Waist Area Research Articles

The Relationship of Mitochondrial-derived Peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain Mitochondrial Carrier Protein 1 (BMCP1) Response in Sheep with Some Physiological Parameters

Background: Mitochondria are organelles called power plants of the cell, which are found in eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the production of energy needed by the cells through aerobic respiration. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes endocrinological, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of body condition score (BCS), lactation, pregnancy, age and gender on Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain Mitochondrial Transporter Protein 1 (BMCP1) levels in Akkaraman sheep. Methods: Sheep are classified into 3 categories according to BCS (BCS less than 2, BCS=3-3.5, BCS≥4). In creating groups in terms of BCS, it was determined by the palpation method applied to the waist area. The sheep included in the study were divided into 4 groups: early lactation, early pregnancy, late pregnancy (dry period) and age (female and male sheep).1st group, ewes in the first period of pregnancy (on the 100th day of the first pregnancy) (n = 30), 2nd group, ewes in the early lactation period (n = 30), 3rd group, ewes in the dry period (the last two months of pregnancy) (n = 30) and in the 4th group, less than 2 (young) (n=30), 2-8 (adult) (n=30), 8 greater than (old) (n=30), male and female sheep (n=30) of different ages. =180) total of 270 animals. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the sheep before the morning feeding. MOTSc and BMCP1 levels were determined in blood serum samples by ELISA method. Result: In the study, serum MOTS-c and BMCP1 levels in sheep during lactation and pregnancy were determined to be lowest in the VKS less than 2 group and highest in the VKS≥4 groups. Likewise, in age and gender groups, the highest level was detected in young lambs and yearlings in the VKS less than 2 group, while the highest level was detected in old sheep and rams in the VKS≥4 group. As a result, it was determined that different age, gender, pregnancy and lactation periods affected serum MOTS-c and BMCP1 levels depending on the change in BCS (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that MOTS-c and BMCP1 may be useful parameters in the evaluation of mitochondrial function, energy metabolism and metabolic profile.

Effectiveness of the Combination of Infrared Radiation (IRR) and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Interventions on the Functional Ability of Low Back Pain Farmers: A Quasi Experimental Study

Low back pain (LBP) is an acute or chronic pain that can be felt in the waist area or in the lumbosacral area. One way to deal with LBP complaints is to use infrared radiation (IRR) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the combination of IRR and TENS on the functional abilities of farmers with LBP. The quasi-experimental study was conducted on 84 respondents (intervention group n=42, control group n =42) who were purposefully recruited from March to April 2024. Variable measurement is done using the back pain functional scale questionnaire (BPFS). Paired T Test and Independent T test are used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that although both groups had an influence on the functional abilities of LBP farmers (p<0,001), in the intervention group it was shown to improve the functional abilities scores of farmers with lBP compared to the control group (15.64 vs 13.29). It is recommended to farmers to carry out IRR and TENS therapeutic measures according to the functional scale of LBP, and it is also advised to healthcare professionals at the public health center to be able to establish cooperation with the parties concerned to organize the treatment program of LBP on farmers using the combination of IRR and TENS.

The body mapping of musculoskeletal complaints for surfers

Background: Surfing is an extreme water sport that consists of various movements, including paddling, popping-up, and wave riding, and has a risk of musculoskeletal complaints. This study aimed to determine the description of musculoskeletal complaints in surfers. Methods: The study used a descriptive observational design with a cross-sectional approach. This study was conducted from February to May 2023 at the halfway club in Kuta Beach, Sanur Beach, and Canggu Beach using the total sampling technique with a total available population of 60 surfers. We included the sample with inclusion criteria and excluded the sample with exclusion criteria. Fifty-one surfers were eligible for the study. Data collection was carried out by interviews using the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. Results: Based on the Nordic Body Map questionnaire, musculoskeletal complaints in surfing players in Bali were a score of 2 (somewhat painful); most of them experienced complaints in the right knee (45.10%) and upper neck (39.22%). The risk level for musculoskeletal complaints in surfers in Bali was 46 people (90.2%) with a low-risk level and five people (9.8%) with a moderate risk level. Conclusion: The most musculoskeletal complaints in surfers in Bali are in the right knee, upper neck, right shoulder, left shoulder, waist, and ankle areas. The risk level for musculoskeletal complaints among surfers in Bali was mainly low, and some had a moderate risk level.

