Vowel Signs Research Articles

Husainnasir

Abstract In the science of Qiraat, the problem of vowel reading on letters and words in the Qur'an is still much that has not been revealed, both from the aspect of classical and modern scholarly opinions. This study aims to describe and introduce several rules about the process of occurrence of vowel a/i/u in certain words and verses, which are caused by the presence of letters, hamzah, sukun, and ishmam, including exploring new ways of analyzing the phonology of modern Arabic vowels based on standard generative theory. This research is literature research. Primary data sources were obtained by al-Našr fi al-Qirā'at al-Islāmiyyah, and several verses of the Qur'an for comparison. Secondary data sources are literature, both in the form of books, journals, and research results related to phonology. Data collection is carried out by documentation techniques, listening, and recording. Data analysis techniques use open coding, then analyzed descriptively using grounded theory. This study informs about the rule that the variety of vowel punctuation on some verbs in the Qur'an will change according to the readings attributed to the ten Qira'at. The Vowel sign emphasizes the reading of dammah/kasrah). The emphasis mark on nouns requires the insertion of dammah while on verbs and insertion of kasrah. The round distinguishing mark (sifr) is important in turning kasrah into dammah. Both Kasrah and dammah have the property of 'Al, but some of them are distinguished by round marks on dammah and square marks on kasrah. The Vowel sign for classical scholars indicates that the kasrah from the letter "waw" in the verb "qul" moved to the letter "qaf" after hadzf dammah, then "waw" changed to "ya" to correspond to the kasrah in front of it. Modern linguists believe that the dammah of the letter "qaf" can be changed to Kasrah and then "waw" removed, so that the existence of the two kasrahs is merged and becomes a long shaddah The differences and changes in vowels in phonetics cannot be separated from the debate that exists between classical and modern scholars. This indicates that the problem of qira'at is closely related to diacritical marks that are icons of producing sounds with various characters. This research has implications that having to study Qur'anic verses from a Vowel aspect will require us to see how scholars used to read so that the sounds produced are not only one variant but have a variety of very detailed and interesting reasons to be studied based on modern linguistic theory. Vowel; linguistic interpretation; recitation, Qira’at Ten

The impact of explicitly teaching word segmentation using a visual vowel hand sign system to help at-risk children learn to read and spell English: A proof-of-concept study

ABSTRACT English vowels are phonologically and orthographically more difficult than consonants when learning to map speech to print. We sought to determine if teaching young at-risk readers and spellers to use a visual vowel hand sign system to segment spoken words into their component phonemes contributed to improved grapheme-phoneme correspondence knowledge, word reading and spelling. Twenty-three at-risk Year 1 participants were assessed prior to receiving Crack the Code – an intervention that incorporates a visual vowel hand sign system for phoneme segmentation – and immediately after its completion on measures of segmentation, grapheme-phoneme correspondence knowledge, word reading accuracy, word reading efficiency and spelling. Analysis of group data showed statistically significant improvement across all measures with effect sizes ranging from 0.73 to 1.83. Explicitly teaching phonemic segmentation with a visual vowel sign system may be an effective way of improving vowel knowledge, word reading and spelling skills of at-risk children.

Allomorphy in the Hittite common gender accusative plural

Abstract It has recently become generally accepted that Hittite possessed two non-low back vowel phonemes denoted by means of plene spelling with ⟨u⟩ and ⟨ú⟩, representing /o/ and /u/, respectively. Upon reviewing all available evidence of plene spelling in the Hittite common gender accusative plural ending it is observed that the choice of vowel sign alternates. This forces us to reckon with at least two allomorphs of the ACC.PL.C. ending, -/us/ and -/os/, which in turn demand explanations. The choice of ending appears to be largely contingent on the stem type of the nominal to which it is attached, forming a complementary distribution. For example, ablauting u-stems take -/os/ and i-stems take -/us/. Building on this observation, a diachronic scenario is formulated to account for all observable ending allomorphy. It is argued that the endings of the non-ablauting i-stems and the barytone a-stems were analogically introduced. In the i-stems, the inherited ending -/us/ of the ablauting i-stems was generalised to all i-stems, whereas the source of the ending in the a-stems remains unknown. The sound laws resulting from this analysis indicate that the vocalic outcomes of final *-(V)m# are symmetrical to those of *-(V)ms#, leading to an improved economy in Hittite historical phonology.

