Waist Width Research Articles

Body image at the trunk: An investigation into externally referenced width perception and picture mapping.

Body image is a conscious representation of the body, encompassing how our body feels to us. Body image can be measured in a variety of ways, including metric and depictive measures. This study sought to assess body image at the trunk by investigating, and comparing, a metric and depictive measure. Sixty-nine healthy participants estimated their thorax, waist, and hip width by externally referencing mechanical calipers. Participants were also asked to select the true image of their trunk from a random display of nine images containing the true image and incrementally shrunken or enlarged images. Participants demonstrated evidence of thorax and waist width overestimation in the width perception task, with no evidence for hip misestimation. For the picture mapping task, the majority of participants were inaccurate. In participants who were inaccurate, approximately equal proportions underestimated and overestimated their trunk width. The two tasks were found to be independent of each other. Distortions, or inaccuracies, were apparent in a metric measure, and inaccuracies also present in a depictive measure, of body image at the trunk for healthy participants. An overestimation bias was apparent in the metric, but not depictive, task. No relationship was found between tasks..

Association of polymorphic variants of the leptin gene with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in adolescents with different weight status

The leptin gene (LEP) is considered as a potential candidate gene affecting metabolic disorders associated with predisposition to overweight and obesity.The aim of the study. To search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the leptin gene and to assess their relationship with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in Russian and Buryat adolescents with different weight status.Materials and methods. The study included adolescents of two ethnic groups – Caucasoid (Russians) and Mongoloids (Buryats) – aged 11–17 years (mean age 14.8 ± 0.45 years) with different weight status. We assessed anthropometric parameters, determined biochemical parameters and leptin level in the blood plasma, and sequenced the leptin gene fragment localized in the 128253475–128255334 region (1859 bp) of this gene using the Sanger method.Results. The sequencing of the leptin gene fragment identified 10 single nucleotide substitutions (rs28954118, rs3828942, rs759854910, rs199893150, rs7788818, rs144755411, rs917105894, chr7:128255051, chr7:128255092, chr7:128254681), two of them (rs28954118, rs144755411) had a correlation with biochemical and anthropometric parameters. In the group of Russian adolescents with overweight and/or obesity, the carriers of the AT variant of rs28954118 had statistically significantly higher levels of triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, skin fold thickness on the abdomen and fat mass percentage compared with carriers of the AA genotype. In the control group of Buryat adolescents, the parameters of waist width, skin fold thickness on the hip and waist width/height ratio are statistically significantly lower in carriers of the CT variant of rs144755411 compared with carriers of the CC genotype.Conclusion. AT genotype of rs28954118 was identified only in Russian adolescents with overweight and/or obesity, and was accompanied with statistically significantly high values of TG, VLDL cholesterol, skin fold thickness on the abdomen and fat mass percentage. The SNPs we identified do not affect the concentration of leptin.

Effect of evanescent wave on vector vortex beams on higher-order Poincaré sphere

Abstract Based on the vector angular spectrum representation, the contributions of the propagating and evanescent waves to the vector vortex Laguerre–Gaussian beams on the higher-order Poincaré sphere are investigated in the nonparaxial regime. The evolution properties of the propagating and evanescent waves are closely related to the topological charge, the radial order, the ellipticity angle, and the waist width. The influences of the evanescent waves on the intensity, the spin and orbital angular momenta of the vector vortex beams are discussed in detail.

