Wall Map Research Articles

Adriano Balbi and the definition of oceans, seas and ‘Open Mediterraneans’: The dialogue between geography and cartography with Evangelista Azzi

In the first half of the 19th century, Adriano Balbi (1782–1848) was one of the greatest geographers in Italy and Europe, having an extremely vast and constantly updated scientific output. He tried to keep up with new discoveries of ‘unknown and unexplored' territories. His work influenced geographers and cartographers, who used it as a source. Evangelista Azzi (1793–1848), a cartographer and military topographer from Parma Duchies, produced a wide corpus of school maps. His Mappamondo (1838) was conceived as an enormous wall map (2 × 4 mt), that summarised the geographical, historical and ethnographic knowledge of the time, as an encyclopaedic work. To collect data, he used contemporary geographical and cartographic works, including those of Adriano Balbi, having a close epistolary relationship with him. Balbi understood the importance of a cartographic restitution of his works and supported Azzi transferring numerous notions to him. Among these were the seas and oceans, which in the world map are named according to Balbi's works. The Mappamondo is the first map where the Balbi's definition of ‘Open Mediterraneans’ appears. The paper's primary objective is to identify the dialogue between geographers and cartographers in conveying a common narrative of the seas. Considering Azzi's cartographies as the visual synthesis of Balbi's geographical proposals, the paper explores a direct transposition of knowledge from text to map. Finally, the metaphor of water and liquid worlds lends itself well to observing the dynamism of small pre-unitary Italian actors that dialogued on global issues, going beyond state borders and moving within a common Risorgimento context.

The Genesis of Animal Drawings in the Flora Sinensis (1656): Between the Tuhui zongyi, Magni Catay Atlas, and Michał Boym’s Wall Map

Abstract Focused at the intersection of the history of books, sciences, and the circulation of knowledge between China and Europe, this article aims to shed light on the genesis of the Flora Sinensis (1656) written by Father Michał Piotr Boym (1612–1659), and the processes of the circulation of Chinese images and knowledge. Through the study of several Chinese painting manuals published during the seventeenth century, our aim is to demonstrate that the Tuhui zongyi is the most likely source of the animal illustrations in the Flora Sinensis. This hypothesis will be supported by an analysis of two of Boym’s cartographic projects, which also include illustrations from the Tuhui zongyi, the Vatican atlas, and a fragment of a Boym wall map discovered in a private collection in 2023. Noting that Boym’s maps contain illustrations of the Tuhui zongyi that are absent from the Flora, we suggest that Boym acquired this painting manual for the purpose of decorating his cartographic works.

The Recently Found Map of the World (Kunyutu 坤輿圖): A Philological Survey (Part II)

Abstract This is Part II following on from the first presentation of the Chinese Map of the World or Kunyutu 坤輿圖 published in vol. 75 of this journal. The large wall map in silk, found in a federal library in Berne, Switzerland, is anonymous and purports to represent the geopolitical situation during the period 1700–1730. After a short general, geographical overview containing cartographic remarks and findings, this article will focus on the translation of all 112 text blocks on the map, which are found in Appendix II. These text blocks contain information on the customs and products of a given place, as well as describing other curiosities associated with it. I compared these texts with other maps and textual sources, in particular with The Complete World Map (Kunyu quantu 坤輿全圖) and The Explanations of the World Map (Kunyutu shuo 坤輿圖說) by Verbiest in 1674. A Venn diagram reveals which source was used most frequently. I detected some geographical assumptions the creator of the Bernese map has drawn from previous sources or copied from earlier maps. These offer valuable pointers to the source language and enable the identification of specific misunderstandings, original creations and uncertainties or signs of ignorance. My translation of the text blocks helps to pinpoint certain anachronisms and inaccuracies, although the map essentially reflects the political situation in the years 1700–1730. These various pieces of evidence suggest that the map was in fact made much later by a copyist and is not only a cartographic composite of earlier maps, but also a fusion based on Northern and Southern Mandarin sources. I presume that the translations, drawn from French sources into Southern Mandarin – the language of the late Ming officials (guanhua 官話) – as well as a variety of Southern Chinese dialects, suggest the underlying influence of a Jesuit tradition.

