Voluntary Reasons Research Articles

Predicting the stability of early employment with its timing and childhood social and health-related predictors: a mixture Markov model approach.

To extend work careers, it is important to focus on all working-aged people including young adults. The aim of this study was to identify typical patterns of work participation among young adults after their first entry into the labour market and to examine whether the timing of entry together with parental and own socio-economic position and health predict early work participation. More in-depth understanding of early careers and their early determinants is important to plan targeted interventions and to promote more stable work participation among young adults. We used the Finnish Birth Cohort 1987 including data from several registers from all 59,476 children born in 1987 as well as their parents, followed until 2015. We estimated a mixture Markov model that allowed for joint identification of latent classes of labour-market attachment, estimation of labour-market transitions within classes, and prediction of class membership using childhood social and health-related determinants. We observed that the first entry into the labour market as measured by six months in continuous employment was not a permanent entry for many, not only due to negative reasons such as unemployment and ill health but also due to more voluntary reasons such as studies. Individuals entering the labour market at a later age were more likely to be in continuous employment thereafter. More advantaged background predicted exits due to studies or - when following a late entry - stable employment, while disadvantaged background factors predicted more unstable work and long-term exits from the labour market.

Cena emisyjna w pierwszej ofercie publicznej a przyczyny wykluczenia spółki z NewConnect

The purpose of the article. The subject of this article is the analysis of the change in the share price on the day of the company's debut on the NewConnect market due to the reasons for its exclusion from trading. The analysis was carried out for all companies debuting on NewConnect in 2007–2020. The results are presented depending on the share issue price. The paper hypothesized that companies whose share issue price was incorrectly estimated, which means overvalued or undervalued IPO, are more often withdrawn from the NewConnect market. Methodology. The research was carried out using the analysis of source data. In the research process, the author used, in addition to the analysis of the literature, the method of observation. Results of the research. As a result of the research, it was found that 39.84% of companies that debuted on the NewConnect market in 2007–2020 were excluded from trading. 56.28% of the withdrawn companies were forcibly excluded. On the other hand, 108 companies were withdrawn from trading voluntarily, and the prevailing premise in this group of entities was the transfer of the company to the WSE Main Market. Voluntary reasons prevail among entities withdrawn from trading, whose shares had an issue price of PLN 5 and higher. On the other hand, in the group of "penny" companies, the main reason for delisting is the safety of trading and liquidation bankruptcy. An increase in the share price on the debut day was recorded in 69.64% of entities withdrawn from NewConnect. The adopted hypothesis was positively verified. Companies whose share issue price was not properly estimated were withdrawn from the NewConnect market more often than entities whose securities price did not change on the day of their debut. The level of withdrawn companies whose IPO was overvalued and undervalued is similar. The conducted research proves that among overvalued initial public offerings, the share of voluntary reasons for withdrawal prevails, while among undervalued ones there is a higher share of forcibly excluded entities. However, the amount of the issue price according to the ranges adopted in the study does not constitute a premise for the withdrawal of companies from the NewConnect market.

Susceptibility of female rats to cardiac arrhythmias following refeeding after severe food restriction

BackgroundMany studies have shown malnutrition and inadequate caloric consumption have adverse acute effects on cardiovascular structure and function.MethodsTo determine the adverse long term cardiovascular effects, we studied cardiac morphology and function in female (F) and male (M) severe food restricted rats 3 months after refeeding (sFR-Refed).ResultsTwo weeks of a normal chow diet in which calories were reduced by 60% decreased body weight (BW) by approximately 15% in both sexes. Within 2 weeks of refeeding, no differences in BW were detected between CT and sFR-Refed groups. However, male rats gained almost 3 times more BW than the females over the 3-month refeeding period. Sex differences were also observed in cardiac pathology. Hearts from F-sFR-Refed rats exhibited more atrophy and less hypertrophy, while M-sFR-Refed rats predominantly exhibited hypertrophic remodeling. While there were no differences in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the isolated heart between M-CT and M-sFR-Refed rats, I/R induced twice as many arrhythmias in the F-sFR-Refed rats compared to F-CT.ConclusionsThese findings indicate the female heart is more susceptible to the long term adverse cardiovascular effects of sFR months after refeeding. Thus, this study provides a rationale for studying sex differences in cardiovascular risk in individuals who experience sFR for voluntary (e.g., very low-calorie dieting) or involuntary (e.g., poverty) reasons earlier in life.

