Voluntary Submission Research Articles

Impact of repeated sportive chokes on carotid intima media thickness and brain injury biomarkers in grappling athletes

ABSTRACT Purpose Vascular neck compression techniques, referred to as ‘chokes’ in combat sports, reduce cerebral perfusion, causing loss of consciousness or voluntary submission by the choked athlete. Despite these chokes happening millions of times yearly around the world, there is scant research on their long-term effects. This pilot study evaluated whether repeated choking in submission grappling impacts the carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and brain injury biomarkers (NFL, hGFAP, t-Tau, and UCH-L1). Methods Participants (n = 39, 29 male; ages 27–60 years) were assigned to one of two study arms: Grapplers (n = 20, 15 male) and 19 age/sex/body size matched controls. Grapplers had been exposed to >500 choke events while training for >5 years in a choke-inclusive sport. Exclusion criteria were recent TBI or deficits from a past TBI or stroke. Bilateral ultrasound measurement of the CIMT was performed, and blood was collected for quantitative analysis of four brain injury markers. Subgroup analyses were performed within the Grappler group to account for blunt head trauma as a possible confounder. Results There was no overall difference in CIMT measurements between Grapplers (mean 0.55 mm, SD 0.07) and Controls (mean 0.57 mm, SD 0.10) p = 0.498 [95% CI −0.04–0.08], nor were there CIMT differences between Grappler subgroups of blunt Trauma and No-Trauma. There were no significant differences in any biomarkers comparing Grapplers and Controls or comparing Grappler subgroups of Trauma and No-Trauma. Conclusion This study found no significant difference in CIMT and serum brain injury biomarkers between controls and grapplers with extensive transient choke experience, nor between grapplers with extensive past blunt head trauma and those without.

Foreclosed Collateral as an Alternative for Bad Credit Settlement in Indonesia

Credit loans have the risk of not fulfilling payment obligations. Therefore it is necessary to bind collateral to get a repayment with collateral. if it cannot be anticipated anymore, then lousy credit will occur and must be resolved immediately, credit settlement usually uses the execution of mortgage rights. However, there are alternative settlements regulated in article 12 an of the law of the Republic of Indonesia number 10 of 1998 concerning banking law, namely foreclosed collateral in practice, there are problems regarding the implementation of foreclosed collateral by verdict number 183/pdt/2020/PT SMG and verdict number 24/pdt.g/2019/PN Pti. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of foreclosed collateral as a way to resolve the problem of bad loans. The research method used is normative, using secondary data obtained from library research, including primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. Therefore, the implementation of the foreclosed collateral taken over by verdict Number 183/PDT/2020/PT Smg is valid because it is through a voluntary submission mechanism, and verdict Number 24/Pdt.G/2019/PN Pti is invalid because there is no agreement and has an impact on debtors and creditors feel harmed.

INTEGRITY AS A COMPONENT OF WORLDVIEW CULTURE AND A FACTOR OF CREATIVITY

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Philosophical reflections on the cultural-creative process are widely represented in both domestic and Western philosophical thought, particularly in the works of Y. Bystritskyi, M. Boichenko, S. Krymskyi, M. Kultaieva, N. Radionova, P. Sloterdijk, V. Sukhomlynskyi, and E. Fromm. Productive ideas regarding the formation of integrity and worldview culture in educational and upbringing practices are traced in the works of V. Bekh, M. Boichenko, N. Boichenko, Yu. Boychuk, N. Dyichyk, I. Dorozhko, M. Drobotenko, H. Korzh, S. Kremen, M. Kultaieva, N. Radionova, S. Pylypenko, S. Pustovit, and M. Tryniak. Despite the considerable attention from scholars, educators, and the public to the issue of integrity, the complexity of contemporary sociocultural development requires a comprehensive approach that considers both classical and modern scientific works, as well as encyclopedic publications on this subject. The research objective. This article attempts to demonstrate the humanistic potential of philosophy and education in constructing contemporary strategies of integrity as productive life-creation in various spheres of human existence. In the changing contexts of the present, it aims to justify the role of culture as a resource in shaping integrity at both social and individual levels. The article seeks to unfold the cultural-creative resource of integrity and its influence on modern educational and upbringing practices. The statement of basic materials. Despite diverse interpretations of the concept of integrity, it can be identified as a state of coherence and consistency between beliefs, decisions, and actions based on ethical values. In the philosophy of José Ortega y Gasset, a conception of noble life has emerged, characterized by active creativity, self-development, and the internal need for voluntary submission to a higher norm. Emphasizing duties over rights, Ortega y Gasset argues that “nobility obliges”. In contrast to virtuous noble life, he describes an inert state of relaxation, undisciplined behavior, irresponsibility, and an inability to adhere to any norms, even those considered ethical. This state is purposefully contrasted with integrity. Indicating that dishonesty is perilous for both individuals and society, it renders individuals defenseless against the influence of propaganda and manipulation. Society is also at risk of establishing authoritarian or totalitarian regimes. The organic connection between democracy and ethical principles is crucial, and courage is required to defend them despite associated risks. Education and art play significant roles in the pursuit of virtuous life. Theodor Adorno argues that they provide spaces where individuals can experience freedom. However, mass culture and semi-education may hinder individuals by culturally masking the antitheses of integrity.