Whole-Body Electrical Muscle Stimulation As a Way To Increasing a Comfort of Life for Patient with Frozen Shoulder History

Purpose: This research aims to present the effects of a whole-body electrical muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) physical training program on body composition and subjective pain experience for the 50 years old man A 71-day program was designed for the patient who completed 6 months of physiotherapy and rehabilitation phase after arthroscopy of a frozen shoulder, as an alternative way to complete recovery and increase comfort of life. Methods: A WB-EMS trainer supervised a subject as he worked out, following a detailed physical training program displayed on a projector screen. The subject exercised by imitating the movements shown in a previously recorded video, while the trainer carefully observed the subject. All data was collected (body composition and circumference, quality of life, subjective shoulder pain and perceived exertion questionnaire)and exercises performed based on programmed training were made in the laboratory with access to appropriate equipment. Results: Comparing day 0 (before training) and day 71, an upward trend was observed for muscle mass +5.82 kg (+19%) and segmental body composition data for lean mass +6.38 kg (+13%) in total. A downward trend was observed for segmental body composition data for fat mass –5.60 kg (-24%) in total. Body circumference data decreased for the hip, waist, and thigh -4.4cm (-2%) in total. Body circumference data increased for the arm, calf, and chest +8.7cm (+4%) in total. Our results indicated that WB-EMS physical training program can reduce fat (especially hip and waist area) and obtain gain mass, especially muscle mass for older subjects without pain. Quality of life index increase from 115 points (67%) to 152 points 89%. Conclusions: The WB-EMS physical training program was a joint shoulder-friendly form of physical exercise during which the patient reported no pain. Subject achieved the training goal: reducing fat mass and gaining muscle mass which will increase his comfort of life and perhaps prevents other age-related diseases 50+. Because of the study’s-controlled environment, this training could likely be adapted for successful home use with careful attention to detail, especially having the trainer’s guidance readily accessible.

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among farmers in Pancasari Village, Sukasada District, Buleleng Regency: a preliminary study

Background: Farmers are professionals who work actively in processing agricultural land. Farmers use physical strength to carry out all agricultural land activities, from seedling to harvesting. The daily work of farmers with high frequency in the long term can increase the risk of musculoskeletal systems called musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Methods: This study used analytic descriptive research with data collection techniques in the cross-sectional study. Data was collected in May 2022 using the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire and interviews. The analysis method used the univariate software IBM SPSS Statistics 26 to describe the characteristics of the variables. Results: Complaints experienced by research respondents with a score of 2 participated in the lower neck area (37.5%), right calf (35%), a score of 3 experienced in the waist area (22.5%), left knee and right knee (20%), a score of 4 was experienced in the waist area (35.5%). Respondents reported the risk of musculoskeletal issues, with 32 people in the low category and 8 in the medium category. Conclusion: According to the questionnaire responses, the most common complaints were with the lower back, knees, lower neck, and shoulders. Musculoskeletal diseases are mainly in the low-risk category among farmers.

Routine MRI Among Patients With a Suspected Scaphoid Fracture Risks Overdiagnosis.

