Vulnerability Evaluation Method Research Articles

A vulnerability evaluation method of earthen sites based on entropy weight-TOPSIS and K-means clustering

The degradation of earthen sites due to natural and human factors has become a pressing issue, necessitating urgent protection measures. In this context, accurate assessment of the vulnerability of earthen sites is essential for the development of effective conservation strategies. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation framework that incorporates multiple indicators is proposed. In particular, the entropy weight- (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) TOPSIS method is employed for quantitative vulnerability assessment and combined with K-means clustering to define vulnerability levels for earthen sites. To validate the proposed approach, the vulnerability of 29 sections of the Ming Great Wall is evaluated. Eventually, the 29 earthen sites are categorized into three levels: high, medium, and low, according to their degree of vulnerability. The results of gray correlation analysis and entropy weight-TOPSIS method are compared using the ontology missing amount in the original data as the validation standard. The results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient value of the entropy weight-TOPSIS method with the ontology missing amount was 0.859, while the Pearson correlation coefficient value of the gray correlation analysis method with the ontology missing amount was 0.691, so that the results of the entropy weight-TOPSIS method can more accurately reflect the actual vulnerability of earthen sites.

Vulnerability Assessment of Prefabricated Component Suppliers in Prefabricated Buildings Based on the Controlled Interval and Memory Method Extended under the Probability Language Terminology Set

Accurately evaluating the vulnerability of prefabricated components in prefabricated buildings is the basis of scientific management of its supply chain. Thus, a novel vulnerability evaluation method for the suppliers of prefabricated components in the context of prefabricated buildings was proposed in this study. First, a vulnerability evaluation index system was identified and constructed by the pressure–state–response (PSR) model. With the clear logic and strong applicability of PSR, this system, including 18 indexes, was easy to understand and exhibited strong practicability. The weights were then determined via the multiplicative analytic hierarchy process with the expansion of a probabilistic language terminology set (PLTS). PLTS could describe decision information more comprehensively, so the evaluation result is more scientific. Subsequently, the probability of the vulnerability level was superimposed in a parallel bottom-to-top method via the controlled interval and memory (CIM) models, and these were extended by the PLTS. This set handled the uncertain information in the decision-making process more efficiently and accurately, and finally determined the vulnerability distribution. Ultimately, the probability of each vulnerability level was determined by combining the weight information. The reconstruction and resettlement housing construction project of urban shanty towns in the Taohua South Road Community in Xihu District, Nanchang City, was selected as a case study. The case study proves the effectiveness of this method, which has higher resolution and is more convenient for managers to make decisions.

Evaluation of vulnerability of MAV/UAV collaborative combat network based on complex network

In recent years, the Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MAV/UAV) collaborative combat mode has become an important mode. Therefore, it is important to assess the vulnerability of Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Collaborative Combat Networks (MUCNs). In this paper, we analyze the meaning of nodes and edges of MUCNs, propose five vulnerability indicators, and construct a vulnerability indicator system of MUCNs. In addition, the network contribution method is proposed to aggregate the vulnerability indicators of MUCNs. Finally, through simulation, the effectiveness of the network contribution method is demonstrated by comparing and analyzing with three commonly used indicator aggregation methods. This paper can provide a reference for designing MUCNs with lower vulnerability and a vulnerability evaluation method for the development of MAV/UAV collaborative combat strategies.

Gravity-Based Community Vulnerability Evaluation Model in Social Networks: GBCVE.