Navigating Legal Boundaries: A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison of Qanun Jinayat on Non-Muslims in Aceh and Brunei Darussalam

Qanun Jinayah, being a legal framework based on Islamic principles, must prioritize justice and be focused on safeguarding the rights of all citizens, especially the minority non-Muslims in Aceh. According to the 2021 data from the Banda Aceh Government, the religious composition of the population of Aceh is as follows: 98.91% are Muslims, 0.79% are Protestants, 0.19% are Catholics, and 0.11% are Buddhists. The objective of the essay was to conduct a comparative analysis of the criminal laws applicable to non-Muslims in Aceh Province and Brunei Darussalam. The focus was on examining whether non-Muslim people in Aceh and Brunei, where Islamic criminal law is enforced, engage in illegal activities. The research indicates that in Brunei, besides flogging, there are other forms of punishment as well, such as amputation of hands and feet, incarceration, and stoning. The application of criminal law is more extensive for non-Muslims in Aceh compared to Brunei. Non-Muslims in Brunei are subject to only two criminal statutes, namely adultery and khalwat. Meanwhile, in Aceh, crimes committed by non-Muslims encompass seven specific offenses, namely khamar (consumption of alcohol), maisir (gambling), khalwat (close proximity between unmarried individuals of opposite genders), ikhtilat (mixing of genders in public spaces), liwath (homosexual acts), musahaqoh (lesbian acts), and qadzaf (false accusation of illicit sexual relations). It is important to note that these seven offenses are not governed by the Criminal Code. However, the procedural legislation of Aceh Qonun Jinayat still requires more regulation to establish a process. The procedural law of Qanun Jinayat does not impose any limitations on the means by which non-Muslims might express their voluntary submission, nor does it specify the stage at which such a statement must be made. For non-Muslims, this criterion becomes a question of legal certainty.

Similarities and differences in filing for Drug Master File in US, Canada and Europe

Drug Master File or DMF is a document prepared by a pharmaceutical manufacturer and submitted solely at its discretion to the applicable authority in the intended drug market. The document provides the non-supervisory authority with confidential, detailed information about installations, processes, or papers used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, and storing of one or further mortal drugs. The DMF form allows an establishment to cover its intellectual property from its mate while complying with non-supervisory conditions for exposure of processing details. There is no non-supervisory demand to file a DMF. Drug Master Files (DMF) is a document containing complete information on an Active Pharmaceutical element (API) or finished drug capsule form. Though there are no non-supervisory conditions to file a DMF, the benefit of its use is inviting. A drug Master Files (DMF) is an voluntary non-supervisory submission and is submitted at the discretion of the DMF holder to help their guests. A DMF is NOT a cover for an IND, NDA, ANDA, or Export Application. It is not approved or disapproved. An Active Substance Master File (ASMF) is the presently honored term in Europe, formerly known as European drug Master file (eDMF) or a US- Drug Master File( US- DMF) in the United States.

It hurts to get forced: Children's narratives about restraint during medical procedures.