In the setting of a suspected scaphoid fracture, MRI may result in overdiagnosis and potential overtreatment. This is in part because of the low prevalence of true fractures among suspected fractures, but also because of potentially misleading variations in signal that may be more common than fracture-related signal changes. To better understand the risk of overdiagnosis, we first need insight into the relative prevalence of useful and potentially distracting signal changes among patients with a suspected scaphoid fracture. What is the proportion of signal changes representing definite and possible scaphoid fractures relative to other types of signal changes on MRI among patients with a suspected scaphoid fracture? In a retrospective study in an orthopaedic trauma clinic associated with a Level I trauma center, we evaluated MR images of patients 16 years and older with a clinically suspected scaphoid fracture. At our institution, patients with symptoms and signs of a possible scaphoid fracture and negative radiographs undergo MRI scanning. Between January 1, 2012, and September 1, 2019, a total of 310 patients 16 years or older had an MRI to evaluate a suspected scaphoid fracture. Exclusion criteria included a scaphoid fracture that was visible on radiographs before MRI as reported by the radiologist (four patients), no available radiographs before MRI (two), MRI more than 3 weeks after injury (28), unknown date of injury (nine), and repeat or bilateral MRI scans (11), leaving 256 MR images for analysis. Sixty percent (153) of patients were women, and the median age was 34 years (IQR 21 to 50 years). The images were taken a median of 8 days (IQR 2 to 12 days) after injury. MR images were screened for the presence of scaphoid signal changes. We identified the following patterns of signal change with a reliability of kappa 0.62: definite scaphoid fracture, possible scaphoid fracture, signal in the waist area other than possible or definite fractures, and other signal changes. A definite scaphoid fracture was defined as a linear, focal, and bicortical signal abnormality, with adjacent edema and a relatively transverse orientation relative to the scaphoid long axis. The transverse linear signal was visible on more than one cut in multiple planes. A possible scaphoid fracture had a transverse linear signal on more than one cut on sagittal or coronal planes, with or without adjacent edema. Six percent (16 of 256) of MR images were categorized as revealing definite (2% [four of 256]) or possible (5% [12 of 256]) scaphoid fractures, whereas 29% (74 of 256) were categorized as revealing nonspecific signal changes at the waist (14% [35 of 256]) and other areas (15% [39 of 256]). Of the 51 patients with scaphoid waist signal changes, 69% (35) were categorized as having distracting and potentially misleading MRI findings. The high prevalence of signal changes that are distracting and potentially misleading, the low prevalence of signal changes that clearly represent a scaphoid fracture, and the low pretest odds of a true fracture among patients with a suspected scaphoid fracture illustrate that routine MRI of suspected scaphoid fractures carries a notable risk of overdiagnosis and potential overtreatment. Two alternative strategies are supported by preliminary evidence and merit additional attention: more-selective use of MRI in people deemed at higher risk according to a clinical prediction rule and strategies for involving the patient in decisions regarding how to manage the notably small risk of future symptomatic nonunion. Level IV, diagnostic study.

Designing for Unique Female Figures: A Study in the Cape Coast Metropolis

This study looks into challenges custom designers face in constructing garments for unique female figures and the satisfaction derived in terms of fit and comfort by the unique female figures, namely: 'A,' 'V,' 'H' and 'O' body shapes, in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. A total of 120 participants, comprising 60 custom designers and 60 unique figures, were purposively sampled and data were collected using observational checklists and structured interviews. The study reveals that garment shaping is the most challenging process custom designers face in garment making for unique figures. Unique figures were barely satisfied with the overall garment fit of their custom-made garments. The 'A' body shapes were most displeased, whereas the 'H' body shapes were most pleased with the fit of their custom-made garments. This study observes that custom designers' adjustment methods are not suitable for the shoulders, bust, waist, hip, buttock, thigh and armhole areas of the garment resulting in fit problems for their customers. Also, custom designers are not aware of some garment areas, such as the bust, armhole, sleeve length, waist, hip, thigh and buttock, which give problems to their clients. It is recommended that designers should always be abreast with how to manipulate patterns or incorporate adaptation techniques while cutting out fabric so that garments fit different body types.

Study on Construction Response Characteristics of Large Cross-Section Tunnel Crossing Huge Karst Cave Backfill

The existence of giant karst cave can cause collapse and water inrush hazards during the excavation of the karst tunnel, causing serious economic losses. In this paper, based on the FEA software MIDAS, a numerical simulation model for the backfilling of a large karst cave through a large cross-section tunnel was established. The distribution characteristics and change rules of the displacement field, stress field, horizontal support stress, and plastic zone of the tunnel surrounding rock and backfill were explored. The first stage of tunnel excavation leads to a sharp increase in the displacement of the tunnel’s surrounding rock and the deterioration of the plastic zone, which should be strengthened and monitored. The tunnel arch, waist, and wall footing areas were prone to stress concentration. The two layers of horizontal support force show a certain regularity, showing a sharp increase and a gradually smooth growth trend. Meanwhile, the site monitoring results for arch settlement and horizontal convergence of the mega cavern tunnel were analyzed. The results show that the numerical calculation results were in good agreement with the values of site monitoring data. The average errors of final crown settlement and horizontal convergence were 8.6% and 15.9%, respectively, which verified the correctness of the numerical modeling method. This project can provide reliable experience for the construction of similar large cavern tunnels.