Chip breakage in silk microfibre production using elliptical vibration turning

To overcome the precision limitation and environmental impact of current chemical-based production methods for manufacturing silk microfibres used for targeted drug delivery, this paper presents a high-precision, scalable, eco-friendly mechanical machining approach to produce such microfibres in the form of discontinuous chips obtained through elliptical vibration turning of silk fibroin film using a diamond tool. The length and waist width of fabricated microfibres can be precisely controlled. As each vibration cycle will produce one silk microfibre, complete and deterministic chip breakage becomes an essential and challenging task in this approach due to its unique two-phase structure. Thus, the hybrid FE-SPH numerical simulations and machining experiments were conducted to gain a pioneering and in-depth exploration of the chip-breaking mechanism in this process. It was found that applying a low depth ratio (ratio of the nominal depth of cut to the tool path vertical amplitude) and a high horizontal speed ratio (the nominal cutting speed versus the critical workpiece velocity) could effectively reduce the average tool velocity angle (the angle from the deepest cut to the tool exit point along the cutting direction). A smaller angle would enhance the diamond tool's shearing action and led to the reduction of hydrostatic pressure in the cutting zone and a consequent decrease in the ductility of silk fibroin due to its unique structure dominated by beta-sheet crystallites. The above adjustments collectively facilitated chip breakage. This paper, therefore, established a governing rule for the controlled and repeatable formation of microfibres based on the average tool velocity angle for the first time and revealed that the cutting chips would undergo complete and deterministic breakages once the angle approached below 22.6°. On this basis, the high-precision and scalable manufacturing of silk microfibres with precisely controllable length and waist width was ultimately achieved.

Depth of focus and intensity distribution of a lensacon illuminated by a partially coherent Gaussian Schell vortex beam

Using the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle, a cross-spectral density formula was developed for a Gaussian Schell model vortex (PCGSMV) beam diffracted through a lensacon (lens with an axicon). The intensity and depth of focus (DOF) shaped by the lensacon were calculated. Our numerical results show the relationship between the intensity distribution and depth of focus with the beam waist width as well as the spatial correlation of the coherence length. Furthermore, the relationship between the beam spot size and propagation distance was investigated. In the case of the lensacon tandem, the maximum intensity was greater than that attained by the axicon alone for the same beam parameters, and the DOF was smaller than that of the axicon alone. The vortex structure canceled out the low value of the spatial degree of coherence length. Our numerical model exhibited high-intensity values and high-quality Bessel rings along the DOF, which are critical for various applications.

Accuracy and feasibility of 3D virtual dynamic fit technology

PurposeThe research evaluated the feasibility of 3D dynamic fit utilizing female compression tops by comparatively analyzing the virtual and actual dynamic fit.Design/methodology/approachSix female participants were 3D body-scanned and photographed in compression tops in four types of athletic movements (pull-up, kettlebell swing, circle-crunch and sit-up). Fit measurements, waist cross-sectional areas, waist width, waist depth, numerical simulation of clothing pressure (kPa) and objective pressure measurements (kPa) were collected from 3D virtual animation, 3D fit scan data and actual photos with the four types of athletic motions. The data were comparatively investigated between virtual and actual dynamic fit.FindingsThe 3D-animated body was not reflected with human body deformation because only bone structure was changed while maintaining the constant forms of muscle and body surface in athletic movements. Due to this consistency of virtual dynamic fit, there were significant differences with the actual dynamic fit at the top length, shoulder width and waist cross-sectional areas. Also, the virtual dynamic pressure indicated significantly higher levels than the objective dynamic pressure while presenting no significant correlations at the front neckline, breast, lateral waist, upper back, back armhole and back waist.Originality/valueThis study is the first to verify multiple aspects of virtual dynamic fit using 3D digital technology. This study provided useful information about which aspects of the current virtual animation need to be improved to apply in the dynamic fit evaluation.

Ultrasensitive refractive index sensing of optical microfiber couplers coated with Ti3C2 MXene

Two-dimensional (2D) MXene has recently been found to play a significant role in constructing biosensing platforms due to its excellent biocompatibility, large specific surface area, and broad optical absorption. In this article, an ultra-sensitive refractive index (RI) sensor based on an optical microfiber coupler (OMC) coated with Ti3C2 MXene is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Numerical results reveal that surface modification of MXene enhances the RI sensitivity of OMC and creates a new artificial dispersion turning point (ADTP). The OMC with a dispersion turning point (DTP) at 1300 nm is fabricated using a hybrid fusion elongation-wet etching method. It has a waist width of approximately 2.46 µm. We experimentally achieved the RI sensitivity of 9.1 × 104 ± 0.42 × 104 nm/RIU using the OMC. MXene improves the sensitivity of the OMC because Ti3C2 MXene can change the effective refractive index (ERI) for both the even and odd modes, leading to the interference dips shifting closer to the DTP. The experimental results demonstrate that the RI sensitivity of the OMC coated with Ti3C2 MXene can reach -1.7 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105 nm/RIU, which shows a ∼87% sensitivity boost compared with bare OMC. The proposed sensor is expected to be used for high-sensitivity biochemical molecule detection.