According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children have the right to be involved in decisions about medical procedures affecting them. However, research has shown that healthcare professionals sometimes find this difficult to achieve and those procedures then are performed against the will of the child. The aim was to illuminate restraint from the perspective of children's and young people's experiences of feeling forced during medical procedures. Following the phenomenological hermeneutic method, a secondary qualitative analysis of narrative data from four datasets collected between 2001 and 2020 was performed. Twelve children and young people aged 6-19 years (three male, nine female) from central and northern Sweden narrated their experiences of restraint related to medical procedures in nine narrative interviews and three short written narratives. The analysis revealed that it hurts to get forced, this being illustrated in six themes: bodily misery, emotional rebellion, feeling disregarded, physically limited, desiring escape, and leaving deep traces. From the perspective of children and young people, restraint was interpreted with inspiration from the philosopher Michel Foucault, as being overpowered - not voluntary submission but offering resistance - and according to the theory of caring and uncaring, a relationship in which the healthcare professional is perceived as indifferent to the patient as a person. In conclusion restraint hurts and means powerlessness to the child, leaving deep traces that remain for a long time. The findings call the healthcare profession to take action to support children's self-determination, participation, and integrity in healthcare. How children experience restraint in healthcare merits further investigation from the children's own perspective.

Communicative Power(lessness)

This article aims to combine the strengths of Erich Fromm’s and John Dewey’s social philosophies. I argue that the merits of this comparison become particularly clear when the theories are outlined and compared in the following three steps. First, a social theoretical common ground of Dewey and Fromm will be illustrated. Their “World War genealogies” share the same defense mechanism as the major explanation of the Germans’ tendency to voluntary submission, which involves a strong feeling of powerlessness. Against this background, the next step elaborates the ethical side of their argument. Already the World War genealogies are written with melioristic intent, and especially later works (in case of both authors) elaborate the respective ethical theory as well as the ideas concerning melioristic social science and social psychology. These ethics aim at good communication (in a broad sense), while the melioristic social research focuses on the concrete manifestations of social character, allowing to empirically identify hindering and facilitating factors of social amelioration. Both can be linked using the concept of communicative power(lessness). By way of outlook, I will finally consider the combination of a democratic, communication-oriented ethics with qualitative sociopsychoanalytic research in Fromm’s sense as a straightforward and promising approach for an interdisciplinary social philosophy.

Influence of the European Commission on Innovation Development During the Execution of Merger Control

Problem setting. The research focuses on examining the nature of European Commission’s evaluation practices, concerning the merger agreements, that are conducted by this body on the basis of the EU Merger Regulation. The modern dimension of informational society has led to revolutionary changes in Commission’s policy regarding mergers. The European dimension criteria and quantitative evaluations of an undertaking are the main but not the only tools, provided by the Regulation 139/2004, that define the scope of measures, available to the Commission during the investigation. The problem is, that the modern startups progression pattern leads to the alteration of the nature of the market, where the nonessential undertakings can become extremely essential in a dramatically short period of time. This factors have become an incentive to the European Commission to conduct research not only by taking the past and the present factors into consideration, but also using various methods to evaluate the future outcome of the merger with a company, that falls under the Commission’s jurisdiction, which leads to appearance of serious concerns about the integrity of the subsidiarity principle. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The role of the Commission’s evaluation procedure in the merger agreements between the innovative subjects has been researched by the following scientists: Oskar Törngren, Joseph Bromfield, Matthew Olczak, Thomas Buettner, Giulio Federico, Szabolcs Lorincz, Kyriakos Fountoukakos, Dafni Katrana, Agathe Célarié, Massimo Motta, Martin Peitz. The issue in question has also been duly revised and studied by the lawyers and responsible staff of the European Commission. Target of the research is to study a multidimensional nature of merger evaluation, conducted by the EU Commission towards the deals between the undertakings, that contain innovation. Article’s main body. The main instrument, possessed by the Commission and designed to evaluate a substantial threat of a merger to trade via the EU remains the significant impediment of effective competition (SIEC) test, which outlines, that the merger agreement must maintain the balance between competition hindrance and possible benefits and positive commercial outcomes of the deal. In order to make a distinction between lawful and unlawful agreements, the Commission uses a set of criterions and techniques to make sure that the current and the future position of the parties on a relative market will not become object to abuse of the parties. The criterions are not excessive and may encompass both legal and non-legal approaches. The Commission investigates how the position of the parties, their market share, the innovative nature of their product or the difficulty of access to the relevant market can affect the trade within the Internal Market. One of the most recent techniques, which is being used by the Commission as a response to the emerging power of innovative international corporate structures is the loss of innovation criteria. The European Commission insists on the position, that so-called «acquisition killing» is illegal within the EU competition law framework and has conducted a number of landmark investigations, where the conclusion has been made, that the innovative nature of some companies does not allow them to be a subject of merger because of the objective misgiving about the loss of the innovative product as a result of the merger, which may lead to the stoppage of a valuable research. The fact that most of the «acquisition killings» do not fit neither into the national nor the supranational jurisdiction is continuing to be a huge challenge for the Commission to tackle. Nevertheless, the recent practice alterations, concerning the use of the referral procedure, set in art.22 of the EU Merger Regulation allows the Commission to create at least a temporary decision of the problem by giving the Member States an incentive of voluntary application submission in case when the national competition authorities can’t cope with the issue newly set. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It’s worth noting, that the referral procedure use is neither a complete, nor a permanent decision of the problem. However, these steps from the Commission allow us to think that the new wave of integration concerning competition is still awaiting the EU and its Members. The Commission’s practice is a step forward to entering the new era of information economics, where the cooperative activities and mutual strategies of the national governments and the EU institutions are crucial for maintaining the sustainable development principle without hindering subsidiarity.

