Wages Of Industrial Workers Research Articles

Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash

AbstractA populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the Liberal International Order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the number of available jobs and the wages of industrial workers since at least the 1970s. The decline in manufacturing employment initiated the deterioration of social and economic conditions in affected communities, exacerbating inequalities between depressed rural areas and small cities and towns, on the one hand, and thriving cities, on the other. The global financial crisis of 2008 catalyzed these divisions, as communities already in decline suffered deeper and longer economic downturns than metropolitan areas, where superstar knowledge, technology, and service-oriented firms agglomerate. We document many of these trends across the United States and Europe, and demonstrate that populist support is strongest in communities that experienced long-term economic and social decline. Institutional differences in labor markets and electoral rules across developed democracies may explain some of the variation in populists’ electoral success. Renewed support for the Liberal International Order may require a rejuvenation of distressed communities and a reduction of stark regional inequalities.

Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash

A populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the liberal international order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the jobs and wages of industrial workers since at least the 1970s. The decline in manufacturing employment initiated the deterioration of social and economic conditions in affected communities, exacerbating inequalities between depressed rural areas and small cities and towns, on the one hand, and thriving cities, on the other. The global financial crisis of 2008 catalyzed these divisions as communities already in decline suffered deeper and longer economic downturns than metropolitan areas where superstar knowledge, technology, and service-oriented firms agglomerate. We document many of these trends across the US and Europe, and demonstrate that populist support is strongest in communities that experienced long-term economic and social decline. Institutional differences in labor markets and electoral rules across developed democracies may explain some of the variation in populists’ electoral success. Renewed support for the liberal international order may require a rejuvenation of distressed communities and a reduction of stark regional inequalities.

Денежные доходы основных категорий городского и сельского населения Свердловской области в 1950-х годах

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography. The study is conducted on materials of several archives: archive of Department of the Federal security service in Sverdlovsk region, State archive of Sverdlovsk region, current archive of Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region and the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its importance for the social sciences, especially for history and sociology. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. The article aims to study the level and dynamics of the monetary income of the most numerous categories of urban and rural population of the Sverdlovsk region: workers, engineering-technical workers, employees of industry and farmers. It is noted that the socio-economic role of monetary income is very large and consists primarily in the determination of the level of consumption of the population. It is alleged that during the studied decade, the wages of industrial workers increased slightly. It is claimed that small amounts of wages are not enough even for everyday expenses for acquisition of necessary manufactured goods and food. It is stated that the end of the studied period was marked by the first serious conflicts between workers and administration on the basis of low wages. It is declared that the average salary of workers was significantly lower than engineer ones. It is emphasized that the total incomes of working families trail also the incomes of industry workers’ families. It is proved that the monetary income of Sverdlovsk region farmers from the work in social production in the examined period was lower the income of almost all other categories of the population. The conclusion is that monetary incomes of the population in the studied period as a whole were low.

Agglomeration and Spreading in an Asymmetric World

AbstractWe study Krugman's core–periphery (CP) model for most general cases of nonidentical regions and fully characterize instant and long‐run equilibria. Assuming immobility of labor, we describe the behavior of equilibrium wages/real wages. Moreover, the relative wages/real wages of industrial workers can both increase and decrease with the population with which they are associated. Under the assumption of industrial labor mobility, possible patterns of economic evolution, as responses to trade freeness, are fully described. We show that in the case of noticeable agricultural asymmetry, all mobile labor inevitably accumulates in countries with larger agricultural populations.

Regional differences in wage inequality across industries in China

Using a panel of 29 provinces over the years 1995–2001, we explore the large regional variation in industry wage differentials in China and examine the provincial characteristics that are consistent with greater inequality. We find that the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) varies by province. One of the reasons that FDI can have differential effects is that the type of FDI (export vs. import-oriented) varies substantially across the provinces. Export-oriented FDI raises the wages of workers in industries that rely more on unskilled workers and lowers the wages of workers in industries that rely more on skilled workers, lowering the industry differential.

Regional wages in industry and labour market integration in Sweden, 1861–1913*

This study examines the extent to which wages of industrial workers converged during the period of Sweden's industrial breakthrough, thereby relating to the international discussion on market integration. About 350 local wage series for nine regions in Sweden for the period 1861–1913 are used, deflated by regional cost-of-living indices. The main result is that there was a general wage convergence during the period of study. Wage differentials decreased across occupations and regions, but also within occupational groups and regions (sigma-convergence). There was also a general tendency of initially lower wages to grow more quickly than initially higher wages (beta-convergence). The convergence pattern in this respect differed between sub-periods, which may be related to the pattern of industrial and infrastructural development in Sweden. The occurrence of wage convergence may be interpreted as evidence of an integration of the labour market, which corresponds to the integration of product and capital markets presented in other investigations.