Walking Facilities Research Articles

A deep-learning-based approach for simulating pedestrian turning flow

The applications of artificial intelligence technology in pedestrian and evacuation dynamics research have achieved gratifying progress recent years. Benefiting from the non-linear fitting ability of deep learning algorithm, such learning-based method might have better performance in modeling the individual micro behaviors comparing to traditional pedestrian and evacuation dynamics models. Hence, this paper proposes a deep-learning-based pedestrian dynamics model which can simulate the pedestrian flow in right-angled corridors. The training process is conducted with a deep learning framework composed of two functional layers namely Scene Perception layer (SP layer) and Motion Dynamic layer (MD layer). The input features of the SP layer and MD layer are obtained from a defined ‘sense field’ which captures information about walking facility structures and neighbors. Dataset generated from twelve groups of pedestrian turning flow experiments is used for data training. The initial experiments are further adopted to evaluate the model at both qualitative and quantitative level from pedestrian motion data simulated by trained model. Qualitatively, the simulation results align with the corresponding experiments in terms of fundamental diagrams in different measurement areas and the headway distance-velocity relationship, demonstrating realistic motion characteristics, proper reactions to changeable walking facility structures and collision avoidance tendencies of agents driven by our model. For quantitative evaluation of the model precision, two indicators respectively calculate the duration and trajectory disparities are introduced and both of them yield relatively small values. Moreover, eight groups of external experiments completely independent from training data are introduced to validate the generalization ability of our model, the simulation results are found to match reality well without prior knowledge. The proposed framework presented is a success trial for simulating pedestrian turning flow and have the potential to be adapted to different scenarios. Outcomes presented will be of beneficial guidance for different engineering application such as performance-based fire design and crowd management.

Synthesizing Jakarta City’s Local Wisdom: Reimagining Sidewalks with an Emotional Design and Sustainability Approach

The research objective was to design sidewalks as walking facilities and public spaces, considering comfort, safety, cleanliness, and functionality for Jakarta’s residents. The city of Jakarta, as a megapolitan center, hosted various societal activities. The high mobility of Jakarta’s population led to busy sidewalk activities, especially walking, regulated by the Director General of Highways’ guidelines. Walking could help reduce pollution, with Jakarta having the worst pollution in 2023. The research problem, based on 360-degree Google Maps images of sidewalks, was that sidewalks serve not only as footpaths but also as public gathering spaces. The qualitative research method examined digital data on sidewalk use in Jakarta (west, central, south, east, and north). The design process incorporated emotional design (visceral, behavioral, reflective) and three dimensions of sustainability (The Overlapping Spheres Model of Triple Bottom Line/TBL). The result is a 3D sidewalk model using emotional and sustainability design approaches. Synthesis of emotional design interprets visceral (sensory), behavioral (habits), and reflective (values) levels. Synthesis of sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic dimensions, focusing on air quality, water management, and energy efficiency. Social and economic aspects aim to meet Jakarta residents’ basic needs. Ultimately, these recommendations aim to make cities and neighborhoods inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. However, the research is limited to design recommendations without direct implementation. Further research or implementation is needed to address these challenges and ensure Jakarta residents’ future well-being.

Pedestrian dynamics on slopes: Empirical analysis of level, uphill, and downhill walking

Pedestrian safety on inclined walking facilities merits greater attention than that on level surfaces. Crowd accidents and domino effects are more likely to occur on slope walkways, especially at high crowd densities, as in the tragic case of the 2022 Itaewon Halloween crowd crush in South Korea. However, experimental investigations of the pedestrian dynamics on slopes with varying inclinations are scarce. In this study, a controlled experiment involving 48 participants was conducted to investigate the differences in pedestrian movement characteristics during level, uphill, and downhill slope walking. A wide range of slope inclinations was considered, namely 0°, 3°, 7°, 12°, 17°, and 22°. The results demonstrated that walking speeds uphill are lower than those on flat terrains, and uphill speeds decrease with increasing inclination. In contrast, increased slope inclinations do not always correspond to reduced downhill speeds. Notably, at inclinations of 3° and 7°, the downhill speed exceeds that of level walking, suggesting that a mild downhill slope can facilitate faster movement. Compared with downhill walking, pedestrians exhibit more lateral motion and significantly lower speeds (p < 0.01) when walking uphill at the same inclination. However, the average flow rate during downhill walking is lower than those observed on flat ground and uphill terrain. This difference may be attributable to the lower pedestrian density during downhill walking to reduce the likelihood of falling. These findings can enhance the understanding of pedestrian dynamics on ramps and have significant implications for the design of safer inclined walking facilities and prevention of potential disasters on such walkways.