RAGAM ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS (ABK) DAN PROBLEMATIKA ANAK TUNARUNGU SERTA CARA MENGATASINYA DI SEKOLAH ALAM MAHIRA BENGKULU


 The research objective with this study is to explore the Variety of Children with Special Needs (ABK) and the Problems of Deaf Children and How to Overcome Them in the Alam Mahira School Bengkulu. This study uses descriptive qualitative research where direct research is spaciousness. The informants in this study were 2 teacher and 1 student from the Alam Mahira Bengkulu School. This research addresses children with special needs by showing photos, videos, letter cards, sentence cards, ear anatomy, miniature objects, finger alphabet, ear models, half body torsos, fruit puzzles, animal puzzles, construction puzzles, cylinders, models. geometry, triangular tower, ring tower, rectangular tower, atlas, globe, wall map, custom house miniature. The results of the study show that there are several types of children with special needs (ABK) found in the field, including learning dyslexia (learning difficulties), ADHD (difficulty focusing), Autism (nervous disorder), Speech Delay (speech delay), Down Syndrome (physical and mental retardation). ), Mental Impairment (abnormalities below average – IQ), Deaf (hearing impairment). In this study it was more focused on children with special needs of the deaf. The results of the research show that deaf children need learning media in the form of visual aids to enrich their language vocabulary. The visual aids include miniature animals, miniature humans, relevant pictures, illustrated library books, and children's play equipment.

Developing and Evaluating a Novel Educational Intensive Care Unit Wall Map

Developing and Evaluating a Novel Educational Intensive Care Unit Wall Map

The Map of Pomerania by Eilhardus Lubinus (1618)—Two Editions or Three?

ABSTRACT Up to now the literature dealing with the cartography of the former Duchy of Pomerania has assumed that wall map of the region by Eilhardus Lubinus (Eilhard Lubin) had two editions: the first dating from 1618 and the second from 1758. Detailed analysis of correspondence between the mapmaker and his patron, the Pomeranian Duke Philip II, and later letters relating to arguments over payment and paper supplies as well as of a recently discovered copy of the map (now at the University of Szczecin), however, point to the existence of a third edition. This, it is suggested, dates from 1619–1620 and was financed by Lubin himself. Research has also revealed that the paper on which this new exemplar was printed came neither from the Pomeranian dukes’ paper mill (as for the 1618 edition) nor from the Unold paper mill in Wolfegg (as for the 1758 edition).

Metropolis in the Making: A Planning History of Amsterdam in the Dutch Golden Age

Metropolis in the Making: A Planning History of Amsterdam in the Dutch Golden Age

Historical and geographical mapping of Kharkiv region in the XIX and XX centuries