Influence of the European Commission on Innovation Development During the Execution of Merger Control

Problem setting. The research focuses on examining the nature of European Commission’s evaluation practices, concerning the merger agreements, that are conducted by this body on the basis of the EU Merger Regulation. The modern dimension of informational society has led to revolutionary changes in Commission’s policy regarding mergers. The European dimension criteria and quantitative evaluations of an undertaking are the main but not the only tools, provided by the Regulation 139/2004, that define the scope of measures, available to the Commission during the investigation. The problem is, that the modern startups progression pattern leads to the alteration of the nature of the market, where the nonessential undertakings can become extremely essential in a dramatically short period of time. This factors have become an incentive to the European Commission to conduct research not only by taking the past and the present factors into consideration, but also using various methods to evaluate the future outcome of the merger with a company, that falls under the Commission’s jurisdiction, which leads to appearance of serious concerns about the integrity of the subsidiarity principle. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The role of the Commission’s evaluation procedure in the merger agreements between the innovative subjects has been researched by the following scientists: Oskar Törngren, Joseph Bromfield, Matthew Olczak, Thomas Buettner, Giulio Federico, Szabolcs Lorincz, Kyriakos Fountoukakos, Dafni Katrana, Agathe Célarié, Massimo Motta, Martin Peitz. The issue in question has also been duly revised and studied by the lawyers and responsible staff of the European Commission. Target of the research is to study a multidimensional nature of merger evaluation, conducted by the EU Commission towards the deals between the undertakings, that contain innovation. Article’s main body. The main instrument, possessed by the Commission and designed to evaluate a substantial threat of a merger to trade via the EU remains the significant impediment of effective competition (SIEC) test, which outlines, that the merger agreement must maintain the balance between competition hindrance and possible benefits and positive commercial outcomes of the deal. In order to make a distinction between lawful and unlawful agreements, the Commission uses a set of criterions and techniques to make sure that the current and the future position of the parties on a relative market will not become object to abuse of the parties. The criterions are not excessive and may encompass both legal and non-legal approaches. The Commission investigates how the position of the parties, their market share, the innovative nature of their product or the difficulty of access to the relevant market can affect the trade within the Internal Market. One of the most recent techniques, which is being used by the Commission as a response to the emerging power of innovative international corporate structures is the loss of innovation criteria. The European Commission insists on the position, that so-called «acquisition killing» is illegal within the EU competition law framework and has conducted a number of landmark investigations, where the conclusion has been made, that the innovative nature of some companies does not allow them to be a subject of merger because of the objective misgiving about the loss of the innovative product as a result of the merger, which may lead to the stoppage of a valuable research. The fact that most of the «acquisition killings» do not fit neither into the national nor the supranational jurisdiction is continuing to be a huge challenge for the Commission to tackle. Nevertheless, the recent practice alterations, concerning the use of the referral procedure, set in art.22 of the EU Merger Regulation allows the Commission to create at least a temporary decision of the problem by giving the Member States an incentive of voluntary application submission in case when the national competition authorities can’t cope with the issue newly set. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It’s worth noting, that the referral procedure use is neither a complete, nor a permanent decision of the problem. However, these steps from the Commission allow us to think that the new wave of integration concerning competition is still awaiting the EU and its Members. The Commission’s practice is a step forward to entering the new era of information economics, where the cooperative activities and mutual strategies of the national governments and the EU institutions are crucial for maintaining the sustainable development principle without hindering subsidiarity.