Perceived Urban Design Across Urban Typologies in Hanoi

In light of the rapid global urbanization, urban design has been shown to contribute largely to promoting the health and well-being of urban citizens. However, studies of urban design are underrepresented in low- and middle-income countries in Asia, where urban forms are traditionally compact and complex with multiple layers. Hanoi, a typical city in low- and middle-income countries, exhibits five unique urban typologies generated through official planning, unregulated development, and historical fluctuations. This study examines the perceived urban design from a sample of 218 participants across five urban typologies in Hanoi using an established scale. The findings suggest that perceived urban design is significantly influenced by urban typologies. Old urban typologies tend to report higher scores of land use mix and access to services but lower scores of walking facilities and street connectivity than modern urban typologies. The study contributes to our understanding of urban design in Hanoi, providing policymakers and urban designers with essential insights for sustainable urban development.

Examining equity of walking accessibility to green spaces: A case study of Islamabad

Parks, playgrounds, and other green spaces, in a region, help in promoting the active lifestyle of its residents. Pakistan has an emerging problem of obesity due to the inactive lifestyle of people, especially in urban areas. Obesity is considered a root cause of diseases like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and other life-threatening health conditions. The intensity of this problem can be reduced by providing amenities to the citizens to promote physical activities like walking and sports. Walking facilities and their impacts on the health and environment are usually ignored in Pakistan’s urban development and policymaking for public transportation. This results in an inequitable transportation system within an urban area considering the notions of vertical equity. This study examines the walking accessibility to green spaces from residential sectors of Islamabad city using spatial interaction/gravity model using impedance OD matrix based on the road network of the said region. The study area was divided into grids and spatial equity analysis was performed using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient was used as a performance measure to describe the overall inequality across the community. This research will help urban planners and policymakers to prioritize the interventions to enhance societal equity by improving walking accessibility to green spaces across the region.

Association between built environment on transport and recreational walking in Japan: the case of Kitakyushu

Walking is a popular form of transportation with a wide range of health, economic, environmental and social benefits. Previous studies have shown that walking is easily influenced by the surrounding built environment. In order to explore the relationship between objective built environment and perceived built environment factors in Japan and transport walking and recreational walking, this study selected Kitakyushu as a sample through questionnaire survey and geographic information data, and evaluated walking activity level through IPAQ and perceive the built environment through ANEWS, and then measured the objective measurement characteristics of the built environment through GIS. Multivariate linear regression model and multivariate logistic model were also used to evaluate the relationship between different built environment factors and pedestrian walking behavior in Japan. The results show that: (1) Age and residential period promoted transport walking. (2) Land mix use, dense bus stops, accessible commercial facilities, and a safe environment can all promote transport walking. (3) High building density and intersection density, more transit stops, more accessible commercial facilities and public service facilities can also promote recreational walking. (4) Having excellent walking facilities increased the time spent on leisure walks.

Mathematical Modeling of pedestrian flow through the obstacle bottleneck

For pedestrians in walking facilities, their movements are often obstructed by bottlenecks where the walkable widths are geometrically reduced. In previous research, to reproduce the influence of bottlenecks on pedestrian movements, agent-based simulation models have been widely applied. However, their high reliability on modeling rules and parameters requires calibration at the microscopic level, which makes them difficult to apply from an engineering perspective. Here, we applied a mathematical approach, which estimates the egress efficiency based on the density-flow rate fundamental diagram, to reproduce the egress time of pedestrians in our field experiments. Both the obstacle and the exit were considered bottlenecks in our experiments. It was indicated that with the same width, the obstacle bottleneck acted as an ‘ineffective’ bottleneck that did not affect the egress time when it was near the exit bottleneck, whereas acted as an ‘effective’ bottleneck when it was distant from the exit bottleneck. To reproduce this phenomenon, we applied a mathematical approach that abstracts the walking scenario as a scheme with the bottlenecks as links and different regions as nodes. As a result, the egress times under different layouts were reproduced successfully by introducing the density-flow rate fundamental diagram into the scheme. Furthermore, a reasonable range of the obstacle size and obstacle-exit width, under which condition the egress time is constant, was estimated. This study can be applied to estimate the egress time of the walking facilities by considering the fundamentals of pedestrian flows from a mathematical perspective, thus helping in the actual design of bottlenecks that could ensure efficient and safe pedestrian egress in walking facilities.