The usage of social media around the world is ever-increasing. Social media statistics from 2019 show that there are 3.5 billion social media users worldwide. However, the existence of community structure renders the network vulnerable to attacks and large-scale losses. How does one comprehensively consider the multiple information sources and effectively evaluate the vulnerability of the community? To answer this question, we design a gravity-based community vulnerability evaluation (GBCVE) model for multiple information considerations. Specifically, we construct the community network by the Jensen-Shannon divergence and log-sigmoid transition function to show the relationship between communities. The number of edges inside community and outside of each community, as well as the gravity index are the three important factors used in this model for evaluating the community vulnerability. These three factors correspond to the interior information of the community, small-scale interaction relationship, and large-scale interaction relationship, respectively. A fuzzy ranking algorithm is then used to describe the vulnerability relationship between different communities, and the sensitivity of different weighting parameters is then analyzed by Sobol' indices. We validate and demonstrate the applicability of our proposed community vulnerability evaluation method via three real-world complex network test examples. Our proposed model can be applied to find vulnerable components in a network to mitigate the influence of public opinions or natural disasters in real time. The community vulnerability evaluation results from our proposed model are expected to shed light on other properties of communities within social networks and have real-world applications across network science.

Evaluation method of ecological vulnerability of scenic spots based on entropy weight TOPSIS model

Evaluation method of ecological vulnerability of scenic spots based on entropy weight TOPSIS model

Dynamic Monitoring of the Ecological Vulnerability for Multi-Type Ecological Functional Areas during 2000–2018

Studies that consider both the differences of evaluation systems and index weights among different ecological areas in different study periods for ecological vulnerability evaluation have not been reported yet. In addition, the comparability of vulnerability assessment results among different study areas is poor. This paper proposed a novel quantitative vulnerability evaluation method for multi-type and multi-temporal ecological functional areas using a dynamic weighting method: Three-River Source region grassland–wetland ecological functional area (TRSR), Guiqiandian karst rocky desertification control ecological functional area (GQD), Hunshandake desertification control ecological functional area (HSDK), and Chuandian forest and biodiversity ecological functional area (CD), and then introduced net primary productivity (NPP) to realize the determination of multi-type ecological vulnerability thresholds, which is helpful to compare the vulnerability evaluation results of different ecological functional areas in a unified and comparable level. The proposed novel quantitative vulnerability evaluation method had higher applicability in vulnerability assessment for multi-type ecological functional areas (91.1% for TRSR, 91.9% for HSDK, 91.7% for CD, and 94.2% for GQD) based on the dynamic weight determination method. The determination of vulnerability thresholds based on NPP could provide a comparable level to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of ecological vulnerability in multi-type ecological functional areas for different periods. The average ecological vulnerability of the TRSR, GQD, and CD was classified as mild vulnerability, while that of the HSDK was classified as moderate vulnerability. The research results could provide a novel method for the support of ecological protection for multi-type ecological zones on a national scale.

Vulnerability Evaluation and Improvement Method of Civil Aviation Navigation Network

Due to events such as natural disasters and navigation equipment failures, enormous calamity may be caused by the interruption of the navigation network which is a guarantee for the flight safety of civil aviation aircraft. The navigation network consists of the navigation stations as nodes and the routes between them as edges. Different nodes have different effects on the vulnerability of the network due to their different abilities to maintain the stability of the network topology and the normal function of the network. To quantify this difference and identify key nodes that have a greater impact on the vulnerability of the navigation network, an indicator to assess the importance of a navigation station is proposed which combines the structural importance reflected by node topology centrality and functional importance reflected by node weight. The structural importance of a node corresponds to its topology features including local dominance of the node and its global influence, and the important contribution to both adjacent and nonadjacent nodes from this node, while the functional importance is indicated by the flight flow serviced by the node during a fixed period of time. Vulnerability evaluation shows that the navigation network is more vulnerable when subject to the intentional attack of nodes with higher comprehensive node importance than an intentional attack of nodes with a larger value of indicators used in previous literature. Finally, the vulnerability of the navigation network is improved through changing the topology of the most critical node and balancing the node importance of the whole network.