Production performance analysis of sheep MSTN gene C2361T locus

The myostatin (MSTN) gene exhibits significant nucleotide sequence variations in sheep, impacting growth characteristics and muscular traits of the body. However, its influence on specific growth traits in some sheep remains to be further elucidated. This study utilized single nucleotide polymorphism sequence analysis to investigate the role of the MSTN gene in meat production performance across four sheep breeds: Charolais sheep, Australian White sheep, crossbreeds of Australian White and Small-tailed Han, and crossbreeds of Charolais and Small-tailed Han. At a SNP locus of the MSTN gene, the C2361T site was identified, with three genotypes detected: CC, CT, and TT, among which CC predominated. Gene substitution effect analysis revealed that replacing C with T could elevate the phenotypic value. Comparative analysis of data from different genotypes within the same breed highlighted the superiority of CC and TT genotypes in phenotypic values, underscoring the significance of specific genotypes in influencing key traits. Contrasting the performance of different genotypes across breeds, Charolais sheep and Charolais Han hybrids demonstrated superiority across multiple indicators, offering valuable insights for breeding new sheep varieties. Analysis of gender effects on growth characteristics indicated that ewes exhibited significantly wider chest, waist, and hip widths compared to rams, while rams displayed better skeletal growth and muscle development. Additionally, the MSTN gene also exerted certain effects on lamb growth characteristics, with the CC genotype closely associated with weight. These findings not only contribute crucial insights for sheep breeding but also pave the way for future research exploring the interaction of this gene with others.

Degree of paraxiality of radially polarized twisted multi-Gaussian Schell-model beams.

The degree of paraxiality (DOP) of a radially polarized twisted multi-Gaussian Schell-model (RPT MGSM) beam is discussed, and the influence of the source parameters on its DOP is studied. It is shown that the parameters of the beam source, including the boundary characteristic, the beam waist width, the coherence width of the source correlation, and the twist factor, have a significant impact on the DOP of the RPT MGSM beam. To explain the behaviors of the DOP, the far-field divergence angle of this beam is also discussed.

Propagation of Lorentz-Gaussian elliptical multi-Gaussian correlated Schell-Model beam in uniaxial crystal

The evolution behavior of the intensity profile, beam spreading, and spectral degree of coherence of the Lorentz-Gaussian elliptical multi-Gaussian correlated Schell-Model beam propagating in uniaxial crystal are studied. The expression of the cross spectral density of the beam in uniaxial crystal is obtained based on Huygens-Fresnel integration, and the expressions of spectral coherence and root mean square (rms) beam width are derived. The beam spot is circular or elliptical while the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of the crystal are equal or unequal, respectively. The ellipticity of the light spot is affected by the Lorentz parameters. The larger the ratio of ordinary to extraordinary refractive index in uniaxial crystal is, the larger the spectral coherence of beam and rms beam waist width is. The spectral coherence increases with the increase of the Gaussian beam waist and the decrease of the Lorentz parameters. The rms beam width of the beam increases with the increase of the Gaussian beam width and Lorentz partial parameters. With the increase of the transmission distance, the influence of the light source parameters on the rms beam width gradually weakens. The total number of terms of multi-Gaussian correlated Schell-Model (MGSM) source and the spatial coherence lengths add additional degree of freedom for adjusting the spot pattern inside crystal.

Radiation force characteristics of non-uniform chiral stratified particles in standing wave field