Acoustic effects of varying the waist width of violin bridges: A physical experiment

We explore the relationship between the bridge waist and sound production in the violin. Models of violin acoustics suggest that the stiffness of this portion of the bridge has a considerable effect on an instrument’s sound production. In practice, the proportions of the waist vary significantly from bridge to bridge and instrument to instrument, which suggests there are many ways that a luthier can influence a bridge’s stiffness. Our experiment connects modeling and real-world instrument sound adjustment. We incrementally remove material symmetrically from the bridge in the waist area, recording sound production at each increment. The bridges are destroyed in the process, which is repeated across multiple bridges. Sound stimuli include a sine wave at the bridge with dampened strings and a weighted bow drawn across freely ringing strings. We map changes in bridge geometry to changes in maximum output and acoustic measures of tone quality across several instruments. Since stiffness correlates with thickness, subject to the nature of the bridge material, there may be optimal shape adjustments for maximizing sound production, tone quality, or both.

The design, simulation, and adjustment of the Vietnam men’s Ao dai on the CLO3D software

The study presents the results of the design, simulation, and adjustment of middle-aged men’s Ao Dai from 30 to 60 years old in Ho Chi Minh City. This research combines two methods of 2D design on the Gerber software and 3D design on the CLO3D software, of which the main simulated patterns’ material is cotton sateen fabric. An avatar is used to simulate men’s Ao Dai which has the average measurements of the 378 measurement samples. There are three steps to simulate and edit. At first, the patterns are draped on the avatar. The sample does not achieve a smooth, flat fit in the side seam and waist area when they drape on the avatar. After patterns are adjusted at the side seam, finally, these patterns are draped again to meet the standard of smooth and flat appearance on the simulated model’s front, back, and side faces. The study was conducted on one model that has suitable dimensions for Vietnamese men, so there will be additional avatar data in the CLO3D software database. This is very useful for fashion and technique designers in garment businesses.

Design of a wearable multi-point temperature monitoring system – practical application in waist temperature monitoring

PurposeHuman skin temperature data can provide reference advice for diagnosing many diseases, but current wearable skin temperature monitoring systems have few points and may miss temperature information in critical areas. This paper aims to develop a wearable system that can be used for local temperature monitoring and restore better the actual state of local human temperature by exploring ways to extend more temperature measurement points. This will provide better assistance in developing medical targeting and intelligent clothing.Design/methodology/approachThe temperature measurement system contains modules for temperature monitoring, digital-to-analog conversion and regulated power supply, enabling fast reading of 12 channels of monitoring data. The microprocessor unit is the STM32F407. The instructions and control modes are written in C. The waist area was chosen as the monitoring area because it is susceptible to temperature, and many diseases are associated with skin temperature. Twelve points, including temperature-related acupuncture points and heat-sensitive points, were selected for testing and the data results agreed well with the infrared imaging results.FindingsThe waist is selected as the monitoring object, and an easy-to-wear waist temperature monitoring belt is designed to verify the application value of the system. The development of the system provides reference suggestions for the exploration of multi-point temperature monitoring systems and the integration capabilities of temperature measurement modules in wearable multifunctional systems.Practical implicationsIn addition to waist temperature monitoring, the wearable temperature measurement system developed in this study can also be applied to other body parts. In addition, the system can be efficiently and effectively combined with various garments, making it a useful tool for researching human skin temperature.Originality/valueThe wearable temperature monitoring system designed in this paper extends the number of temperature test points to 12. The number of test points covers as many localized body areas as possible to indeed reproduce the temperature distribution of the human body. In addition, the selection of test points combines medically relevant body points with physiologically relevant heat-sensitive areas, which makes the temperature measurement data more valuable.

SPR Sensor Based on a Tapered Optical Fiber with a Low Refractive Index Liquid Crystal Cladding and Bimetallic Ag-Au Layers.