Evaluation method of ecological vulnerability of scenic spots based on entropy weight TOPSIS Model

Evaluation method of ecological vulnerability of scenic spots based on entropy weight TOPSIS Model

Vulnerability of high-speed rail grid-connected system on branch potential energy transfer entropy

With the spurt of the high-speed railway construction, vulnerability analysis of the high-speed rail grid-connected system cannot be underestimated, which is helpful to improve the security of power system by preventive effectively. Therefore, we propose a vulnerability evaluation method for the uncertain high-speed rail grid-connected system combining branch potential energy function and information entropy together. Firstly, we construct a probability model of the high-speed rail loads by the nonparametric kernel density estimation method according to the measured data of traction substation. Secondly, we establish a power system vulnerability evaluation model based on the branch potential energy transfer entropy considering the power system state variables such as voltage magnitudes, voltage phase angles and power flows. Finally, the simulations on the IEEE-39 bus system and an actual power system in China show that the transmission line connecting the two regions is more vulnerable subjected to the influence of the high-speed rail loads, and the grid-connected points of the high-speed rail loads close to the generator help to reduce the output of the balance generator. These provides auxiliary suggestions for the rationalization of grid-connected location of high-speed rail load, and has certain practical application values.

Power system vulnerability analysis based on topological potential field theory

Evaluating the vulnerability of power system effectively and accurately is of great significance for predicting cascading failures and preventing blackouts. Therefore, we propose a power system vulnerability analysis method based on the topological potential field theory in this paper. Firstly, according to the overload risk and operation risk of transmission lines in cascading failures, we construct a fault chain graph considering two-level cascading failures. Secondly, we define the generalized node quality, and then propose a power system vulnerability evaluation method based on the topological potential theory of the data field by using the network edge weights to quantify the node entropy degree. At the topological structure level, this method pays attention to the influence between lines and that of each line on the entire power system, which can more reflect the important lines in the power system accurately. Finally, we do vulnerability simulations on the IEEE-39 bus system and a certain regional power grid in China respectively. The results show that the method has higher identification accuracy and lower time complexity on the basis of ensuring the integrity of the power grid topology.

Quantifying the ecosystem vulnerability to drought based on data integration and processes coupling

Quantifying drought-induced ecosystem vulnerability, e.g. in terms of plant productivity, based on vulnerability curves and coupled processes is a frontier issue and a challenge in the field of climate change risk. Primary productivity vulnerability to drought varies among and within ecosystem types, obscuring generalized patterns of ecological stability. Thus, we constructed drought vulnerability curves between aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and drought intensity for forest and grassland, through global data collection, bias checking, and systematic integration. Based on the improvement of theoretical analysis of ecosystem vulnerability and quantitative evaluation methods, we investigated the processes of sensitivity and adaptation to reveal vulnerability mechanisms. The ANPP was nonlinearly reduced along with drought intensity gradients, with an increasing trend for forests and a decreasing trend for grasslands. Under the same drought duration, both the forest and grassland ANPP decreased with increasing intensities (from light to severe drought). However, the forest and grassland ANPP exhibited divergent responses with durations under the same drought intensity. The combinations of drought duration and intensities also affected the ANPP. For example, negative responses of the grassland ANPP to increasing intensities differed among the durations (p = 0.001) and maximum occurred under the severe drought. Furthermore, we quantified the vulnerability by analyzing sensitivity and adaptation to short- (≤ 3years) and long-term (> 3 years) drought. Grasslands showed higher sensitivity to short-term drought than to long-term drought, and the contrary for forests. Forests exhibited a certain adaptation to long-term drought, but to a lesser extent than grasslands. Comprehensively, grasslands presented lower vulnerability to growing-season drought with higher adaptation and lower sensitivity than forests. These findings suggest that quantitative assessment on ecosystem response to drought from the viewpoints of vulnerability curves and processes should be promoted in and coupled with future climate change risks and sustainable management of different ecosystems.

Vulnerability evaluation of high-rise earthquake-proof buildings in high-pressure area

In order to solve this problem, the vulnerability evaluation method of high-rise seismic buildings in high-pressure area based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed. According to the knowledge of earthquake engineering, the relationship between magnitude and intensity and the law of intensity attenuation are analysed. Based on the seismic risk and the vulnerability of the isolation layer of the building structure, the failure evaluation criteria are established. The evaluation indexes of structural vulnerability are selected, and the weight coefficients of each index are determined by using tomographic method, and the corresponding matrix is obtained. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate each index. According to the fuzzy relation matrix and index weight coefficient matrix of evaluation index and vulnerability level, the vulnerability of building structure is calculated and evaluated. Experimental results show that the evaluation performance of this method is better than that of the experimental comparison method.