The purpose of the article is to analyze the thematic historical and geographical maps of Kharkiv region and the city of Kharkiv on the funds of the Central Scientific Library of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University and V. G. Korolenko Kharkiv State Scientific Library. Main material. Topographic, political - administrative and military mapping traditionally developed in Kharkiv region in the XIX-XX centuries. Cartographic materials on the territory of the region, which can be found in the funds of Kharkiv libraries, cannot be called ancient: among the maps dating back to 1945, the largest variety are administrative maps of the late XIX century and plans of Kharkiv of different years of creation. There are several collections related to the time of publication, features of creation and purpose: “Atlas of the Kharkiv governorship in 1787 with a topographic description”, “Maps of the Kharkiv province”, “List of reports of the Kharkiv provincial Zemsky Administration submitted to the XXXII Regular Zemsky assembly of Kharkiv 1896”. Plans of the city of Kharkiv from 1804 to 1916 are part of the “Album of ancient plans of the city of Kharkiv, pictures of its views and portraits of its figures”. These plans are real works of art, an important legacy of national cartography. The album does not contain maps of the province, and is devoted only to images of the city, which allows geographers to assess how the boundaries of Kharkiv have changed over time, as well as its planning and approaches to mapping. The analyzed plans depict the general scheme of the city, its relief, hydrography and socio-economic elements, which are large enterprises and roads with other provinces. The funds of Kharkiv State Scientific Library are also rich in wall maps of Kharkiv, which differ in format, purpose and approaches to design. Conclusions and further research. The funds of the Central Scientific Library of Karazin University and Kharkiv State Scientific Library preserve a significant number of historical and geographical cartographic works from different times on the territory of Slobozhansky Krai and its parts. Most maps are groupped into collections or atlases, but there are also largescale wall plans of towns, separate maps of military maneuvers, table maps of the province. The idea of creating a catalog of regional cartographic works or a collection “Ancient cartographic works of Kharkiv region” looks promising.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOGRAPHY CURRICULUM IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated the availability and adequacy of Geography instructional resources in senior secondary schools in Osun State. It also examined the instructional strategies being employed by Geography teachers in teaching and learning in the classroom. Furthermore, the study assessed the quality of teachers in terms of qualification, content knowledge and years of experience in the state. These were with the view to providing information on the implementation of the Geography Curriculum in Senior Secondary Schools in Osun State. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of all Geography teachers in senior secondary schools in Osun State. Eighty (80) Geography teachers constituted the sample for the study. Two instruments were used for data collection. These are the Instructional Resources and Strategies Observation Checklist (IRSOC) and Teaching Personnel Questionnaire (TPQ). Data collected were analyzed using frequency count and percentages. The results showed that instructional resources were not readily available for use. Globe (73.33%), Topographical map (83.33%), Atlas (93.33%), and Geography textbooks (100%) were resources that are available while Chart of Weather Symbols (60%), Globe (72.72%), Geography Textbooks (76.67%), Topographical maps (80%) and Wall maps (100%) were adequate in schools the resources were available. However, the instructional strategy employed by Geography teachers were peer tutoring (3.33%), group activity strategy (6.67%), inquiry (30%), demonstration strategy (36.67%) and expository strategy (100%). On the quality of Geography teachers in the state, the study showed that 57.50% studied Geography as a course while 6.25%, 10%, 11.25% and 15% studied Sociology, Urban and Regional Planning, Demography and Statistics and Geology, respectively. The study concluded that instructional resources, as well as instructional strategies employed by Geography teachers in Senior Secondary Schools in Osun State, were inadequate.

Rotterodamum: Romeyn de Hooghe’s Rejected Map of Rotterdam Rediscovered

Having been asked by the burgomasters of Rotterdam to make a prestigious wall map of their city, the famous printmaker Romeyn de Hooghe (1645-1708) initially supplied a disappointing product that the burgomasters rejected. It was known that this had happened, but what was not known is that a unique impression of the rejected map, titled Rotterodamum, survives in the Print Room’s collection. The discovery of Rotterodamum provided the opportunity to shed more light on De Hooghe’s commission, the production process and his working methods. Rotterodamum is thus an important link in the creation of the eventual, well-known map Rotterdam met al syn gebouwen, by De Hooghe and Johannes de Vouw (c. 1660-1707).

Peeling back the layers of a school wall map: Brunhes-Deffontaines ‘France Forestière’

Wall maps offer a splash of boldness and color to adorn the regimentation of the traditional classroom. The series ‘Collection Brunhes’ exhibits this brashness in its series of maps to accompany Pr...

Large Area Inspection Using 3D Point Cloud Data in a Disaster Response Robot

Large area inspection using a robot is critical in a disastrous situation; especially when humans are inhabiting the catastrophic environment. Unlike natural environments, such environments lack details. Thus, creating 3D maps and identifying objects has became a challenge. This research suggests a 3D Point Cloud Data (PCD) merging algorithm for the less textured environment, aiming World Robot Summit Standard Disaster Robotics Challenge 2021 (WRS). Spider2020, a robotic system designed by the Robot Engineering Laboratory, University of Aizu, was used in this research. Detecting QR codes in a wall and merging PCD, and generating a wall map are the two main tasks in the competition. The Zxing library was used to detect and decode QR codes, and the results were quite accurate. Since the 3D mapping environment has fewer textures, decoded QR code locations are used as the PCD mapping markers. The position of the PCD file was taken from the location given by the robotic arm in Spider2020. The accuracy of merging PCD was improved by including the position of PCD files in the merging algorithm. The robotic system can be used for Large area Inspections in a disastrous situation.