<sec> <b>Objective</b> With the development of optical technology, the investigation of light-field-particle interactions has gained significant momentum. Such studies find widespread applications in optical manipulation, precision laser ranging, laser gas spectroscopy, and related fields. In optical manipulation techniques, employing two or more laser beams proves more effective for capturing and manipulating particles than using a single beam alone. In addition, with the increasing demand for manipulating particles with complex structures, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the radiation force characteristics of double Gaussian beams on non-uniform chiral particles. This research aims to deepen our understanding of how optical fields influence particles, thereby offering fresh perspectives in manipulating and utilizing non-uniform chiral layered particles on both a microscale and a nanoscale.</sec><sec> <b>Method</b> Based on the generalized Lorentz-Mie theory (GLMT) and spherical vector wave functions (SVWFs), the total incident field of a double Gaussian beam can be expanded by using the coordinate addition theorem. The incident field coefficient and scattering coefficient of each region of the multilayer chiral sphere are obtained by enforcing boundary continuity and employing multilayer sphere scattering theory. The radiation force acting on non-uniform chiral layered particles within a double Gaussian beam is then derived through application of the electromagnetic momentum conservation theorem.</sec><sec> <b>Results and Discussions</b> The theory and programs in this paper is compared with those in existing literature. The influence of various parameters on the radiation force is analyzed in detail, such as the incident angle, polarization angle, beam waist width, beam center position, and internal and external chiral parameters. These results indicate that compared with a single Gaussian beam, counter-propagating Gaussian standing waves exhibit significant advantages in capturing or confining inhomogeneous chiral layered particles, offering enhanced particle manipulation capabilities. Additionally, by selecting an appropriate polarization state of the incident light, a delicate balance can be achieved among these parameters, effectively stabilizing the capture of inhomogeneous chiral particles.</sec><sec> <b>Conclusions</b> This study employs the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory and the principle of electromagnetic momentum conservation to derive analytical expressions for the transverse and axial radiation forces exerted by dual Gaussian beams on multi-layered chiral particles propagating in arbitrary directions. The research provides an in-depth analysis of how standing wave beams affect the radiation force behavior of non-uniform chiral particles. Numerical analysis reveals significant influences of beam waist, particle size, chiral parameters, polarization angle and mode, as well as particle refractive index on both transverse and axial radiation forces. This research is important in analyzing and understanding the optical properties of complex-shaped multilayer biological cells and realizing the applications in the micromanipulation of multilayer biological structures.</sec>

Propagation properties of partially coherent radially polarized rotationally-symmetric power-exponent-phase vortex beams in turbulent atmosphere

In this paper, the propagation properties of partially coherent radially polarized rotationally-symmetric power-exponent-phase vortex beams (RP-RSPEPVBs) in turbulent atmosphere were investigated. Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and unified theory of coherence and polarization, the theoretical propagation model was established. Then, the numerical simulations were carried out to reveal the evolution of intensity distribution, spectral degree of coherence (DOC) and spectral degree of polarization (DOP) in turbulent atmosphere. The results showed that although the partially coherent RP-RSPEPVBs diverged during the propagation, the spatial structure remains analogous, and the relatively larger waist widths gain smaller divergence. Moreover, the optical pattern can be evidently modulated by optical parameters, as the number of sidelobes can be changed with topological charge l, and the continuity of the light spot as well as the rotating speed around the optical axis can be influenced by power exponent n. Besides, the spectral DOC and DOP would decrease with larger propagation distance and refractive-index structure constant, but decrease less with a shorter coherence width. This work may be helpful in fields such as remote sensing and optical communication.

Analysis of the scattering of chiral layered particle by dual beams

The present study investigates the interaction between a chiral multilayer dielectric sphere and dual laser beams. Using the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT), we extend the theory of single laser beam expansion to dual laser beam expansion. Analytical solutions of the scattering on chiral layered particles by dual laser beams are derived based on the boundary continuum condition. To validate the efficiency of our theory and methodologies proposed in this paper, we conduct a comparative analysis between our findings and the simulation results reported in existing literature. The numerical outcomes presented on the scattering pattern of far region and near-surface fields are analyzed in detail with the impact of various parameters, such as the incident angle, polarization angle, waist width, beam center position, inner and outer chiral parameters. The investigations are of significant importance for the analytical understanding of the optical scattering properties of multilayered biological cells with complex shapes and possess important application values in micro-manipulation of multilayered biological structures.