The effect of abstraction of the script in the emergence of Quranic recitations according to Orientalists

أهداف البحث: يهدف البحث إلى مناقشة ما ذهب إليه عدد من المستشرقين من أن أصل القراءات القرآنية يرجع إلى تجرد الخط الذي كُتِبَتْ به المصاحف الأولى من نِقَاط الإعجام وعلامات الحركات. منهج الدراسة: اتبع هذا البحث المنهج الاستقرائي بالاطلاع على كلام المستشرقين في موضوع كتابة المصاحف ونشأة القراءات، واتبع المنهج التحليلي في دراسة الروايات والنقول العديدة التي تبحث في كتابة المصاحف القديمة، والمنهج النقدي المقارن في مناقشة ومحاورة أقوال المستشرقين في موضوع البحث. النتائج: من أبرز النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث أن تَنَوُّعَ القراءات لا يرجع إلى تجرد المصاحف القديمة من النِّقَاط والحركات، بل هو نتيجة لنزول القرآن على سبعة أحرف، وأن التلقي والمشافهة هي الوسيلة التي نَقَلَ بها المسلمون القرآن جيلاً عن جيل، فلا اجتهاد ولا اختراع في القراءة. أصالة البحث: تظهر القيمة العلمية للبحث في تقرير مبدأ الثقة التامة بالنص القرآني وسلامته من أي تغيير، وتوقف دور الحفظة على نقله كما هو دون أي تدخل في عباراته وحروفه.

A Judaeo-Arabic Biblical Glossary as a Source for Arabic Historical Dialectology

MS T-S Ar.5.58 is a translation glossary from the Cairo Geniza that contains a list of Judaeo-Arabic glosses for Hebrew words from the biblical book of Samuel. These Arabic words are fully vocalised with the Tiberian Hebrew pointing system, providing more precise phonetic information about the scribe’s native Arabic dialect than could be expressed with standard Arabic vowel signs. This pointing reveals linguistic features known from modern varieties of vernacular Arabic, including a conditional tendency to raise /a/ to /e/ and a reflex of ǧīm as /g/. The manuscript can be dated between the tenth and twelfth centuries, making it an important source for the history of spoken medieval Arabic and Middle Arabic writing.

Transliterasi Melayu ke Jawi Menggunakan Teknik Pemetaan Karakter

Malay to jawi transliteration generally used to writing translated books from arabic and islamic book who developed by moeslem scholar in southeast asia. Malay to jawi transliteration currently using arabic word approach. That the result close to real arabic word. But in the development of Malay language many changes in the spelling and new terms. So have not yet solve homograph problems, less vowel, and spelling not consistency. Transliteration in this study using the Malay spelling approach using the character mapping method based on the sound of letters in general in Malay words. This research transliterates all characters / letters of each word from one or more sentences. so that no letters are lost and the option of adding a sign in vowels. From the tests conducted on the new jawi using the version of the Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM), the level of jawi is reduced and by using the vowel sign option so while using that option the homograph has not been found.Malay to jawi transliteration generally used to writing translated books from arabic and islamic book who developed by moeslem scholar in southeast asia. Malay to jawi transliteration currently using arabic word approach. That the result close to real arabic word. But in the development of Malay language many changes in the spelling and new terms. So have not yet solve homograph problems, less vowel, and spelling not consistency. Transliteration in this study using the Malay spelling approach using the character mapping method based on the sound of letters in general in Malay words. This research transliterates all characters / letters of each word from one or more sentences. so that no letters are lost and the option of adding a sign in vowels. From the tests conducted on the new jawi using the version of the Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM), the level of jawi is reduced and by using the vowel sign option so while using that option the homograph has not been found.