Green-Walkable Infrastructure for Sustainable Development

As a part of implementing a green and sustainable campus, this paper proposes a concept of walkability where the campus’ infrastructure, including buildings and pedestrian paths, must provide walking facilities for students and staff who use pedestrian paths for walking daily. The concept starts by analyzing students’ perceptions of walkability and the basic principle of pedestrian path design. This analysis is developed into a concept named connectedness. It aims to connect buildings and spaces all over the campus so the whole area becomes accessible with the minimum distance of walking. By designing shortcuts, new pedestrian paths, and space for communal activities, the connectedness accommodates students’ needs to walk and socialize safely, comfortably, and attractively as well.

Travelers’ online review on hotel performance – Analyzing facts with the Theory of Lodging and sentiment analysis

This study analyzes how customers' online review sentiments (positive, negative, and neutral valence) and lodging experience vary across luxury, mid-tier, and low-tier hotels using the Theory of Lodging (ToL). This study investigated how customers rated the hotel's performance based on their subjective vs. objective evaluation of the lodging experience. The Sensitivity analysis and NLP method are used to determine how various aspects of hotel lodging services are related to various sentiments. Additionally, this study examined how external factors (beyond lodging) like walking facility, external attraction, and type of hotel influenced hotel review valence. Results found the significant effects of these factors on review valence. Interestingly, travelers in luxury hotels adopted a subjective evaluation approach, whereas those in low-tier hotels adopted an objective evaluation approach. This study contributes to hospitability and tourism consumption literature by integrating the ToL with the tourism environment to provide a satisfying touring experience.

Influence of neighborhood environment and social support on physical activity among patients with diabetes mellitus

This study was aimed to determine the relationship of physical activity (PA) with the neighborhood environment and social support for PA among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;A total of 193 consenting individuals with DM attending endocrinology clinic in a Nigerian tertiary hospital participated in this cross-sectional study. The&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;international physical activity questionnaire short form, physical activity neighborhood environment scale (PANES), and physical activity and social support scale (PASSS) were used to assess the PA level (low, moderate, and high), neighborhood environment and social support for PA, respectively. The results of bivariate analyses showed that all elements of built environment and social support were significantly associated with PA. Regression model analyses indicate that PANES score was associated with moderate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 10.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.82-30.32) to high (aOR: 45.73; 95% CI: 12.14-172.27) PA. In addition, easy access to quality walking facilities (aOR: 46.53; 95% CI: 3.89-557.32; aOR: 46.13; 95% CI: 2.65-802.40) and easy access to recreation infrastructure (aOR: 46.89; 95% CI: 3.95-487.83; aOR: 17.99; 95% CI: 1.28-252.98) were associated with moderate to high PA, respectively, while safety from crime (aOR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07-0.64) and easy access to services and shops (aOR: 21.90; 95% CI: 1.83-262.59) were associated with moderate and high PA. Informational social support was associated with moderate PA (aOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.04-2.00). In conclusion, the neighborhood environmental and social support factors were associated with the PA activity level among Nigerian patients with DM.

Pedestrian evacuation dynamics considering information guidance

Suitable information of routes and exits can help guide evacuees to approach the expected destinations more efficiently in case of emergencies, such as fire accidents, terrorist attacks and power failures. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the dynamics of two patterns of guided crowd evacuation. One is source-guided crowd evacuation, and the other is leader-guided crowd evacuation. In source-guided crowd evacuation, sources located in fixed positions diffuse information to evacuees around them in a certain form such as light, sound and smell. However, in the leader-guided crowd evacuation, leaders convey information to evacuees they encounter along their trajectories by means of word-of-mouth communication. First, considering wall-following, herding, and inertia behaviors, a mesoscopic model is established to formulate the movement of uninformed pedestrians without information guidance. Then, considering information guidance, a set of movement rules are constructed to describe the evolution dynamics of crowds comprising uninformed and informed pedestrians. Further, the implementation of the simulation models reveals the subtle effects of the initial position of information sources, the propagation velocity of information sources, and the initial distribution of leaders on the evacuation efficiency of crowds. This study gives new insights into the design of information guidance systems in pedestrian walking facilities.