Vulnerability evaluation method of inland waterway revetment project subjected to wave and current

The flood damage of inland waterway revetment project has become one of the most serious disasters that affect the water transportation, municipal environment, human life and property safety. Scientific and reasonable evaluation of the vulnerability of waterway revetment eProject subjected to wave and current can effectively prevent and reduce disaster losses. According to the characteristics of multi factors and fuzziness in the vulnerability evaluation of waterway revetment project subjected to wave and current, a two-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation mathematical model for vulnerability assessment is established by using fuzzy mathematics method. Based on the field investigation and observation data of the waterway revetment project in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the relevant measurement of laboratory experiments, four main factors affecting the stability of the waterway revetment project, including design and construction, protective measures, wave-current characteristics and river waterway factors, are selected based on the establishment of vulnerability evaluation index system. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to determine the weight of evaluation factors and their sub factors, which improves the objectivity and scientificity of vulnerability assessment of waterway revetment project subjected to wave and current.

Spatial characteristics analysis and vulnerability evaluation of agricultural land use environment

In view of the problems of low precision, high energy consumption, and poor flexibility of the spatial characteristics analysis and vulnerability evaluation methods of agricultural land use environment, a principal component analysis–based spatial characteristics analysis and vulnerability evaluation method of agricultural land use environment is proposed. The remote sensing image of agriculture land was corrected. According to the Cartesian moments before and after image transformation, the scale factor, rotation angle, and translation parameters of image transformation are calculated, and these parameters are used to correct the agricultural land use image. The environment information data is obtained from the corrected image. On this basis, the dynamic degree of single and compound land use types is calculated. Two dynamic values are used to get the spatial characteristic values of agricultural land use. According to the eigenvalue, the evaluation index of land use vulnerability is calculated. Through principal component analysis, the comprehensive index of agricultural land vulnerability was obtained. Compare the index with the evaluation index to judge the level of land use vulnerability. The experimental results show that the method has high accuracy, low energy consumption, and the highest sensitivity coefficient of 0.99.

Unmanned aerial vehicle swarm mission reliability modeling and evaluation method oriented to systematic and networked mission

With the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system autonomy, network communication technology and group intelligence theory, mission execution in the form of a UAV swarm will be an important realization of future applications. Traditional single-UAV mission reliability modeling methods have been unable to meet the requirements of UAV swarm mission reliability modeling. Therefore, the UAV swarm mission reliability modeling and evaluation method is proposed. First, aimed at the interdependence among the multiple layers, a multi-layer network model of a UAV swarm is established. At the same time, based on the system having the following characteristics—using a mission chain to complete the mission and applying the connectivity of the mission network—the mission network model of a UAV swarm is established. Second, vulnerability and connectivity are selected as two indicators to reflect the reliability of the mission, and aimed at random attack and deliberate attack, vulnerability and connectivity evaluation methods are proposed. Finally, the validity and accuracy of the constructed model are verified through simulations, and the model and selected indicators can meet the reliability requirements of the UAV swarm mission. In this way, this study provides quantitative reference for UAV-swarm-related decision-making work and supports the development of UAV-swarm-related work.