Devising an Orthography for the Cak Language by Using the Cak Script

Cak (ISO 639-3 ckh) represents a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. The language is known as Sak in Rakhaing State, Burma. The total number of native speakers of the language is estimated at approximately 3,000 in Bangladesh and 1,000 in Burma (Simons and Fennig eds. 2017). Although Cak and Sak are mutually understandable where native words are concerned, comprehensibility becomes arduous with Bangla loan words in Cak, and with Arakanese/Burmese loan words in Sak. Until recently, Cak/Sak did not have a script of its own. However, by the beginning of the 21st century, the Cak script was developed and finally published as Ong Khyaing Cak (2013), in which its fundamental system is described. Although well designed overall, the current Cak writing system found in Ong Khyaing Cak (2013) has several shortcomings. Huziwara (2015) discusses the following five instances: (a) No independent letter for /v/, (b) unnecessary letters for the non-phonemic elements such as the voiced aspirated stops and the retroflexes, (c) the arbitrary use of short and long vowel signs, (d) a frequent omission of high tone marks in checked syllables, and (e) multiple ways to denote coda consonants. In this paper, Huziwara (2015) will first be reviewed. Then, the basic phonetic correspondences between Cak in Bangladesh and Sak in Burma will be examined. Finally, based on these two discussions, an orthography to be employed in the forthcoming Cak-English-Bangla-Burmese dictionary, a revised version of Huziwara (2016), will be demonstrated.

Handwritten Manipuri Meetei-Mayek Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network

A new technique for classifying all 56 different characters of the Manipuri Meetei-Mayek (MMM) is proposed herein. The characters are grouped under five categories, which are Eeyek Eepee (original alphabets), Lom Eeyek (additional letters), Cheising Eeyek (digits), Lonsum Eeyek (letters with short endings), and Cheitap Eeyek (vowel signs. Two related works proposed by previous researchers are studied for understanding the benefits claimed by the proposed deep learning approach in handwritten Manipuri Meetei-Mayek. (1) Histogram of Oriented (HOG) with SVM classifier is implemented for thoroughly understanding how HOG features can influence accuracy. (2) The handwritten samples are trained using simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and compared with the proposed CNN-based architecture. Significant progress has been made in the field of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for well-known Indian languages as well as globally popular languages. Our work is novel in the sense that there is no record of work available to date that is able to classify all 56 classes of the MMM. It will also serve as a pre-cursor for developing end-to-end OCR software for translating old manuscripts, newspaper archives, books, and so on.

A Study on Qurʾān Manuscripts in the Vatican Library in terms of Physical and Content Features

A Study on Qurʾān Manuscripts in the Vatican Library in terms of Physical and Content Features

The Vocalic Phonemes of Tiberian Hebrew

Much has been written on the synchronic phonological analysis of Tiberian Hebrew. Most of the literature dealing with this problem, however, is based on outdated ideas about Tiberian Hebrew phonetics. This paper provides a new phonological analysis of the Tiberian Hebrew vowels based on the pronunciation of Tiberian Hebrew as reconstructed by Geoffrey Khan. This results in the identification of three phonemically short vowels, /ɛ̆ . ɔ̆/; five vowels that are underspecified for length, /i ɛ a ɔ u/; and five that are phonemically long, /ī ē ɔ ̄ ō ū/. I conclude that the Tiberian vocalization is largely phonemic, since every vocalic phoneme is always spelled with one and the same vowel sign. Moreover, the occurrence of five underspecified and five phonemically long vowels matches the description of the Hebrew vowels given by Joseph and David Qimhi, suggesting that they, too, aimed to capture the phonemic level of Hebrew phonology.