삼성 스마트폰의 음성 녹음 어플리케이션에 의해 녹음된 오디오 파일에 대한 위변조 여부 분석 방법

Audio recordings are used widely as crucial evidence due to the popularity of smartphones. However, the digital evidence submitted voluntarily may be questioned for its authentication. Since most smartphones provide the function of digital editing files, they could be exposed to crime as being edited maliciously. Primarily, it could be severe in the case of voluntary submission via information and communications networks. This paper proposed the forensic method for authentication of audio recordings generated by the Voice Recorder application from Samsung smartphones. First, we analyzed and compared the file structures and timestamps of audio recordings between the normal state without manipulation and the manipulated state. Then, we analyzed the spectrogram of audio recordings. Finally, by analyzing the timestamps of the media-log for audio recordings, we confirmed the authentication method for the audio recordings forensically.

La pasión esclava: alianzas masoquistas en La Regenta

La pasión esclava: alianzas masoquistas en La Regenta

Consensual Model of Procedure on Granting a Consent to Voluntary Submission to Liability in Cases of Fiscal Crimes and Infractions – an Outline of the Problem


 
 
 The paper addresses the issues of the model of proceeding for granting a consent to voluntary submission to liability. An attempt was made to show the features of the consensual model of proceedings and an analysis was made of the basic condition of “payment of a public-law receivable” starting the negotiation procedure on other conditions specified in Article 146(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The last part of the article contains some remarks relating to the judicial proceedings with emphasis on the “benefit” for the accused in the form of a judgment in which the court allows for voluntary submission to liability – it is not entered in the National Criminal Register and it does not constitute a condition for fiscal recidivism.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A Novel System to Improve Case Capture for Surgery Morbidity and Mortality Conference

IntroductionComplications are often under-reported at surgical morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences due to the sole reliance on voluntary case submission. While most institutions have databases used for targeted initiatives in quality improvement, these are not routinely used for M&M. We aimed to increase case capture for M&M conferences by developing a novel system that augments the existing case submission system with cases representing complications from quality improvement databases and the electronic health record (EHR). MethodsWe developed and implemented a novel system for increasing the capture rate of complications for M&M conferences by developing custom software that combines data from the following sources: an existing voluntary case submission system for M&M, local quality databases–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and Vizient, and an EHR-based case capture tool. We evaluated this system on a retrospective cohort of all postoperative complications at a single center in a 32-mo period and in a prospective cohort over a 4-mo period after system implementation. ResultsIn the retrospective cohort, we identified 433 complications among all data sources. Inclusion of the new system introduced 280 new potential cases for M&M review over the 32-mo period. After implementation, the system provided 31% of cases presented at M&M conference that would have otherwise been omitted. ConclusionsA novel system that includes complications identified in the EHR and quality improvement databases increased the case capture volume for surgical M&M conference, which provides an objective case referral system that can identify complementary quality improvement opportunities.

Improving Widescale Monitoring of Ectoparasite Presence in Northern Canadian Wildlife with the Aid of Citizen Science