East Asian Cartographic Print Culture: The Late Ming Publishing Boom and Its Trans-Regional Connections by Alexander Akin

Reviewed by: East Asian Cartographic Print Culture: The Late Ming Publishing Boom and Its Trans-Regional Connections by Alexander Akin D. Jonathan Felt (bio) Alexander Akin. East Asian Cartographic Print Culture: The Late Ming Publishing Boom and Its Trans-Regional Connections. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. 318 pp. Hardcover $146.00, isbn 9789463726122. Alexander Akin's monograph, East Asian Cartographic Print Culture, examines cartography and its relationship to the publishing boom of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Its main argument is that "what changed in late Ming cartography is context and quantity more than technology" (p. 36). There were few significant technological innovations in the process of creating or printing maps during this period. But maps proliferated on the printed page to an unprecedented extent. Not only were more books being printed in general, but there were also more types of book that included maps, and the average number of maps in these books increased as well. The remarkable breadth of this map production "reflected the diversity of their users' social interests, spreading far beyond the administration of the state or the training of future functionaries" (p. 36). Akin, furthermore, traces exported Ming publications to Korea and Japan, their reception there, and the return flow of cartographic texts back to China. Akin's approach is distinctive in its usage and breadth of maps. First, his sources are not magnificent court-sponsored wall maps of limited circulation, but the crudely produced woodblock prints that were used as illustrations in mass-produced books. This allows him to examine maps in their greatest breadth of genres and diversity of uses, from the highest to the humblest registers. Second, because he is examining maps published in books, he reads maps as "illustrations to the text rather than as independent documents" (p. 17). This builds upon the argument of Cordell Yee that, in contrast to European maps, Chinese maps and text were intended to be read together. Akin reads the accompanying text as essential in understanding details not included on the map but intended to be understood through the map. This reveals how the same copied map could be used within different genres for a variety of purposes. From this argument and methodology, Akin makes three interventions into larger historiographic debates that would be of interest to scholars both inside and outside of East Asian studies. First, contrary to the idea that "Confucian [End Page 95] geography" dominated Chinese cartographic thought, Akin shows that late Ming cartography was characterized by a "diversity of coexisting schools of cartographic thought and practice" (p. 15). The proliferation of new works facilitated exposure to Confucian, Buddhist, and Jesuit worldviews, and these contradictory world maps were presented together, without the need to assert a single dogmatic cartographic orthodoxy. Second, Akin examines the very famous world maps of Matteo Ricci from within the context of an already existing, diverse, and productive Chinese cartographic tradition. Rather than a simple rejection of Jesuit ideas due to Chinese ethnocentrism, Akin shows why neither the Ming government nor Jesuit priests were willing to make the investments necessary to train Chinese students in Western surveying methods—the government because of different educational priorities and the great expenses of survey parties and the Jesuits because of their priority to propagate Christianity. He also shows that the Jesuit map was not really rejected at all. It was reprinted and positioned right alongside other world maps, simply adding it to the diversity of worldviews already present within the Ming cartographic tradition. Third, Akin presents the East Asian experience as a counterexample to many of the basic assumptions in the general field of cartographic history that are based upon the European experience. For example, while early modern cartographic developments in Europe were driven by state-building enterprises, Chinese map production was largely market-driven. Furthermore, contrary to Benedict Anderson's thesis that a cartographic "footprint" came to Asia only with European imperialism, Akin shows that the proliferation of maps in East Asia during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries produced a "standardization of images of states and their provinces into instantly recognizable forms" (p. 269). He argues that any generalized theory about the relationship between cartography and...