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Psychotic disorders in migrant population

IntroductionOne of the defining features of the modern world is a large scale migration that occurs due to a range of factors, from political conflicts to personal and voluntary reasons. This process can cause a severe disruption in individuals’ biography and can be followed by a large period of adaptation and a phenomenon of acculturation. Surprisingly, there is little research on the impact of migration and settlement on risk of psychosis.ObjectivesRegarding a clinical case, we aim to enphasize the current evidence about the risk of psychotic disorders in migrants.MethodsWe present a qualitative review of this topic using the Pubmed database.Results27 years old portuguese female, with hyperthymic temperament and history of depressive episode. Her process of migration in 2016 was motivated by an academic purpose. In context of stressful life events she developed psychotic symptoms - messianic and persecutory delusions, with visual and auditory hallucinations.ConclusionsThere is an increased risk of psychosis among migrant population that is well documented. This is even the main risk factor with the exception of a family history of psychosis. The risk can be explained by socio-demographic and psychological features, factors involving the migration process, and socio-occupational environment in the host country. A socio-developmental-cognitive model theorize how exposure to a stressful environment and social defeat interacts with underlying genetic risk to create an enduring liability to psychosis. These findings can help in important decisions about mental health resources and accessibility, including protocols to identify and treat migrants at higher risk of mental diseases.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Factors Related to the Behavior of People Who Have Never Used the Internet for Voluntary Reasons: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

BackgroundIf there are people who do not want to use the internet despite having the circumstances and conditions for using it, another policy consideration will be needed.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the factors related to the behavior of people who do not voluntarily use the internet.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018. It used a proportional quota random sampling design to select a representative sample of Koreans. Accordingly, 6150 participants were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression methods were used to explore the predicting factors of the act of voluntarily not using the internet.ResultsAge, education level, bonding and bridging social capitals, and daily life satisfaction for health status were found to be factors related to the behavior of not voluntarily using the internet. However, gender, household income, occupation, family size, and community type were not related to voluntary nonuse of the internet.ConclusionsIt was found that sociodemographic factors, such as age and education level, which are difficult to modify, along with psychosocial factors located deeper than the visible living conditions, such as social capital and life satisfaction, are involved in voluntary internet nonuse. These results also suggest that it is not desirable to proceed with policies related to information and communications technology on a separate track, but rather that they should be comprehensively approached with other social policies that design various social interventions in order to enhance equity within the society.

Factor Structures of Reasons for Immigration Among Older Asian and Latino Immigrants in the United States.

Backgrounds and ObjectivesAlthough reasons for immigration are significant predictors of immigrants’ health, factor structures of reasons for immigration are still unclear among older immigrants. The present study examined the factor structure of reasons for immigration among older Asian and Latino immigrants in the United States.Research Design and MethodsDrawn from the National Latino and Asian American Study, 396 Latino and 298 Asian immigrants over 55 years of age were selected for analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for nine items concerning reasons for immigration in each immigrant group.ResultsThree factors were extracted from both Asian and Latino immigrant elders: (a) “voluntary reasons” to pursue development, (b) “involuntary reasons” due to uncontrollable situations, and (c) “semivoluntary reasons” regarding family/medical duties. While immigration to join family members was located in the “semivoluntary reasons” factor among older Asian immigrants, it was located in the “voluntary reasons” factor among older Latino immigrants.Discussion and ImplicationsThese findings suggest that three underlying factors of reasons for immigration should be understood considering the different characteristics of two racial/ethnic groups of immigrants. In addition, a migratory reason to join the family should be considered differently for elderly Asian and Latino immigrants. This three-factor framework of reasons for immigration can help clinicians provide more culturally sensitive interventions for older minority immigrants.

