sample. The results show that Tetracarpidium conophorum is a good source of protein for man and animals as it contains nutrients that are necessary for maintenance of body cells and tissues. Successful shelf-life extension can be achieved using crab chitosan

Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acid Content/Score of Composite Wheat, African Walnut, Moringa Biscuits

Moringa and African walnut seeds were processed into flour and evaluated for tannin, total phenol and anti-oxidant activity. Different formulations of wheat, African walnut and Moringa seed composite flour (A: WHF 100%: AWF 0;MSF 0, B= WHF 77.5%:AWF 20%: MSF 2.5%, C=WHF 75%: AWF 20%: MSF 5.0%, D= WHF 72.5%: AWF 20%: MSF 7.5%. E = WHF 70%: AWF 20%: MSF 10%, F = WHF 90%: AWF 0 : MSF 10%, G = WHF 80% : AWF 20% : MSF 0 ) were used in the production of biscuits. The Amino acid content of the prepared biscuits were determined and the Amino acid score using Hens egg and FAO standard to evaluate protein quality. Results reveal that Tannin and Total phenol content of African walnut flour was significantly higher with values 49.82mg/100g and 54.90mg/100g respectively, with Moringa seed flour having an anti-oxidant activity of 60.55%. Amino acid content of the biscuits showed that glutamic acid was higher in all the samples ranging from 10.96 – 12.33g/100g. Amino acid score results indicate that the amino acid content of the composite biscuits were higher than the FAO standards for adults above 18years.

Potential application of natural coagulant extraction from walnut seeds for water turbidity removal

Abstract In this study, natural coagulant obtained from walnut seeds was used in water treatment for the removal of turbidity as a coagulant and as a coagulant aid with alum. The study was conducted by using a jar test under various operational parameters. The tests were carried out with initial turbidity of 10–200 NTU, pH of 3–11, and natural coagulant dose of 1–5 ml/L. The characterization of walnut natural coagulant was carried out using SEM, FTIR, EDX, and zeta potential analyzer. The coagulation activity and turbidity removal efficiency were evaluated for each run. The optimum dose of the walnut seed extract may be found to be 3 ml/L. The highest turbidity removal efficiency was achieved at pH above 7. Walnut seed extract used as coagulant and with alum was able to enhance coagulation process performance and decrease the alum dose required for the coagulation process performance and decrease the alum dose required for the coagulation process. Walnut seed extract has a negligible impact on organic matter content in the coagulated water. Furthermore, ANNs model of turbidity removal using walnut seed extract was conducted and yielded a high coefficient of determination (R2 of 0.96).

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK FERMENTAT ISOLAT FUNGI ENDOFIT BIJI BUAH KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) SECARA KLT-AUTOGRAFI

Walnut seeds (Canarium indicum L.) contain tannin, flavonoids, carotenoids which is potentially fungtioning as antioxidants. The research aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of fermentate extract of walnut seeds endophytic fungi by autography-TLC. The result of the endophytic fungi isolation in Walnut seeds (Canarium indicum L.) obtained 5 isolates with characteristics. The test result of screening free antiradical activity obtained that isolate 4th was active as an antioxidant indicated by the presence of brown spots with the addition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 0.004%. Isolate 4th was fermented using Maltosa Yeast Broth (MYB) medium to obtain fermentate supernatant and mycelia. The Fermentate of supernantant of isolate 4th was extracted to obtained supernantant of ethyl acetate extract. Based on the result of free antiradical activity test of ethyl acetate fermentate extract isolate 4th by autography-TLC using ethyl acetate: methanol: water eluent (6:2:1), obtained Rf 0.78 value active as free antiradical by spraying 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil 0.004%.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK FERMENTAT ISOLAT FUNGI ENDOFIT BIJI BUAH KENARI (Canarium indicum L.) SECARA KLT-AUTOGRAFI