Modeling pedestrian flow through a bottleneck based on a second-order continuum model

Large numbers of pedestrians moving in a two-dimensional continuous walking facility can be regarded as a continuum fluid that is governed by the conservation laws of fluid dynamics. Pedestrian flow differs from common flows driven by a pressure difference in that it has special path-choice behaviors associated with the purpose of the trip. This paper presents a new second-order continuum model for pedestrian flow to study the collective behaviors of a large-scale crowd in front of a bottleneck that are important for the planning and design of walking facilities. A pressure term is introduced to describe how pedestrians react to the state of traffic in the desired direction of motion of pedestrian flow. The desired direction of motion is determined by an Eikonal equation on the instantaneous walking cost caused by pedestrians walking to the final destination in a reactive manner. The solution algorithm is composed of a third-order fast sweeping method for the Eikonal equation and a third-order WENO method for the continuum model in a conservation-law form. Numerical experiments of pedestrian flow passing through a bottleneck of varying widths are carried out to verify the proposed model and algorithm.

반려견 산책 및 운동을 위한 근린환경 인식 및 만족도 연구†

Animal companionship is gaining popularity in Korea, and interest in dog walking is also increasing as a strategy to maintain the physical and mental health of dogs and dog owners. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception and satisfaction of dog owners with the neighborhood environments for dog walking and to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) for an off-leash dog park. Of a total of 249 online survey respondents, 47.8% said they take a walk at least once a day and mainly walk around nearby neighborhoods or parks. Respondents showed a high attachment to their dogs and recognized that dog walks help increase physical activity and maintain the health of owners and their dogs. The satisfaction with neighborhood environments, such as attractive views and the connection of walking trails, was low, and there was a high demand for off-leash dog parks. The truncated mean WTP was estimated to be 85,618 Korean Won, and the result of regression analysis and t-test revealed that walking frequency and the satisfaction with dog walking facilities were statistically significant in the WTP. In order to encourage dog walking to promote physical activity and health, more attention needs to be devoted to improving neighborhood environments for dog walking.

Measuring Connectivity of Pedestrian Street Networks in the Built Environment for Walking: A Space-Syntax Approach

Network connectivity is an important aspect of the built environment. However, it rarely captures the attention of decision-makers while implementing pedestrian projects. In recent years, Space-Syntax (SS) analysis is gaining popularity among researchers due to its ability to clearly demonstrate the topological configuration of a physical network. This research carries out a connectivity analysis of 297 links across three pedestrian networks in Varanasi, India, thereby exploring the relationship between pedestrian volume, SS indices in the Indian context, and other built environment features, such as presence of sidewalk, right-of-way (ROW) and landuse area. Data collection includes developing a GIS database of the pedestrian network, 30-min pedestrian volume counts at various locations, and calculating SS connectivity measures from the configuration of the pedestrian networks. Resulting SS indices were analyzed with existing pedestrian volumes through correlation, stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR), and path models. Results of the analysis showed that the SS index ‘Normalized Angular Integration (NAIN)’ to be highly correlated with pedestrian volume (r = 0.57). Subsequently, the MLR and path models show a statistically significant relationship of pedestrian volume with NAIN, ROW, presence of sidewalk, and commercial area. ROW affects the pedestrian volume both directly and indirectly in a commercial area, thereby indicating a requirement for improving/providing walking facilities in such areas. The study concludes with practical implications for local authorities that highlight the importance of providing walking infrastructures at commercial streets having high connectivity. The study also shows the significance of NAIN as an effective measure of pedestrian street network connectivity.