The Mixed Motives of Unaccompanied Child Migrants from Central America's Northern Triangle

A growing body of literature has argued that the distinction between forced and voluntary migration can be, in practice, unclear. This literature points out that each individual migrant may have mixed motives for migrating, including both forced and voluntary reasons. Few studies, however, have actually set out to analyze mixed-motive migration. This paper examines the mixed-motive migration of unaccompanied minors from Central America's Northern Triangle states (Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), using data from a small 2016 survey carried out in 10 shelters for unaccompanied child migrants run by a Mexican government child welfare agency. Using this survey, the paper identifies the immigrating minor's motives, which are oftentimes mixed, and details differences by nationality, gender, and age groups. Some of the key findings include: • Around one-third of the child migrants surveyed had mixed motives, including both forced and voluntary reasons for migrating. • Violence appears most often as a reason for migrating among minors with mixed motives, as opposed to the search for better opportunities, which appears more often as an exclusive motive. • Significant differences between the three nationalities are observed. Relatively few Guatemalan minors indicated violence as a motive, and few displayed mixed motives, as opposed to Hondurans, and especially Salvadorans. • The minors fleeing violence, searching for better opportunities, and indicating both motives at the same time were largely mature male adolescents. • The minors mentioning family reunification as their sole motive were predominantly girls and young children. The results indicate that binary formulations regarding forced and voluntary migration are often inadequate. This has important implications, briefly addressed in the conclusions. These implications include: • the need for migration scholars to consider forced reasons for migrating in the context of mixed-motive migration; • the fact that mixed motives call into question the established, clear-cut categories that determine whether someone is worthy of humanitarian protection or not; • the need to have in-depth, attentive, and individual asylum screening because motives may be interconnected and entangled, and because forced reasons may be hidden behind voluntary motives; and • the need for a more flexible policy approach, so that immigration systems may be more inclusive of migrants with mixed motives.

Local Expert Perceptions of Migration as a Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh

People have long migrated for many reasons, often with a combination of forced and voluntary reasons combining to push them away from current situations and to pull them towards new situations. Bangladesh is one example where environmental changes have long been amongst the multitude of reasons for migrating, with contemporary climate change suggested as a major impetus towards more migration. This paper examines local expert perceptions of migration as a climate change adaptation strategy for Bangladeshis. Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted with local experts in Bangladesh and Assam (India) on environmental change and migration to understand the perspectives of those with formal education and expert-related jobs who come from the areas being directly affected by Bangladeshi migration. Findings show that local experts consider that migration is used and will be used for climate change adaptation in Bangladesh, but migration is not solely for climate change adaptation, instead interweaving with all other factors influencing migration-related decisions.

UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health

Migration is a crucial issue for public health, with currently nearly a quarter of a billion international migrants and more than three times this number of migrants moving within their home country.1,2 Migration is not a new phenomenon, but international and internal migration seems to be increasing, triggered by displacement of large numbers of people in low-income and middle-income countries due to conflict, natural disasters, people's search for safety, and voluntary reasons such as economic opportunities.

Penal cloistering in Spain in the sixth and seventh centuries

ABSTRACTConfinement in monasteries was applied in the Iberian Peninsula in Late Antiquity and in Visigothic times both for voluntary cathartic reasons (to achieve spiritual perfection) and as a form of punishment. Penal cloistering was imposed on laymen as well as on clergymen (both regular and secular). This article surveys these punitive functions of confinement, focusing on the sixth and seventh centuries, paying particular attention to the records of Visigothic church councils in Iberia, where Visigoths, Sueves and Byzantines co-existed. It addresses the similarities and differences between Iberia and other regions such as the Byzantine empire, particularly in Italy.

Foreign Body Granulomas.

A large list of foreign substances may penetrate the skin and induce a foreign body granulomatous reaction. These particles can enter the skin by voluntary reasons or be caused by accidental inclusion of external substances secondary to cutaneous trauma. In these cases, foreign body granulomas are formed around such disparate substances as starch, cactus bristles, wood splinters, suture material, pencil lead, artificial hair, or insect mouthparts. The purpose of this article is to update dermatologists, pathologists, and other physicians on the most recent etiopathogenesis, clinical presentations, systemic associations, evaluation, and evidence-based management concerning foreign body granulomatous reactions of skin.