Walnut seeds (Canarium indicum L.) contain tannin, flavonoids, carotenoids which is potentially fungtioning as antioxidants. The research aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of fermentate extract of walnut seeds endophytic fungi by autography-TLC. The result of the endophytic fungi isolation in Walnut seeds (Canarium indicum L.) obtained 5 isolates with characteristics. The test result of screening free antiradical activity obtained that isolate 4th was active as an antioxidant indicated by the presence of brown spots with the addition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 0.004%. Isolate 4th was fermented using Maltosa Yeast Broth (MYB) medium to obtain fermentate supernatant and mycelia. The Fermentate of supernantant of isolate 4th was extracted to obtained supernantant of ethyl acetate extract. Based on the result of free antiradical activity test of ethyl acetate fermentate extract isolate 4th by autography-TLC using ethyl acetate: methanol: water eluent (6:2:1), obtained Rf 0.78 value active as free antiradical by spraying 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil 0.004%.

Preliminary study on species variability and evolutionary status of African walnut (Plukenetia conophora)

Abstract An analysis of the biochemical composition of African walnut seeds collected from two different geographical areas, Nigeria and Cameroon, was used to conduct the primary assessment of varietal differences and evolutionary status of Plukenetia conophora. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. The experimental design was completely randomized design with five replications. Significant difference (P > 0.05) was not observed with the proximate properties of the seeds of the two lines except for carbohydrate. However, higher values in protein (28.32%), crude fat (5.67%), ash (4.33%), and moisture (38.44%) content were obtained for the line from Nigeria, while the line from Cameroon had higher values for carbohydrate (20.87%) and crude fibre (9.32%). With regard to mineral composition, significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in some mineral elements such as manganese, sodium, and chromium. Anti-nutritional composition such as proximate properties did not show any significant difference between the two lines. However, the line from Nigeria had higher values of phytate (6.27%) and oxalate (0.11%), while a higher content of tannin (0.36%) and saponin (0.27%) was obtained for the line from Cameroon. Evidently, the result obtained was not substantial to establish varietal differences between the two lines; nevertheless, it showed some level of evolutionary changes in the crop over the years.

Melatonin content in walnuts and other commercial nuts. Influence of cultivar, ripening and processing (roasting)

Nuts are important components of a healthy diet since they provide nutritional value and bioactive components. Melatonin is a well-known molecule in plants, and its relevance in foodstuffs is increasing. This study investigated the presence of melatonin in nuts using chromatographic techniques and optimized extraction procedures according to the high oil content of nuts. Melatonin was detected in four walnut cultivars with levels similar to those previously reported. Moreover, the melatonin content in walnut seeds decreased sharply during the ripening process from the ripe green stage to the mature dehydrated fruit and increased after harvesting when the fruits were edible. A number of other commercial nuts were also measured, with melatonin contents varying markedly, and generally being lower than in walnuts. The presence of melatonin was lower in commercial roasted nuts than in raw nuts, with the exception of peanuts, where melatonin content increased with roasting. It seems that this industrial processing negatively alters the structure of this molecule and its availability, which should be taken into account when estimating its levels during nut consumption. Therefore, this study reveals new data on the presence of melatonin in walnut seeds in a natural format and its evolution with maturation as well as in other commercial nuts. We also highlight the importance that processing has on melatonin and other antioxidants in the nuts that reach the consumer.

Effects of cooking on chemical and phytochemical compositions of raw and cooked melon (Citrullus colocynthis L) and walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum L) seeds