This paper presents a study of the influence of bimetallic layer covers of a tapered optical fiber surrounded by a low refractive index liquid crystal on the properties of light propagation in the taper structure. This research follows previous works on the effect of monometallic thin films (Au and Ag). In this case, the total thicknesses of the bimetallic layers were h = 10 nm, and the participation of gold and silver was equal. The films were deposited on one side of the tapered waist area. The liquid crystal cells were controlled with a voltage U from 0 to 200 V, with and without amplitude modulation at a frequency of fmod = 5 Hz. For the purposes of this research, spectral characteristics were obtained for a wavelength λ ranging from 550 to 1200 nm. Measurements were carried out at room temperature for three types of rubbed layers orientation—orthogonal, parallel, and twist in relation to the fiber axis. Obtained resonant peaks were compared with the previous results regarding the resonant wavelength, peak width, SNR, and maximum absorption. In the presented paper, the novelty is mainly focused on the materials used and their time stability, as well as corresponding changes in the technological parameters used.

Hula-hooping as an unusual cause of Koebner phenomenon in a psoriatic patient

Koebner phenomenon was first described almost 150 years ago as an appearance of psoriatic lesions on an uninvolved skin as a result of trauma. Since then, a large number of triggering factors taking part in its development have been reported. This study presents a patient with an unusual, not presented before cause of the Koebner phenomenon in a waist area following physical activity in a form of hula-hooping.

Analysis of the ideal body features for Zimbabwean women for the achievement of the better fitment of fashion products

The research paper explores the Zimbabweans’ view of ideal woman’s body features to provide a comprehensive overview of what is considered an acceptable silhouette in Zimbabwe’s cultural groups in order to achieve better fitment of fashion products by clothing manufacturers. The study used a qualitative research approach in which participants for the interview were purposively selected based on assumed knowledge of cultural norms, values, and beliefs. The study participants comprised both men and women of above 56 years from different cultural groups in Zimbabwe, drawn from the ten provinces namely Matebeleland north, Matebeleland south Bulawayo Harare Mashonaland central, Mashonaland west, Mashonaland east, Masvingo, Midlands, and Manicaland. The study sample consisted of ten elderly partcipants, 5 males and 5 females purposively selected from one district per province. These were subjected to in-depth face-to-face interview and observations to get their perspective on the ideal body features of an ideal woman according to their cultural norms, values and beliefs. The study findings revealed that the ideal body features for the Zimbabwean woman are large nicely curved hips, narrow waist and well-shaped burst area, conforming to pear-shaped silhouette, giant and averagely built body. These ideal features are molded onto the girl child through traditional medicinal consumption and physiological intervention at a tender age from birth to six years.

Effects of Personal Low-Frequency Stimulation Device on Myalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Electrotherapy is commonly used for myalgia alleviation. Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) is primarily used for controlling acute and chronic pain and is a non-invasive therapy that can be easily performed with electric stimulation applied on the skin. However, little evidence exists regarding the pain alleviation effects of personal low-frequency stimulation device for home use. Moreover, no studies have compared myalgia alleviation effects between personal low-frequency stimulation (PLS) and physical therapy (PT), which are most commonly used for patients with myalgia in hospitals and clinics. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the pain alleviation effects of PLS in patients with myalgia and compare these effects with those of conventional PT (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation + ultrasound). In total, 39 patients with myalgia in the neck, shoulder, back, and waist areas were randomly assigned to the personal low-frequency stimulation group (PLSG: n = 20) and physical therapy group (PTG: n = 19). Both groups were treated for 3 weeks (20 min per session and 5 sessions per week). Patients were assessed for pain intensity by surface electromyography (sEMG), visual analogue scale (VAS) and a short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) before and after the intervention period. Our results showed that PLSG showed a tendency of muscle relaxation with a significant decrease in sEMG in the neck (p = 0.0425), shoulder (p = 0.0425), and back (p = 0.0046) areas compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in waist area. Additionally, VAS scores significantly decreased between pre- and post-treatment in both PTG (p = 0.0098), and PLSG (p = 0.0304) groups, but there was no significance difference between the groups. With respect to SF-MPQ, the PLSG showed greater pain alleviation (5.23 ± 0.25) effects than the PTG (6.23 ± 0.25). Accordingly, our results suggest that PLS treatment using a home device might offer positive assistance in pain alleviation for patients with myalgia that is as equally effective as conventional PT treatment. However, further detailed studies are required considering larger samples to fully claim the effectiveness of this device.