Review: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War. The British Library, London, England, 19 October 2018–19 February 2019

Exhibition Catalogue: Claire Breay and Joanna Story, eds., Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Art, Word, War . London, The British Library, 2018. 424 pp., full color illustration and maps, £25, ISBN: 9780712352079. To enter the British Library's landmark exhibition, visitors assumed King Edgar's place in the famous frontispiece to the 966 New Minster Charter, the image that also serves as the cover to Claire Breay and Joanna Story's intricate catalogue (where Edgar returns to his usual spot on fol. 2v; cat. 112, click link for an image). The male and female saints who ordinarily flank the king appeared as sentinels on the doorframe, ushering visitors into the exhibition space as their right hands holding attributes bent around the corners of the posts, making a gateway of cross and key. Having been greeted by figures due to reappear in the second half of the show, visitors next approached the fifth–sixth-century starting point for the exhibition's long chronological arc. A large photograph of green forest defined the initial installation space, along with a wall map depicting the movements of Picts, Dal Riata, Irish, Britons, Franks, Saxons, Frisians, Angles, and Jutes (this map inaugurating a magnificent set distributed throughout the galleries and abbreviated in the catalogue, at pp. 398–403). The first vitrine set up a vivid confrontation, presenting the enigmatic earthenware figure sitting elbows to knees on the fifth-century urn lid found at Spong Hill, Norfolk (click link for an image). The opening of the exhibition established several themes key to the projects of the catalogue and installation. Beginning with the Spong Man's stare, “Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms” staged an extraordinary set of encounters with a range of objects, including 130 manuscripts. All the objects embody the centrality of the written word and its crafted media of transmission in the medieval history of (primarily) the land that is now England.1 The curators and catalogue authors effectively emphasized objects’ histories of movement as a factor just as crucial to the show's story as the works’ original …

Deep morphology aided diagnosis network for segmentation of carotid artery vessel wall and diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis on black-blood vessel wall MRI.

Early detection of carotid atherosclerosis on the vessel wall (VW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (VW-MRI) images can prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease. However, the manual inspection process of the VW-MRI images is cumbersome and has low reproducibility. Therefore in this paper, by using the convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we develop a deep morphology aided diagnosis (DeepMAD) network for automated segmentation of the VW of carotid artery and for automated diagnosis of the carotid atherosclerosis with the black-blood (BB) VW-MRI (i.e., the T1-weighted MRI) in a slice-by-slice manner. The proposed DeepMAD network consists of a segmentation subnetwork and a diagnosis subnetwork for performing the segmentation and diagnosis tasks on the BB-VW-MRI images, where the manual labeled lumen area, the manual labeled outer wall area and the manual labeled lesion Types based on the modified American Heart Association (AHA) criteria are used as the ground-truth. Specifically, a deep U-shape CNN with a weighted fusion layer is designed as the segmentation subnetwork, where the lumen area and the outer wall area can be simultaneously segmented under the supervision of the triple Dice loss to provide the vessel wall map as morphological information. Then, the image stream from the BB-VWMRI image and the morphology stream from the obtained vessel wall map are extracted from two deep CNNs and combined to obtain the diagnosis results of atherosclerosis in the diagnosis subnetwork. In addition, the triple input set is formed by three carotid regions of interest (ROIs) from three consecutive slices of the MRI sequence and input to the DeepMAD network, where the first and last slices used as additional adjacent slices to provide 2.5D spatial information along the carotid artery centerline for the intermediate slice, which is the target slice for segmentation and diagnosis in the study. Compared to other existing methods, the DeepMAD network can achieve promising segmentation performances (0.9594 Dice for the lumen and 0.9657 Dice for the outer wall) and better diagnosis Accuracy of the carotid atherosclerosis (0.9503 AUC and 0.8916 Accuracy) in the test dataset (including invisible subjects) from same source as the training dataset. In addition, the trained DeepMAD model can be successfully transferred to another test dataset for segmentation and diagnosis tasks with remarkable performance (0.9475 Dice for the lumen and 0.9542 Dice for the outer wall, 0. 9227 AUC and 0.8679 Accuracy for diagnosis). Even without the intervention of reviewers required for previous works, the proposed DeepMAD network automatically segments the lumen and the outer wall together and diagnoses the carotid atherosclerosis with high performances. The DeepMAD network can be used in clinical trials to help radiologists get rid of tedious reading tasks, such as screening review to separate the normal carotid from the atherosclerotic arteries and outlining the vessel wall contours.