Effects of cooking on proximate, phytochemicals and selected vitamins composition of melon and walnut were investigated in this study. Melon Seeds (MS) and Walnut Seed (WS) weighing 500 g each were obtained from open market and each was halved into two. One half o was boiled for one hour and oven dried at 60 C for 48 hours till constant weight was attained to obtain treated melon seed and treated walnut seed, respectively. The other halves were left un-cooked and were labelled uncooked melon seed and uncooked walnut seed, respectively. In MS, cooking reduced the crude protein, crude fibre and ash compositions but increased the moisture and ether extracts contents significantly (p<0.05). In WS, cooking reduced the crude protein and crude fibre but increased the ether extracts and moisture significantly (p<0.05) without any effect on ash contents (p>0.05). Aside from flavonoids which increased (p<0.05), other phytochemicals in MS were significantly reduced by cooking (p<0.05). Also, there were reduced tannins, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids. The phytates and flavonoids increased significantly (p<0.05) while saponins composition remained significantly unaffected (p>0.05) by cooking. Ascorbic acid and tocopherol in MS as well as â-carotene and ergosterol contents were not affected significantly (p>0.05) by cooking. However, the â-carotene of 0.16 and ergosterol of 0.57 in raw MS reduced significantly (p<0.05) to 0.13 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively by cooking. Also, tocopherol and ascorbic acid with respective values of 69.40 and 4.41 mg/kg in WS were lowered significantly (p<0.05) by cooking to 58.65 and 3.95 mg/kg, respectively. Processing reduced antinutrients in melon and walnut seeds and improve their nutrient sources.

Mechanism of early germination inhibition of fresh walnuts (Juglans regia) with gamma radiation uncovered by transcriptomic profiling of embryos during storage

Fresh walnut seeds are vulnerable to germination during room-temperature storage, which can be delayed or inhibited by gamma radiation. However, the inhibitory mechanism involves the expression of multiple genes and remains unclear. ‘Liaohe 2’ fresh walnut seeds were exposed to a wide-spectrum dose of 60Co gamma rays and then stored in sand under a suitable humidity at 25 ± 1 °C. Six transcriptome libraries of walnut embryos irradiated at 0 and 50 Gy were investigated at 0, 6 and 12 d of storage using RNA-seq. The results showed that a total of 177 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was detected between the GR0d vs CK0d seeds. With gamma radiation, 471 genes were upregulated and 2835 genes could not be upregulated during the germination of untreated walnuts. Additionally, 1212 genes could not be downregulated, and 166 genes were downregulated. Glutathione and non-homologous end-joining were upregulated immediately after gamma radiation. In total, 23 upregulated genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and signal transduction pathways were identified during early seed germination, and 79 genes related to ribosomal proteins could not be upregulated at 6 d after gamma radiation. The levels of both abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) increased rapidly at 0 d, and the w(GA3)/w(ABA) ratio decreased significantly at 12 d after gamma radiation. In conclusion, a possible mechanism by which gamma radiation inhibits the germination of fresh walnuts was proposed as follows: gamma radiation first induced a series of stress responses, including the ROS scavenging system and TFs, and prevented the upregulated expression of ribosomal protein genes from 0 to 6 d, resulting in the inhibition of cell division, which is a likely key starting point for germination inhibition. Finally, a hormonal imbalance occurred, and the suppression of the upregulation of stored lipid breakdown genes from 6 to 12 d in treated nuts is proposed as the critical reason for the inhibition of fresh walnut germination by gamma radiation.

Purification of spent methyldiethanolamine solutions with activated carbon au-ko

The article presents the results of a study to determine the physicochemical adsorption properties and some technological parameters for the production of activated carbons based on bones. In the course of the study, the physicochemical and adsorption characteristics of the new activated carbon obtained by us from walnut seeds were determined. For the purpose of import substitution, its characteristics were compared with the well-known industrial activated carbon of the AG-3 brand.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРНОЙ ЦЕЛОСТНОСТИ СЕМЯН ОРЕХА ГРЕЦКОГО (JUGLANS REGIA L.) СЕЛЕКЦИИ НИКИТСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА МЕТОДОМ МИКРОФОКУСНОЙ РЕНТГЕНОГРАФИИ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОГО АНАЛИЗА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРНОЙ ЦЕЛОСТНОСТИ СЕМЯН ОРЕХА ГРЕЦКОГО (JUGLANS REGIA L.) СЕЛЕКЦИИ НИКИТСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА МЕТОДОМ МИКРОФОКУСНОЙ РЕНТГЕНОГРАФИИ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОГО АНАЛИЗА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