Propagation of hollow higher-order cosh-Gaussian beam in human upper dermis

Optical detection, measurement, and treatment methods are widely used in the medical industry nowadays. The evolution of radiated beams, received power and beam size play vital roles while developing devices. The propagation properties of hollow higher-order cosh-Gaussian beam (HHOCGB) while propagating in human upper dermis tissue are derived analytically and analyzed numerically. The impact of the hollowness parameter, beam order, operating wavelength, and Gaussian beam waists on the beam’s intensity profile is examined. Received power and beam size variations are analyzed considering operating wavelength and Gaussian waist width. According to the results, as the beam propagates, its profile rapidly evolves into a shape with a circular Gaussian peak in the center and petals at the corner. Dark hollow regions are observed among the petals. Furthermore, the received power by HHOCGBs with a higher Gaussian waist width is more than those received by beams with a lower Gaussian waist width. However, at far field, operating at a lower wavelength prevents the increase of the beam spread. Thus, the obtained results will be significant in the bio-optical disease detection and treatment technology development.

Focusing characteristics of chirped phase-modulated Lorentz-Gaussian vortex beams.

This work presents a thorough investigation of the focusing characteristic of chirped phase modulated Lorentz-Gaussian (LG) vortex beams based on the vector diffraction theory. The results show that changing the first-order chirp parameter c 1 can effectively adjust the size of the focusing spot, and the distance between focusing spots can also be controlled. The second-order chirp parameter c 2 can control the up-and-down movement of the optical chain in the focusing region. Simultaneously, the length of the focusing spots can be accurately changed by modulating the waist width ω. In addition, the influence of integer topological charge number m on controlling the size of an optical dark trap is discussed in detail. And fractional topological charge number m can control the rotation of focus peak and the number of optical dark traps. Potential applications of these findings include optical shape and capture, optical particle transmission, and contemporary medical care.

Application Of Machine Learning K-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm To Predict Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels or above abnormal values. This can occur when the body is no longer able to absorb glucose properly or when the intake of glucose is higher than needed. Glucose is the main energy source for the cells of the human body. Glucose that accumulates over the long term in the body can lead to complications and more serious and life-threatening diseases. As a result, patients with diabetes must be predicted prior to the onset of disease complications. Machine learning is one of the branches of artificial intelligence that can be used to provide predictive value to datasets of diabetic patients. The tested dataset has 390 observations with data on cholesterol levels, glucose, HDL cholesterol, cholesterol ratio, age, gender, blood pressure, BMI, waist and hip width with its ratio, and the patient's height and weight as variables. Predictions are applied using the K-Nearest Neighbor method, which shows an accuracy of 93.58% with a k value of 3, using 20% of all data as test data.

Evaluations of nanoparticle capture and transport methods in dielectric bowtie core capillaries.

We propose a flexibly tunable and low-loss optical burette with an all-dielectric bowtie core capillary structure, where nanoparticle arrays can be transported bidirectionally with incident light from one end. Multiple hot spots, acting as optical traps, are periodically distributed at the center of the bowtie cores along the propagation direction because of the mode interference effect of guided lights. By adjusting the beam waist position, the hot spots continuously move across the entire capillary length; thus, trapped nanoparticles also transfer with the hot spots. The bidirectional transfer can be realized simply by changing the beam waist in the forward or backward direction. We confirmed that nanosized polystyrene spheres can be bidirectionally moved along a capillary length of ≈ 20 µm. Furthermore, the magnitude of the optical force can be adjusted using the incident angle and beam waist width, whereas the trapping period can be adjusted using the incident wavelength. These results were evaluated using the finite-difference time-domain method. We believe that this new approach can be extensively used in the field of biochemical and life sciences because of the properties of an all-dielectric structure, bidirectional transportation, and single incident light.

Biological features of the formation of meat productivity of rabbits of chin-chilla breed depending on crossing with meat breeds