Strategies to promote reporting of Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) measures: a pilot survey of anesthesia department leaders.

BackgroundThe Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) is a quality improvement initiative focused on reducing surgical complications. Reporting SCIP performance measures helps determine whether hospitals receive the full payment update from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Strategies in use by hospitals to motivate departmental participation in SCIP reporting are poorly understood.MethodsA 12-item pilot survey exploring strategies to promote reporting of SCIP measures was developed and mailed to department of anesthesiology chairs at 1,426 US hospitals. Descriptive statistics and χ2 analysis were used to summarize respondent and survey data.ResultsIn all, 29.5% of the sample responded to the survey, with 96.9% indicating SCIP participation; 62.5% participated primarily for voluntary reasons, and 4.2% reported an incentive from their hospital as the primary reason for participation.ConclusionsHospital strategies promoting physician participation in SCIP currently vary. A minority of survey respondents indicated that an incentive was used to encourage adherence to SCIP measures. Further research to optimize such strategies may support future efforts to improve perioperative care.

First Impressions Count: Foreign Firms' Entry and Exit from the U.S.

We examine the listings and delistings of foreign firms from major U.S. exchanges the period 1962 - 2006. Over this period a total of 1,344 firms listed and 724 firms delisted due to merger and acquisitions, involuntary, or voluntary reasons. We examine whether certain characteristics of a foreign firm at listing increase the likelihood of achieving benefits from listing in the U.S. market. Entry characteristics shape the probability that a firm will be able to achieve benefits from listing and help identify the firms most sensitive to changes in the costs and benefits of listing. Firms that are just over the bar with respect to benefits, when exogenous shocks such as SOX occur, are more likely to delist. In the first year of listing, we find large differences in firm quality and other attributes between the firms that delist and the firms that remain listed, that detract from the former's ability to generate benefits. Entry characteristics are also relevant to the question of whether SOX is driving firms from the U.S. market because they shape the expectations with respect to the costs of regulation. We estimate a probit model of the probability of delisting before and after SOX that compares the firms that remain listed in the U.S. to the firms delisting. We focus on the firms that listed before SOX and delisted after SOX because they were less likely to have anticipated the change in regulation (were off guard) when they listed. Holding other factors constant, firms delisting prior to SOX are significantly more likely to be from poor governance countries, whereas firms delisting after SOX are significantly more likely to be from good governance countries. Consistent with the bonding hypothesis, the costs of obtaining U.S. certification unexpectedly increases for these firms following SOX, leading those from good governance countries to exit the U.S. The departing firms also shed light on the entering firms. The voluntary delists that are caught off guard by SOX are small, somewhat less profitable firms, have lower analyst coverage, and make less use of capital raising compared to firms that remain listed in the U.S. Eighty percent of their home markets are developed and have strong governance. These firms do not appear to realize large benefits from listing in the U.S.

Population-Based Examination of the Relationship Between Type of First Admission for Schizophrenia and Outcomes

Population-Based Examination of the Relationship Between Type of First Admission for Schizophrenia and Outcomes

From Listing to Delisting: Foreign Firms' Entry and Exit from the U.S.

We examine the listings and delistings of foreign firms from major U.S. exchanges over the period 1961 – 2004. Over this period a total of 1,330 firms listed and 728 firms delisted due to merger and acquisitions, involuntary, or voluntary reasons. The large number of listings and delistings spanning over 40 years suggests that there is a long standing dynamic to foreign firms’ entry and exit from the United States. Over this period, we find a steady decline in the length of time foreign firms stay listed in the U.S. A major reason for this decline is that, not unlike the pattern for U.S. new lists, the quality of foreign firms listing in the U.S. has deteriorated over time. Probit analysis suggests that large, profitable firms able to attract U.S. trading volume survive, whereas weak firms exit. We also examine the circumstances surrounding the voluntary delistings as their exit has raised the greatest concern about the overall competitiveness of the U.S. market. After controlling for firms close to distress, we find only 48 “true” voluntary delistings. The firms voluntarily delisting following passage of Sarbanes-Oxley have low average profitability, median assets and market capitalization less than $230 million, stock prices that decline by over 50% from listing to delisting, and 60% have no analyst coverage. The evidence suggests these firms are driven from the U.S. as much by a lack of quality and investor interest as regulatory costs. Our results suggest that foreign firms’ decision to delist from U.S. exchanges must be examined within the broader context of what makes foreign firms viable candidates for listing.