Deep Homography Estimation and Its Application to Wall Maps of Wall-Climbing Robots

When locating wall-climbing robots with vision-based methods, locating and controlling the wall-climbing robot in the pixel coordinate of the wall map is an effective alternative that eliminates the need to calibrate the internal and external parameters of the camera. The estimation accuracy of the homography matrix between the camera image and the wall map directly impacts the pixel positioning accuracy of the wall-climbing robot in the wall map. In this study, we focused on the homography estimation between the camera image and wall map. We proposed HomographyFpnNet and obtained a smaller homography estimation error for a center-aligned image pair compared with the state of the art. The proposed hierarchical HomographyFpnNet for a non-center-aligned image pair significantly outperforms the method based on artificially designed features + Random Sample Consensus. The experiments conducted with a trained three-stage hierarchical HomographyFpnNet model on wall images of climbing robots also achieved small mean corner pixel error and proved its potential for estimating the homography between the wall map and camera images. The three-stage hierarchical HomographyFpnNet model has an average processing time of 10.8 ms on a GPU. The real-time processing speed satisfies the requirements of wall-climbing robots.

LDK 1613 m. žemėla­pio laidos: istoriografinis aspektas

Based on the initiative of Duke Nicolaus Christophorus Radziwill the Orphan (1549–1616), Great Marshal of Lithuania (1579–1586) and Voivode of Vilnius (1604–1616), a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, titled Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae caeterumque regionum illi adiaciencium exacta descriptio…, was printed in 1613 in the printing house of Willem Janszoon (Blaeu), which was famous at that time for the manufacture of globes and wall maps. It was drawn by Hessel Gerritsz (Lat. Gerardus) and prepared by a team of professionals gathered by N. Ch. Radziwill. The written part of the map (which addresses the reader), separately published also in 1613, glued together from three pages, and designated to the buyers of the wall map of the GDL, was prepared by the famous GDL painter Tomasz Makowski (1575–1630). From 1613 to 1631, this map of the GDL functioned only as a wall map. When W. Blaeu began to publish atlases as well, he included the 1613 wall map of the GDL, which was pressed from four copper plates and included a narrow ornamental edging, in his atlas Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii et Atlantis G. Mercatoris. The readers of the atlas could not observe the territory of the GDL in its entirety, as it was depicted in four pages. Thus, already in another edition of the atlas that was published during the same year of 1631, the map of the GDL was changed and its copper plates were reordered: the segment depicting the lower part of the Dnieper was cut away, and the whole ornamental edging of the map was discarded. Two maps then took shape: one of the GDL’s territory, glued together from four disproportionate plates, and one depicting the lower part of the Dnieper, glued together from two plates. Such a large map of the GDL’s territory (73 × 75 cm) was collapsible and would be included in Blaeu’s atlases near a written piece on Lithuania in the editions of 1631, 1634–1649, and even in one that was published in c. 1670. This map, unconventional for usage in atlases (as it was not bound), was replaced in 1649 by another map made on the basis of the original 1613 variant by W. Blaeu’s son, Joan. This particular specimen was a smaller-scale version of the GDL’s map and was oriented toward the west, not the north. However, as Blaeu’s printing house began to include the 1613 map of the GDL in its atlases, this does not mean that it had also stopped publishing it as a wall map – the buyer could have it made in the same printing shop and purchase, for example, a wide ornamental edging as a supplement to their order (e.g., the specimen belonging to the Uppsala University Library). Only two copies of this 1613 wall map of the GDL are extant, and these can be found in the Uppsala University Library and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library in Weimar. These specimens are unique in that they allow us to see how an authentic 1613 wall map of the GDL looks like, together with T. Makowski’s text about Lithuania, also marked by a 1613 date. Knowing the history of how the copper plates of this map were used, we may state that the Weimar copy is of earlier origin than the one housed in Uppsala (at least by one year within the 1631 period). This article examines the 1613 map of the GDL from the perspective of book science – we provide an analysis of the publications devoted to the 1613 map of the GDL based on the aspect of how it was published. An all-encompassing historiographical study of the 1613 GDL map is not the goal of the present paper. By chronologically analyzing the works of Lithuanian and foreign authors in an historiographical retrospective, it is emphasized how the various authors writing about this map chose to consider its bibliographical information, how did the perspective regarding the structure of this map shift, etc. An historiographical analysis of the publications on the 1613 map of the GDL has demonstrated that the formal aspects of the map’s origins (what kind of copper plates were prepared for the wall map, of what structure was the map used by William Janszoon Blaeu in the atlases of his printing house and how exactly was it used, etc.) are important in attempting to discern how its functioning had developed over the years.