Simple SummarySurveying ticks on wildlife hosts consistently over time and across space presents many challenges. In Yukon, Canada, the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus, is a blood-feeding parasite that can cause significant losses of hair and blood in moose and other wildlife. The impacts of winter tick infestation in wildlife hosts in this northern region are not well documented. To enhance existing surveillance of winter ticks in Yukon, we implemented a three-year citizen science program, the Yukon Winter Tick Monitoring Project (YWTMP) to engage hunters in the collection of underrepresented moose and caribou samples. Social media, participation incentives, and hide-sampling kits distributed to hunters increased the combined number of annual moose and caribou hide submissions almost 100-fold, and the geographical range of samples by almost 500 km, compared with submission numbers in the previous seven years. Citizen science samples were also used to detect previously unknown infection localities on moose in southeastern Yukon that are spatially separate to known infestations found on elk and deer, helping to build a better picture of infection dynamics on different host animals. Engaging with key demographic groups using structured citizen science programs like the YWTMP can significantly expand sampling efforts in remote areas while maintaining systematic sampling methods to monitor parasites of wildlife health concern.Sampling hides from harvested animals is commonly used for passive monitoring of ectoparasites on wildlife hosts, but often relies heavily on community engagement to obtain spatially and temporally consistent samples. Surveillance of winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) on moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) hosts in Yukon, Canada, has relied in part on voluntary submission of hides by hunters since 2011, but few samples were submitted. To enhance sampling efforts on underrepresented moose and caribou hosts, we implemented a three-year citizen science program, the Yukon Winter Tick Monitoring Project (YWTMP), to better engage with hunters in hide sample collection. A combination of in-person and social media outreach, incentivized engagement, and standardized hide sampling kits increased voluntary submissions of moose and caribou hides almost 100-fold since surveillance began. Citizen science samples expanded the northernmost geographic extent of existing sampling efforts for moose by 480 km and for caribou by 650 km to reach 67.5° N latitude. Samples also resulted in new detections of winter ticks on moose hides that are spatially separate to those submitted for other cervids in Yukon. Findings from the YWTMP have provided an essential baseline to monitor future winter tick host–parasite dynamics in the region and highlighted priority areas for ongoing tick surveillance.

الخضوع الاختياري للقضاء السعودي دراسة تحليلية للمادة ( 28 ) من نظام المرافعات

Article 28 of the Saudi Law of Procedure before Sharia Courts affirms the right of citizens to voluntary (optional) submission to Saudi courts in cases or circumstances where such courts are not competent in accordance with the rules of international jurisdiction of Saudi courts. Although the text embraced the principle of voluntary submission as a controller of international jurisdiction, it did not address the conditions for such voluntary submission, nor did it address the adverse situation where individuals agree to strip jurisdiction from Saudi courts. Therefore, the research deals with commentary and analytical study of this text in the light of comparative law, in order to show the controls and deficiency of its application. This research aims, by commenting on the aforementioned text, to analyze and evaluate the text and conclude with the validity of provision contained therein in terms of principle, but it criticizes the lack of controls for its application, which prompted the researcher to set these controls using the comparative law. Moreover, the research criticized the duplicity of the Saudi regulator’s position, which allowed for voluntary submission to the Saudi judiciary, however, at the same time, it remained silent regarding the extent to which Saudi courts could face jurisdiction stripping, which also prompted the researcher to study the issue in comparative law. The research concluded with a request to amend the text of Article 28 of the Saudi Law of Procedure before Sharia Courts to add the conditions for voluntary submission and to recognize jurisdiction stripping impact.

Artemis and the Furies in Euripides’ Iphigenia among the Taurians

Euripides’ Iphigenia among the Taurians is surprisingly vague about the intentions of both Artemis and the Furies, despite their centrality to the plot. This paper argues (against most scholarship) that Euripides’ Artemis condones human sacrifice, though the Greek characters do not realize this, and the poet uses the story of Iphigenia to examine the social repercussions of a conflict between divine and mortal valuations of human life. As others have seen, the cult to be founded at Halae resolves this particular conflict—but without explaining how Orestes is saved from the Furies, which is only achieved through his voluntary submission to be killed.

Recommendations for Effective Operation of the Voluntary Submission Regulation for the Chemical Reduction Plan

Recommendations for Effective Operation of the Voluntary Submission Regulation for the Chemical Reduction Plan

Characterizing Adverse Events Reporting for an Over-the-Counter Disposable Intravaginal Support Device for Stress Urinary Incontinence.