In the HIV era, is breast always best? Response to ‘Long-term infant health outcomes critical in feeding decisions by HIV-positive mothers’ by Crowe et al.

We thank Drs Crowe and colleagues for their comments. The authors state that our paper claims that ‘formula feeding is better than breastfeeding for infants of HIV-positive mothers in less developed countries’ because ‘babies of mothers who chose to formula feed because of preceding morbidity in either mother or infant had lower mortality rates than babies of mothers who chose to formula feed for other reasons'. This is incorrect, we clearly showed that mortality associated with formula feeding as a result of preceding morbidity is higher than formula feeding for voluntary reasons. We repeatedly reported higher child mortality rates in children who were never breastfed, compared with children who had been weaned. Our fundamental point is that the reason for not breastfeeding or weaning is important because mortality was consistently higher among children who were never breastfed or were weaned because of a preceding illness. There is clear evidence of reverse causality, whereby pre-existing morbidity may cause mothers not to breastfeed or to wean, and the resultant higher mortality risk arises from the preceding illness, rather than the mode of feeding per se. Such self-selection and reverse causality is also evident in other studies. The authors also suggested confusion as a result of conflation between previous infant with maternal illness, and a combination of data across countries at different levels of development and healthcare access. The majority of reasons for not breastfeeding or weaning were a result of the child's preceding illness. Omitting cases of maternal illness did not change our findings. The country-specific estimates demonstrated similar patterns, and were therefore combined to get an aggregate measure. They suggest that we disaggregate the excess mortality into components such as health access, as well as formula-related risks. Unfortunately, the DHHS survey data do not provide this information and we have stated this as a limitation of the study. However, it is striking that the findings were consistent in all countries examined, which indicates a consistent effect, irrespective of the level of development or healthcare. They also suggest that maternal immune status, micronutrient deficiencies and maternal symptomatology could increase the risk to the infant via maternal morbidity. We cannot speculate on this question because no data are available. They also recommend that we differentiate between exclusive and partial breastfeeding, but again, DHHS data are not available to address this issue. The authors also question whether our findings can be applied to children of HIV-infected mothers who voluntarily decide not to breastfeed. We suggest that counselling HIV-positive mothers on methods of feeding should recognize that current child mortality estimates for non-breastfeeding are biased overestimates, because they do not adjust for the reverse causality described above. Although breastfeeding results in lower infant and child mortality rates than formula feeding in non-HIV-infected women, this risk/benefit is reversed with HIV because of the high rates of mother-to-child HIV transmission via breast milk. Although we agree with the authors that a more specific definition of breastfeeding (i.e. mixed or exclusive) is important, this information is not available in cross-sectional surveys such as the DHHS and we suggest that prospective studies are needed on methods of feeding and reasons for weaning or the non-initiation of breastfeeding. Finally, it is argued that it is invalid to compare rates of HIV infection, which have long-term consequences for survival with the possible adverse effects of formula feeding, which are likely to be short term. We profoundly disagree with this view. The median survival time of HIV-infected children in Rakai, Uganda, is 2 years [1]. In the absence of antiretroviral therapy, all pediatric HIV infections are likely to be fatal. Given the high rates of mother-to-child transmission via breast milk, and the unconfirmed efficacy of exclusive breastfeeding for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, based on one observational study [2], we believe that it is only reasonable to offer women the alternative of not breastfeeding in order to select the safest method for feeding infants.