Welcome to the Peoples of the Mountains and the Sea: Evaluating an Inaugural Indigenous Cultural Festival

Welcome to the Peoples of the Mountains and the Sea: Evaluating an Inaugural Indigenous Cultural Festival

Introduction: Making Worlds: Art, Materiality, and Early Modern Globalization

Abstract Willem Janszoon Blaeu’s engraved wall map of America is used to introduce some of the potential for imaginative forms that resulted from the confrontation between early modern global forces and the mobility of materials and artisanal practices. Cartographic lines, pictorial forms, and texts comingle on the printed page, sometimes working together towards a totalizing document of lands and peoples, but also giving rise, through calligraphic inventions and ornamentation, to detours and unpredictable movements. These tensions, and concomitant social and political implications, are considered in relation to terms, notably globalization and mondialisation, and evolving historiographic questions and arguments. Through the concept of cosmopolitan spaces, we highlight the volume’s focus on connectivity. Together, the Introduction and the essays make a case for the global as an approach as much as an archive, an approach that is attentive to the migrations and heuristic value of visual and material evidence.

Scale-guided mapping of forest stand structural heterogeneity from airborne LiDAR

Heterogeneity in forest structure, naturally occurring or induced by management, is continuous in space and time. However, measures used to quantify structure of forests are scale-variant, as they rely on bounded observations on either ecological or forest inventory observation units. The understanding of the influence of the scale of observation in mapping of forest structural heterogeneity is limited. Therefore, we researched into effects of plot size on quantifying forest structural heterogeneity, where we describe heterogeneity by three indices in stands under different management systems. In addition, we studied the performance of structural indices in separating different forest management systems across plot sizes, and created wall to wall maps of the indices using airborne LiDAR metrics describing the vertical distribution of canopy heights at different scales of observation. The studied indices are: Gini Coefficient (GC), Structural Complexity Index (SCI), and Enhanced Structural Complexity Index (ESCI). SCI and ESCI require fully mapped plots whereas GC has no information on individual tree locations. Inventory data from 95 one-hectare plots covering a range of management intensities from un-managed to age class forests were used. We quantified the three structural indices for 18 plot sizes ranging from 225 m2 to 10,000 m2. Linear fixed effects models were used to study the effects of plot sizes in different levels of structural heterogeneity and Random Forest (RF) models used to provide wall-to-wall maps at varying scales from airborne LiDAR data. The simulation showed that all indices were influenced by the scale of observation with larger effects for plots in forests with higher structural heterogeneity. For the data analyzed we found a threshold scale for enumerating stand structural heterogeneity between 900 m2 and 2500 m2. However, stable field and remote sensing predictions of stand structural heterogeneity required plots at least ⩾2500 m2. Compared to GC, SCI and ESCI improved separation of forest structure in the three management systems and at all observed scales. A change of plot sizes affected bivariate relationships between structural indices and airborne LiDAR metrics as well as the resultant predictive models. Smaller plot sizes yielded weaker relationships and predictive models. All structure indices were predicted from airborne LiDAR with RMSE⩽22% at scales equal or larger than the identified threshold plot size. These findings are relevant to optimize plot sizes for efficient inventory and mapping of forest structural heterogeneity, as well as for the design of natural resource inventories. Additionally, derived maps are useful for studies on forest structure and the link with forest growth, degradation, management intensity, productivity, and biodiversity in the regions.