A Study on the Customized Design Criteria of Pedestrians’ Specifications Using a Dimensionless Number

Worldwide, the population is aging at a gradually increasing speed, due to a decrease in the population and the development of medical facilities and technology. Due to the rapid aging of the population, social infrastructure will also need to be transformed into convenient facilities for the elderly. Walking facilities have been manufactured based on body size measured for general adults. Accordingly, it is necessary to prepare a new design standard suitable for the characteristics of the elderly. It is very difficult to establish standardized values for the elderly because there is a large difference in gait characteristics as well as body size. Therefore, in this study, gait characteristics were measured for the elderly with the standard physique of the elderly in Korea, and the measured gait characteristic variable values were converted into dimensionless numbers to calculate coefficients with more representativeness. The calculated coefficient is expected to be more universally applied and utilized because factors that may affect it depending on the size of the body are removed. When designing a walking facility, the average body size is applied to convert it back into necessary walking attribute information (including units), and this is presented as an example from Korea. It is expected that the presented results can be used to design more suitable and safe pedestrian facilities for an aging society.

Modelling school travel mode choice – the case of hanoi, vietnam

The COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in adopting massively social distancing measures to tame the human-to-human transmission of the new coronavirus and protect public health. These intervention policies have caused changes in travel behavior, thereby expressing a need to update profiles of factors associated with mode choice. To respond to this research gap in part, this current study aims to model children’s mode decisions for school trips in the post-pandemic time in Hanoi. As regards mode usage, cycling is the main mode of active transport with a share at 23.3%, doubling the rate of 11% for walking. The dominant mode of traveling to school is the motorized modes (i.e., cars and motorcycles) with a proportion of 60%, meanwhile, school buses account for only 6.2%. As regards the determinants, when growing up, children tend to shift from being driven to traveling actively. The availability of cars increases the likelihood of using other modes compared to cycling. An opposite association is seen for the availability of bicycles. The flexibility in terms of a mother’s job is involved in a higher possibility of being driven for a child. A home-school distance less than 1 km is more suitable for walking compared to cycling; however, an inverse relationship is witnessed for a distance between 1 and 2 km. A distance over 2 km is more appropriate for motorized modes and school buses. To promote active transport to school, children’s travel demand should be taken transport planning into consideration. Developing cycling and walking facilities is essential, especially in urban districts. Additionally, limiting the use of private motorized modes would be useful.

Walking model on passenger in merging passage of subway station considering overtaking behavior

As bottlenecks of walking facilities in subway stations, merging passages are prone to congestion when passengers walk and evacuate under daily operation and emergency conditions. The general social force model (SFM) can accurately reproduce the self-organization phenomena of passenger crowds, such as the strip and lane formation. However, the SFM cannot model the overtaking behaviors of individuals who try to avoid collisions with the preceding walkers. To depict the walking behaviors of passengers in merging passages, the SFM is improved by considering the overtaking behaviors of passengers (OSFM) in this paper. Firstly, the trajectories of heterogeneous passengers are abstracted from video footages including the processes of overtaking behaviors. Next, the principle of overtaking, which leads passenger to detour with the shortest route and avoid colliding with the preceding passenger, is put forward to reproduce the overtaking processes of heterogeneous passengers in merging passages. The OSFM is verified to be more accurate than the social force model with only a centripetal force appended (ISFM). Then, the probability of overtaking behavior is estimated based on analysis of the simulation scenarios with various population densities. Finally, some simulation experiments of heterogeneous passengers with different arrival intervals in the merging passages are conducted based on the OSFM. The results show that when population density is below 0.08 ped/m2 or exceeds 1.56 ped/m2, the overtaking behavior scarcely occurs, but when the density is in the range of 0.25–0.4 ped/m2, the overtaking behaviors are mostly likely to occur. The probability of overtaking behavior will decrease with the density increasing when the density exceeds 0.4 ped/m2. What is​ more, the total passing time and walking speeds are more sensitive to the change of layouts of merging passages when the arrival interval of passengers obeys exponential distribution.