Culling and mortality in large dairy goat herds managed under intensive conditions in western France

This study describes the flows of culled and dead goats in connection with the reasons for culling and the health disorders associated with mortality in 43 large intensive dairy goat herds of Western France. It also aims to characterize the reason-specific culled or dead goat profiles related to herd-life economic efficiency. Data regarding age at last kidding and culling or mortality, milk yield at the first two test-days of the final lactation and reason(s) for exit (culling and mortality) were collected in two 2-year surveys, carried out from 1992 to 1996, resulting in 4444 recorded exits. Polytomous logistic regression was used to assess relationship between age, kidding-to-exit interval, milk yield and five groups of exit reason (i.e. mortality, culling for voluntary reason, infertility, health reason, age). In the whole goat population studied, the proportions of exits, for each of these group of reasons, were 36.6, 14.5, 20.2, 6.4 and 22.3% respectively. On herd level, very different patterns of exit reason specific flows were described in a 7-class cluster analysis. Compared to the distribution of culling for voluntary reasons, mortality and culling for health reasons appeared to be more frequent in the higher yielding goats, in the earliest stages of lactation as well as in the last stages of lactation/pregnancy. Mortality appeared also to be more frequent in the younger class of goats.

Reasons for culling in French Holstein cows

The study describes the profiles of culled cows in order to assess the possible contribution to economic losses due to health disorders. Data regarding dates of birth, final calving and culling, parity at culling, milk yield at the two first test-days of the final lactation and reason(s) for culling were collected in a 5-year survey, carried out from 1989 to 1994 in 84 commercial Holstein farms in western France. Polytomous logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between parity, calving-to-culling interval, milk yield and eight groups of primary culling reasons (i.e. udder disorders; infertility or reproductive disorders; lameness or foot/leg defects; emergency culling reasons; other health disorders; low milk yield; sales for dairy purpose; and other voluntary culling reasons). Out of a total of 5133 culled cows, the proportions of culls, for each of these groups of reasons, were 12.4, 28.4, 2.7, 3.9, 4.6, 16.7, 5.9, and 25.4%, respectively. Cows culled for udder disorders left the herd earlier in lactation and were more frequently at parities 4–6 than cows culled for voluntary reasons. In contrast, cows culled for infertility were younger and culled later within lactation. They were also higher yielding cows than those culled for other reasons. Cows culled for lameness were similar to those of the voluntarily culling group. Cows culled for emergency reasons were more frequently younger cows in early lactation. Cows culled for other health disorders left the herd early in lactation, but at a higher parity than the voluntarily culled cows. These results suggest that most of the culls related to health could be contributing to economic loss. However, special priority should be given to reduce culling for reproductive problems, which is the most costly exit reason.

Abortion yes, abortion no, in Mexico

A descriptive of the efforts to liberalize abortion law in Mexico are provided; in addition the political climate and the evolution of population policy are characterized. Current abortion law stipulates the legal abortion may be performed due to risk to a mothers life risk of congenital abnormality and the pregnancy as a result of rape. Feminist groups have been active since the formation in 1976 of the Coalition of Feminist Women (CFW) in working toward decriminalization of abortion. The issue of abortion was carefully researched in 1976 and a book on abortion was published. The First National Meeting for the Liberalization of Abortion was held in September 1976. A feminist journal devoted entirely to abortion issues was begun in January 1977. CFW began distribution of the pamphlet Voluntary Motherhood and the Right to Free Legal Abortion in October 1978. The National Front for the Struggle for the Liberation and Rights of Women was created in March 1979. Discussions meetings demonstrations and political lobbying were conducted through the years. The earthquakes in 1985 precipitated an intensification of the issues. Repression of the issues was also occurring. Security policy stormed an abortion clinic in March 1989. Conservative forces supported this action and asked for stricter enforcement. In this climate the state of Chiapas approved the decentralization of abortion for up to 90 days of pregnancy for family planning reasons. Within 2 weeks Pro Life forces exerted sufficient influence on the Congress to overturn the new legislative measure. Feminists believe that the abortion bill was part of a national government strategy to see the political effects if a policy change. A history of population policy reveals the pronatalist stance after the revolution and the gradual concern about providing resources for families to make informed choices about family planning. Contraceptive use was 53% in 1987; the availability of reproductive services has not changed the estimated 1 million abortions performed annually. The result is maternal mortality or complications which are not recognized politically. The results of the demographic survey in 1993 and national elections will play an important role in the future abortion debate. Decriminalization will not be achieved through recognition of the tight of women to voluntary motherhood or public health reasons.