The design, simulation, and adjustment of the Vietnam men’s Ao dai on the CLO3D software

The study presents the results of the design, simulation, and adjustment of middle-aged men’s Ao Dai from 30 to 60 years old in Ho Chi Minh City. This research combines two methods of 2D design on the Gerber software and 3D design on the CLO3D software, of which the main simulated patterns’ material is cotton sateen fabric. An avatar is used to simulate men’s Ao Dai which has the average measurements of the 378 measurement samples. There are three steps to simulate and edit. At first, the patterns are draped on the avatar. The sample does not achieve a smooth, flat fit in the side seam and waist area when they drape on the avatar. After patterns are adjusted at the side seam, finally, these patterns are draped again to meet the standard of smooth and flat appearance on the simulated model’s front, back, and side faces. The study was conducted on one model that has suitable dimensions for Vietnamese men, so there will be additional avatar data in the CLO3D software database. This is very useful for fashion and technique designers in garment businesses.

The design, simulation, and adjustment of the Vietnam men’sAo dai on the CLO3D software

The study presents the results of the design, simulation, and adjustment of middle-aged men’s Ao Dai from 30 to60 years old in Ho Chi Minh City. This research combines two methods of 2D design on the Gerber software and3D design on the CLO3D software, of which the main simulated patterns’ material is cotton sateen fabric. An avataris used to simulate men’s Ao Dai which has the average measurements of the 378 measurement samples. Thereare three steps to simulate and edit. At first, the patterns are draped on the avatar. The sample does not achievea smooth, flat fit in the side seam and waist area when they drape on the avatar. After patterns are adjustedat the side seam, finally, these patterns are draped again to meet the standard of smooth and flat appearanceon the simulated model’s front, back, and side faces. The study was conducted on one model that has suitabledimensions for Vietnamese men, so there will be additional avatar data in the CLO3D software database. This isvery useful for fashion and technique designers in garment businesses.

Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Hairdressers Using Rapid Entire Body Assessment

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are one of the most prevalent causes of occupational injury and disability in both developed and developing nations, affecting a wide range of jobs. Hairdresser in their careers faces many harmful factors, including WRMSDs, especially in the neck, waist and shoulder areas. The study groups comprised 5 healthy males and 8 healthy female participants that work at the hair dresser saloons in Turkey. Hair-coloring and hair-cutting were the most common tasks completed by participants. The population ranged in age from 18 to 45 years old. The respondents' average age, height, and weight, as well as their standard deviations were 33.15 ± 8.97 years, 166.38 ± 8.84 cm, and 68.31 ± 10.14 kg, respectively. The aim of this research was to investigate the individual and occupational risks associated with the tasks on the prevalence and consequence of WRMSDs. In this descriptive analytical study, the risk of WRMSDs was evaluated using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. The REBA results showed that working postures should be changed as soon as possible

Effects of Kinesiology Taping on Sleep Quality in Participants with Cronical Low Back Pain

Our main aim in this study is to compare the effectiveness of conventional physical therapy in the context of sleep quality of participants with chronic low back pain and the effectiveness of kinesiology taping applied to the waist area in a very short time. 40 participants (30 females, 10 males) whose age ranges ranged from 25 to 50 years were randomly divided into two groups (banding group and control group). In both groups, a home exercise program was given by applying therapeutic ultrasound for 5 minutes, TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) for 30 minutes and infrared for 30 minutes. In kinesiology taping groups, taping was applied to the waist region with the star technique, once for 48 hours. VAS (Visual Analog Scale) for pain, hip flexor flexibility test and hand-finger floor distance test for flexibility, Berg balance scale for balance, Beck anxiety scale for anxiety, Oswestry disability index for disability level, Tampa kinesiophobia scale for kinesiophobia, sleep quality Pittsburg sleep quality index and Nottingham life profiles were used for quality of life. Evaluations were made twice, before and after the treatment. The significance level was accepted as p <0.05

A Case of Deep Neck Abscess Extending to the Waist Area

A Case of Deep Neck Abscess Extending to the Waist Area