Rabbit breeding is a special branch of animal husbandry characterized by high fertility and growth intensity. The main way of intensification of rabbit farming involves such selection measures that adapt rabbit populations of keeping in industrial conditions, ensure high reproductive properties of female rabbits, preservation of rabbits in nests, high growth rate, fattening and meat qualities of animals. The research was conducted on the basis of the experimental rabbit farm of the Cherkasy Research Station of Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences on the population of female chinchilla (Chinchilla) rabbits and males of the Gray giant rabbit (Gray giant rabbit), New Zealand white rabbit (New Zealand white rabbit) and young rabbits obtained from these three combinations. As the result of the conducted research, it was found that under the conditions of intensive production of rabbit meat, the reproductive qualities of female chinchilla rabbits in combination with males of the Gray giant and New Zealand white rabbits breeds increase, namely: high fertility – on 1.8–5.2 %; milk yield – on 1.8–7.4 %. The weight of the nest at weaning was probably (P < 0.001) higher in female rabbits of the combination Chinchilla x New Zealand white rabbit and was 5.29 ± 0.13 kg, which is 869 g more than the purebred peers of the chinchilla breed and 380 g more than the combination Chinchilla x Great giant rabbit. The best indicators of fattening and meat productivity were found in young rabbits of 1/2Chinchilla 1/2Gray giant rabbit and 1/2Chinchilla 1/2New Zealand white rabbit origin. The fattening indicators of the rabbits of these groups compared to the rabbits of the control group accordingly increased: live weight at 90 days of age – on 4.0 and 3.8 % (Р < 0.05); average daily increases – on 4.7 and 5.4 % (Р < 0.05; Р < 0.01); waist width – on 5.6 and 8.7 % (Р < 0.01). The research also revealed that the group of young rabbits 1/2Chinchilla 1/2New Zealand white rabbit by origin had a higher slaughter yield and the indicators of which exceeded and rabbits of the second group ( 1/2Chinchilla 1/2Gray giant rabbit on 3.6% and the first (Chinchilla) – on 4.1 %, and the expenses of feed per 1 kg of increase by group was 3.85 accordingly; 3.75; 3.7 kg. Crossbred rabbits 1/2Chinchilla 1/2New Zealand white rabbit and 1/2Chinchilla 1/2Gray giant rabbit according to this indicator prevailed over purebred peers (Chinchilla) on 2.6 and 3.9 %, accordingly.

Defining the Ideal Male Buttocks.

There is no well-defined male buttock aesthetic. The authors performed a crowdsourced analysis to define the ideal male buttocks. A survey was deployed using the Amazon MTurk platform. Respondents rated a panel of digitally altered male buttocks from most to least attractive using three views. Respondents were asked questions pertaining to their own interest in gluteal augmentation, self-reported body type, and other demographics. A total of 2095 responses were recorded; 61% were from male respondents, 52% of respondents were between the ages of 25 and 34 years, and 49% were White respondents. The preferred lateral ratio in the anteroposterior dimension was 1.18; the oblique angle between the sacrum, lateral gluteal depression, and point of maximal projection of the gluteal sulcus was 60 degrees; and the posterior ratio between the waist and maximal width of the hips was 0.66. This corresponds to moderate gluteal projection in the lateral and oblique views, with a narrower gluteal width and defined trochanteric depression in the posterior view. Loss of the trochanteric depression was associated with lower scores. Subgroup analysis revealed differences when stratified by region, race, sexual orientation, employment industry, and athletic interest. No appreciable difference was found based on respondent sex. The authors' results demonstrate that there is a preferred male gluteal aesthetic. This study suggests that men and women favor a more projected male buttock with a more pronounced contour, but preferred a narrow width with defined lateral depression. These findings have the potential to guide future aesthetic gluteal contouring techniques in men.

Acoustic effects of varying the waist width of violin bridges: A physical experiment

We explore the relationship between the bridge waist and sound production in the violin. Models of violin acoustics suggest that the stiffness of this portion of the bridge has a considerable effect on an instrument’s sound production. In practice, the proportions of the waist vary significantly from bridge to bridge and instrument to instrument, which suggests there are many ways that a luthier can influence a bridge’s stiffness. Our experiment connects modeling and real-world instrument sound adjustment. We incrementally remove material symmetrically from the bridge in the waist area, recording sound production at each increment. The bridges are destroyed in the process, which is repeated across multiple bridges. Sound stimuli include a sine wave at the bridge with dampened strings and a weighted bow drawn across freely ringing strings. We map changes in bridge geometry to changes in maximum output and acoustic measures of tone quality across several instruments. Since stiffness correlates with thickness, subject to the nature of the bridge material, there may be optimal shape adjustments for maximizing sound production, tone quality, or both.