Pedestrian lane formation and its influence on egress efficiency in the presence of an obstacle

Due to the inevitability of placing obstacles when designing walking facilities, it is important to understand the influence of the obstacle during pedestrian egress to build a safer and more efficient walking environment. However, previous experimental studies on the influence of the obstacle during egress tend to be controversial: some suggest improving egress efficiency, whereas others do not. This controversy is probably due to the diversified obstacle layouts and pedestrian pushing degree, making the influencing mechanism of the obstacle layout alone dubious. In this paper, we focus on the obstacle layout and explore its influencing mechanism on pedestrian egress efficiency under conditions without intentional physical pushing. Controlled experiments were conducted under various obstacle layouts in terms of obstacle size and obstacle-exit distance. The preliminary analysis revealed that the obstacle layout affected egress efficiency, which we hypothesized was due to the pedestrian lane formation, i.e., the single-files of self-organized pedestrians directed toward the exit. For a quantitative validation, we proposed a novel two-layer k-means clustering method to recognize the pedestrian lanes that are nearly parallel. Accordingly, the deviation parameter, which represented the deviation of pedestrians from the established lane, was proposed to evaluate the lane-formation status. We also found a positive correlation between the deviation parameter and the egress time, suggesting that worse lane-formation status could lead to lower egress efficiency. Moreover, the deterioration of the lane-formation status was mainly caused by the lane-changing behavior, which indicated pedestrian movements from one lane to another. Further analysis showed that the lane-changing behavior was presumably motivated by the tendency of pedestrians to pursue better egress direction before the exit. Results indicated that the obstacle can be used to adjust the pedestrian lane-formation status, thus controlling the egress efficiency. We would also suggest the possibility of stabilizing the egress efficiency through restraining the pedestrian lane-changing behavior. We expect this paper to contribute to the reasonable placement of obstacles in actual walking facilities with diversified obstacle layouts and pedestrian characteristics.

INITIATIVES FOR THE SAFETY OF PEDESTRIANS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Walking is a standard communication mode around the world. Despite its' importance, walking facilities are less prioritized, and pedestrians are often prone to many accidents, which denotes the essence of pedestrians' safety. To date, very few studies focus on comparing safety initiatives in different countries. This literature review aims at presenting the initiatives taken for pedestrians' safety, specifically in Asian countries, where the pedestrian death rate is on the rise. With the keywords (initiatives, safety, pedestrians), databases (WoS, Scopus, Science Direct), eligibility and exclusion criteria for the systematic literature review, 20 articles are selected using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. From the extracted data, initiatives taken for the safety of pedestrians are divided into two themes and eight sub-themes: for Specific Area (5 sub-themes) and Parts of Roadways (3 sub-themes). The result shows that most of the safety initiatives focused on different sections of roadways compared to the needs of areas specified for the respective affairs of a group of people. Also, regarding studies on safety initiatives, there is an insufficient exploration of safety measures for pedestrians by researchers. Thus, this study gives an idea of the initiatives prevailing for pedestrians' safety and the aspects that require special attention from the related authorities of different Asian countries. Researchers are recommended to conduct future research on sidewalk safety, adapt qualitative study and PRISMA method for improved systematic review reporting.

Analysis of pedestrians’ behaviour: A segmentation approach based on latent variables

Crash statistics indicate that the number of pedestrian fatalities has been increasing at an alarming rate in Iran. Crossing over non-designed places is a main cause of traffic crashes among pedestrians. This study aimed to investigate how perceptions about walking facilities and risk-taking affect pedestrians’ crossing behaviour. A stated preference questionnaire was designed and a random sample of 390 pedestrians were interviewed face-to-face in two regions of Tehran with three options for pedestrians to cross (overpass, zebra crossing, and non-designed places (NDP)). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) resulted in three latent dimensions: risk-taking/conformity, pedestrians’ perception of overpass, and NDP. Then, data were classified based on latent variables using K-means cluster analysis. Clustering resulted in four groups: group 1 (Cautious; negative perception of overpasses; positive perception of NDP), group 2 (Cautious; negative perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP), group 3 (Cautious; positive perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP), and group 4 (Risk-taker; negative perception of overpasses; negative perception of NDP). Finally, a Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) was developed for four groups of pedestrians. The results show that pedestrians’ behaviour differentiate based on latent variables. It was found that being accompanied by a child increases the probability of using an overpass even for pedestrians in group 4 with high risk-taking propensity, but it was more important for pedestrians in group 3 who held positive perceptions of overpasses and negative perceptions of NDP. Also, during congestion, group 4 was more inclined to cross at NDP. It was concluded that in the first group, unsafe choices among student respondents could be associated with their facility perceptions rather than their risk-taking/conformity. Results of this study can be helpful in selecting more appropriate locations for overpasses and crosswalks installation based on pedestrians’ behaviour.