In recent years, new intravaginal support devices for stress urinary incontinence have been introduced to the market. Although studies have demonstrated their safety and efficacy, few studies have examined adverse events attributed to their use. The objective of this study was to characterize reported adverse events for an over-the-counter intravaginal support device and determine whether further medical treatment was necessary to manage the adverse event. We searched the Manufacturer and User Device Experience database from January 2015 to September 2020 for pertinent reported adverse events, which included the unique report key, event date, report date, event text descriptions, and resulting course of treatment. Per Manufacturer and User Device Experience database mandatory requirements, all reports were submitted by the manufacturer within 30 days of receiving the consumer's voluntary submission. A total of 257 reports were included for analysis. The most common reported adverse event was related to the string of the device, which broke with either removal or insertion of the device (230 of 257 [89.5%]). The majority of patients who required medical attention (133 of 257 [51.8%]) were evaluated and managed in the office setting (85 of 133 [63.9%]), whereas 37% (95 of 257) of patients were able to self-treat. Most complications attributed to device use were self-managed or managed in the outpatient setting. No emergent hospitalizations or deaths were attributed to their use, supporting their generally low-risk profile and high tolerability. Limitations of this review include the inability to decipher a denominator for these reported adverse events and the potential bias attributed to voluntary consumer reporting.

Comparing Contributions of Passive and Active Tick Collection Methods to Determine Establishment of Ticks of Public Health Concern Within Illinois.

In Illinois, between 1990 and 2017, tick-borne diseases in humans increased 10-fold, yet we have insufficient information on when and where people are exposed to vector ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The aims of our research were to compare contributions of passive and active tick collection methods in determining establishment of ticks of public health concern and obtain information on tick distributions within Illinois. We used three surveillance strategies within the Illinois Tick Inventory Collaboration Network to gather information about the ticks of public health concern: 1) passive collection (voluntary submission by the public); 2) systematic collection (biweekly active surveillance); and 3) special collections (active collections in locations of special interest). Of collected adult and nymphal ticks, 436 were from passive collections, 142 from systematic collections, and 1,270 from special collections. Tick species distribution status changed in 36 counties. Our data provide noteworthy updates to distribution maps for use by public health agencies to develop prevention and control strategies. Additionally, the program built a network of collaborations and partnerships to support future tick surveillance efforts within Illinois and highlighted how the combination of the three surveillance strategies can be used to determine geographic spread of ticks, pinpoint locations in need of more surveillance, and help with long-term efforts that support phenology studies.

АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ ПРИНУЖДЕНИЕ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТЕОРИИ, ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА, ПРАКТИКИ

The paper deals with the mechanism of administrative coercion. The peculiarity of the article content is a system analysis of the problems of theoretical, normative-legal and empirical (law-enforcement) aspects. The author defines the essence of administrative coercion, based on the modern system of legislative regulation and practice of its application, which has developed since March 2020. The article explores various aspects of administrative coercion. It is pointed out that the knowledge of administrative-legal coercion is impossible without its consideration in interre-lation with such categories as freedom, expediency, administrative responsibility.On the basis of the analysis of some coercive measures, applied in the conditions of pandemic, their legal assessment is given. Attention is drawn to the fact that in conditions of pandemic the measures of constraint which, according to their developers, fully conform to the require-ments of the Federal law "About protection of the population and territories against emergen-cies of natural and technogenic character" were and are often taken. It is not so! This Federal Law defines the general organizational and legal norms in the field of population and territory protection from emergencies, its effect covers the relations arising in the process of activity of state authorities of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, local authorities, as well as organizations and population in the field of population and territory protection from emergencies. In the context of the epidemic, the debate about the balance between voluntary submission and coercion in the form of fear of responsibility has intensified. Under conditions of uncer-tainty and unpredictability of the situation, the reality of risks, the legal regulation should be oriented towards protecting the population, excluding compromises and exceptions, blanket norms. But always possible in such conditions situations when the state in order to protect citizens, applies coercive measures not based on the law, when they are forced to be estab-lished by the executive authorities. The author of article used following methods: system analysis, dialectical, logical, com-parative-legal, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. As a result of the study conclusions were drawn that doctrine and practice convincingly prove that measures of administrative coercion should be formalized as much as possible. When the need arises to apply them, there is no time to discuss what measures, when, to what extent to apply. It is necessary to apply what is already there. When the situation returns to normal, the applied measures should be analysed and both the substantive norms and even more carefully the procedural norms should be improved. Provisions on executive authorities should include a mandatory section on "coercive measures applied by these authorities, grounds and procedure for their application".