Assessing water footprint for the oil palm supply chain- a cradle to gate study

Water footprint (WFP) has gained importance due to the increase of water scarcity in the world. This paper analyses the WFP the oil palm supply chain (cradle to gate) which produces oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB), crude palm oil, palm kernel and crude palm kernel oil. The water accounting and vulnerability evaluation (WAVE) method was used. This method analyses the water depletion index (WDI) based on the local blue water scarcity. The main contribution towards the WFP at the plantation was the production of FFB from the crop. At the mill the burden shifts to the water added during the process which consists of the boiler and process water. There was a 33 % reduction in the WFP when there was no dilution or water addition after the screw press at the mill. When weight allocation was performed the WFP reduced by 42 % as the burden was shared with the palm kernel and palm kernel shell. At the kernel crushing plant (KCP), the main contributor towards the WFP came from the palm kernel which carried the burden from upstream followed by electricity used for the process and transportation of the palm kernel. Two sensitivity analysis was carried out, first for mills with biogas capture versus no biogas capture and the WFP had no difference for both scenarios. Second was comparison between weight, economic and energy allocation Weight and economic allocation gave a 42% and 38% reduction respectively while energy allocation gave a 60% reduction to crude palm oil. The comparison when the KCPs operate in the proximity of mills as compared to those operating in the proximity of ports only gave a reduction of 6 % for the WFP. The milling stage had the most significant impact on the WFP. Mills should avoid dilution to reduce this impact.

Vulnerability Evaluation of High-rise Earthquake-proof Buildings in High-pressure Area

In order to solve this problem, the vulnerability evaluation method of high-rise seismic buildings in high-pressure area based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed. According to the knowledge of earthquake engineering, the relationship between magnitude and intensity and the law of intensity attenuation are analysed. Based on the seismic risk and the vulnerability of the isolation layer of the building structure, the failure evaluation criteria are established. The evaluation indexes of structural vulnerability are selected, and the weight coefficients of each index are determined by using tomographic method, and the corresponding matrix is obtained. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate each index. According to the fuzzy relation matrix and index weight coefficient matrix of evaluation index and vulnerability level, the vulnerability of building structure is calculated and evaluated. Experimental results show that the evaluation performance of this method is better than that of the experimental comparison method.

Vulnerability Evaluation Method through Correlation Analysis of Android Applications

Due to people in companies use mobile devices to access corporate data, attackers targeting corporate data use vulnerabilities in mobile devices. Most vulnerabilities in applications are caused by the carelessness of developers, and confused deputy attacks and data leak attacks using inter-application vulnerabilities are possible. These vulnerabilities are difficult to find through the single-application diagnostic tool that is currently being studied. This paper proposes a process to automate the decompilation of all the applications on a user’s mobile device and a mechanism to find inter-application vulnerabilities. The mechanism generates a list and matrix, detailing the vulnerabilities in the mobile device. The proposed mechanism is validated through an experiment on an actual mobile device with four installed applications, and the results show that the mechanism can accurately capture all application risks as well as inter-application risks. Through this mechanism, users can expect to find the risks in their mobile devices in advance and prevent damage.

Research on Analysis and Evaluation Method of Vulnerability of Water Resources System

The water resources system is composed of water resource utilization system, water environmental quality system and water disaster system. This paper analyzes the process of vulnerability formation of water resources utilization system from the aspects of natural endowment of water resources, development and utilization of water resources and water use efficiency. The vulnerability model of water resources utilization system was constructed, and the research on vulnerability level was carried out. Based on the trapezoidal fuzzy number of the difference coefficient, an evaluation method based on the number of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is proposed. The application results show that the principle of the method is clear and the calculation process is simple. It avoids the error that may exist when the value of the component coefficient has a wide peak distribution, and can more accurately reflect the objective actual situation.

Strict intuitionistic fuzzy entropy and application in network vulnerability evaluation

By analyzing existing construction methods of intuitionistic fuzzy entropy (IFE), the entropies of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers cannot be distinguished when membership function equals non-membership function. The generalization performance of traditional IFE is insufficient. To overcome the limitation of IFE definition, referencing classical mathematic strict comparison operation, an axiomatic definition of strict intuitionistic fuzzy entropy (SIFE) and four constraint requirements are proposed in this paper. Firstly, two SIFE construction methods are proposed and their constraint requirements are certified. Secondly, a general formula is extracted from the novel construction methods. Thirdly, combining vulnerability evaluation model and SIFE theory, IFE is applied in the network information security field. The proposed evaluation model is deployed in the common vulnerability scoring system to evaluate Apache Web Server chunked encoding remote overflow vulnerability. The experiment result shows that the proposed vulnerability evaluation method is a feasible multi-expert evaluation fusing model.