Filling in the Facts

AbstractThis article explores the use of <CV-V> sign sequences (

Learning to Read a Semitic Abjad: The Triplex Model of Hebrew Reading Development

We introduce a model of Hebrew reading development that emphasizes both the universal and script-specific aspects of learning to read a Semitic abjad. At the universal level, the study of Hebrew reading acquisition offers valuable insights into the fundamental dilemmas of all writing systems—balancing the competing needs of the novice versus the expert reader (Share, 2008). At the script-specific level, pointed Hebrew initially employs supplementary vowel signs, providing the beginning reader a consistent, phonologically well-specified script while helping the expert-to-be unitize words and morphemes via (consonantal) spelling constancy. A major challenge for the developing Hebrew reader is negotiating the transition from pointed to unpointed Hebrew, with its abundance of homographs. Our triplex model emphasizes three phases of early Hebrew reading development: a progression from lower-order, phonological (sublexical) sequential spelling-to-sound translation (Phase 1, Grade 1) to higher-order, string-level (lexical) lexico-morpho-orthographic processing (Phase 2, Grade 2) followed, in the upper elementary grades, by a supralexical contextual level (Phase 3) essential for dealing with the pervasive homography of unpointed Hebrew.

Emergence of a New Written Culture: The use of Hebrew script among the Krimchaks and the Karaim

Conversion to a religion usually has a positive impact on the written culture of a given community. The conversion may or may not result in the adoption of a new writing system. In the Turkic world, we find examples for both cases. The Karaims, by their conversion into Karaitism, adopted the Hebrew script. They used the Hebrew alphabet up till the beginning of the 20th century in their everyday life for writing; for example, private letters and secular and religious texts in Karaim.Another Turkic speaking group, the heterogeneous Rabbanite community of Krimchaks (whose majority is of Sephardic origin) also used the Hebrew script to write their vernacular.Some characteristics of the writing systems of the Karaim and of the Krimchaks have been described, but no comparative research has thus far been carried out. In this study, the peculiarities of the Hebrew alphabet used by both Turkic speaking peoples will be discussed and illustrated. For instance, the new characters, which were introduced in order to indicate specific Turkic phonetic values, and the ways the same Hebrew vowel sign or letter is used in the different Krimchak and Karaim manuscripts.

O FUNKCIJAMA ’ALIFA U ARAPSKOM JEZIKU (AL-’ALIF AL-LAYYINA – FLEKSIBILNI ’ALIF) ON

Classical Arabic philologists analyzed alif more than any other letter. In their works alif was analyzed in the context of its original function, as a sign for consonant hamza, but also as a long vowel sign, which lead to numerous studies and discussions. Given the fact that most of them focused on the analysis of alif as a sign for consonant hamza and that in the Orientalist literature we cannot find the works interpreting alif exclusively from the standpoint of its contemporary understanding (as a sign for a long vowel), the present paper aims at investigating the historical perspective of the dual function of alif, its contemporary terminological varieties in Arabic orthographies, its orthographic features and functions, as well as the modes of functioning on morpho-syntactic level.

The Arabic Papyrology Database

There exist about 150,000 premodern Arabic documents on papyrus and paper, of which about 2,500 have been edited. Another 10,000 unpublished documents are described or mentioned in papyrological publications. It is the aim of the Arabic Papyrology Database (APD) to give access to published texts and descriptions. For the APD, an entirely new approach of organizing Arabic text was developed. The APD presents texts in five levels that account for the peculiarities of the Arabic script system and the scribal practices. The first level provides a faithful diplomatic edition of the text as found in the document. The following levels document four steps of editorial interventions. On the second level, lines of characters are broken into single words. On the third level, lacking diacritical dots are supplied. On the fourth level, Arabic vowel signs are added, providing a full phonological representation. On the fifth level, a scientific Latin transliteration is given. Each element of the fifth level is connected to a lexicon and a list of grammatical forms. All levels contain variant readings and editorial remarks. At present, the APD contains 1,806 full-text documents and is freely accessible ( ).

Boosting the Capacity of Diacritics-Based Methods for Information Hiding in Arabic Text

New promising techniques for information hiding in vocalized Arabic text are proposed in this paper. These techniques make use of diacritics (vowel signs), which are optional to put, by showing or omitting them to hide bits. The techniques are found to be very useful due to the considerable provided capacity, and because every possible diacritic in the cover text is used to hide a bit. In these methods, even excluded or omitted diacritics will be hiding bits. Tests and comparisons show that the capacities of the proposed techniques are superior than any other related published work.

Reading in Arabic: New Evidence for the Role of Vowel Signs

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vowelization on reading Arabic orthography. Native children speakers of Arabic were asked to read aloud words (vowelized and unvowelized) and pseudowords. The results showed that unvowelized words were read aloud more quickly and more accurately than the shallow fully vowelized Arabic words. The disadvantage of vowelized words in both speed and accuracy was therefore unexpected, and, furthermore, inconsistent with findings from several other relevant studies. The results suggested that Arab children used a different perceptual and coding strategy when the stimuli differ in their lexical feature (word vs pseudoword) and visual/orthographic feature (vowelized vs unvowelized).

Vowel classification based approach for Telugu Text-to-Speech System using symbol concatenation

Telugu is one of the oldest languages in India. This paper describes the development of Telugu Text-to-Speech System (TTS) using vowel classification. Vowels are most important class of sound in most Indian languages. The duration of vowel is longer than consonants and is most significant. Here vowels are categorized as starting middle and end according to the position of occurrence in a word. The algorithm developed by us involves analysis of a sentence in terms of words and then symbols involving combination of pure consonants and vowels. Wave files are being merged as per the requirement to generate the modified consonants influenced by deergalu (vowel sign) and yuktaksharas generate the speech from a text. Speech unit database consisting of vowels (starting, middle and end) and consonants is developed. We evaluated our TTS using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for intelligibility and voice quality with and without using vowel classification from sixty five listeners, and got better results with vowel classification.

La transmission ecrite du Coran dans les debuts de l'islam. Le codex Parisino-petropolitanus * By FRANCOIS DEROCHE

This monumental work of scholarship by Professor François Déroche is the culmination of a long study of old Qurʿānic manuscripts, particularly of manuscript Arabe 328 of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, which he began examining in 1979, and manuscript Marcel 18 of the National Library of Russia, which he studied in 2001. Déroche had previously been entrusted by the BNF with the compilation of its catalogue of Arabic manuscripts—a task he completed in 1983. The two above-named manuscripts are collections of fragments and are referred to in the subtitle which is simply the Latinized form of Paris and St Petersburg. Together with those of the Vatican library and the D. N. Khalili collection of Islamic art, London, they represent about 45% of the Qurʿānic text. The rest of the Qurʿān in manuscript form is to be found in other collections, the most important being one of the oldest located at the British Library as Or. 2165. Déroche reproduces here in facsimile 28 plates showing fragments of Qurʿānic texts mostly from BNF, BNR, British Library, Dār al-Makhtuṭāṭ, Sanaa, together with verses from Suras 2 to 71 in the handwriting of five copyists collaborating on the Parisino-petropolitanus. Like the `Uthmānic text of the Qurʿān with which they have strong affinities, these fragments have no diacritics and vowel signs which became established only during the rule of ʾAbd al-Malik (685–705). Déroche, basing himself on the characteristics of the writings, also studies another small group of ancient manuscripts and fragments containing part of the Qurʿānic text as these warrant comparison with Parisino-petropolitanus (ch. 5).

A Novel Segmentation Technique for Printed Malayalam Characters

Segmentation of whole characters in Indian scripts is a rather tricky problem. This is because in Indian scripts the characters have modifiers which could be subscripts, superscripts, attached or nonattached vowel signs to the front or following the character forming a complex composite character. Often a character is composed of several sub-characters. Unlike other South Indian scripts like Kannada, Telugu and Tamil, in the Malayalam script the space between the sub-characters of the character is same as the space between the characters within a word rendering the character segmentation process quite complex as conventional profiling methods fail. This paper presents a novel segmentation algorithm for segmentation of character in such complex cases taking Malayalam as a typical example. The success of the algorithm is demonstrated by application of feature extraction on segmented characters and subjected to classification. Segmentation efficiency of 98.8 % is achieved which is very encouraging.