Voluntary Gifts Research Articles

Comparison of Customary Law and Islamic Law on the Tradition of Donation in Walimatul 'Urs: in Padukuhan Nepi, Kranggan Village, Galur Sub-district, Kulon Progo Regency

Marriage is a noble sunnah that has been carried out by the Prophets and Messengers and the early and late generations who followed their guidance. Walimah itself means a celebration, a banquet specifically for marriage and is not used for events outside of marriage. Walimah according to the custom in Padukuhan Nepi is very important so that to hold a walimah the community has its own way to create the event such as collecting donations with the tonjokan tradition, namely giving in the form of food or groceries given before the walimah takes place. The subject matter discussed in this thesis is how the practice of how customary law and Islamic law views the practice of giving donations walimatul 'urs? and how does the community respond to the practice of giving donations at walimatul 'urs itself? This research is a field research. Data collection techniques include observation and literature study conducted by documenting documents and literature related to the research material. This research is descriptive comparative with normative and sociological approaches. Then the analysis method used is comparative analysis to compare the two concepts and find the meeting point of the two concepts. The results of this study indicate that in understanding the practice of donations in walimatul 'urs, Islamic law provides more benefits and convenience compared to customary law. In Islamic law, giving a donation is not an obligation but a voluntary gift that is believed to be rewarded by Allah SWT, while in customary law, especially the custom in Nepi Padukuhan, giving a donation at walimatul 'urs is an obligation because if it is not implemented, it will get its own sanctions from the local community.

Pranata Hukum Wasiat

Many aspects of life are regulated in the Koran, which is the main source of Islamic teachings, including aspects related to wills. In the Qur'an, the word will is often found with different meanings and connotations other than just a message before death. This difference is caused by the use of different will words in the context of the problem. A will is a voluntary gift made by someone to another person, which is made after the death of the giver (testator). Because wills have the nature of worship (human relationship with God), they are also a legal act, a means of getting closer to Allah (taqorrub ilallah) which is often done by many people, especially those who have sufficient wealth. In practice, a will is usually made by someone orally or in writing. This is done so that other people know that this is his will. This research aims to examine the meaning of a will, the reasons for making a will, the wisdom of making a will, the law of wills, the types of wills, the pillars of wills, and the amount of assets that can be bequeathed. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with a type of library research. Researchers obtain data from books, journals, articles and others related to the theme or title being discussed.

Pandangan Fukaha Kontemporer Tentang Hukum Bermuamalah dengan Bank Syariah

The current performance of Islamic banking is quite encouraging, but for the market share of Islamic banking, which is currently still relatively small, even though the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim. Knowledge or literacy has a significant influence on people's interest in muamalah with Islamic banks. This paper tries to describe contemporary jurists' views regarding the law dealing with Islamic banks. Contemporary jurists allow muamalah with Islamic banks because deposits in Islamic banks are built on the principle of mudaraba and there is no usury on it, this is as expressed by Wahbah al-Zuhaylī, usāmuddīn 'Afānah, al-Dubyān, Al-Qarḍāwī, Islam Web, Ibn Bāz, Dāirat al-Iftā and DSN MUI. According to DSN MUI wadiah or deposits in Islamic banks are yad dhamānah not yad amanāh and according to Adiwarman Karim Islamic banks are allowed to give bonuses to customers if they are not required in advance, i.e. the gift is a voluntary gift given by the bank as its policy. According to contemporary fukaha, the law of saving in Islamic banks can be recommended in order to implement and enforce Islamic values

L’épître aux Hébreux au regard des Évangiles by Martin Pochon

Reviewed by: L’épître aux Hébreux au regard des Évangiles by Martin Pochon Christian Grappe martin pochon, L’épître aux Hébreux au regard des Évangiles (LD; Paris: Cerf, 2020). Pp. 724. Paper €29. The work proposes to stem a “theological drift” that presented, under the influence of the Epistle to the Hebrews, more particularly from the Council of Trent until Vatican II, “the death of Christ . . . as an offering to God which appeased his wrath and satisfied his justice” (p. 13). This drift resulted, in Pochon’s eyes, from an “inversion of the meaning of the Last Supper” (p. 15). The reason was that the latter was understood, because of the prevalence granted to Hebrews by the conciliar texts governing the liturgy, as an offering by the Son of his body and blood to the Father and not as a movement from the Father to the disciples, since the Son “receives himself from the Father in order to give himself to humanity, independently of their dignity” (p. 17). Now, according to P., who has put forward this point of view in previous works, it is the case that, in the mirror of the accounts of the institution of the Last Supper, the passion of Christ is the “fruit of an offering to the Father which led him to offer himself to humanity” (p. 20). As a result, in P.’s eyes, the Epistle to the Hebrews retains only the offering to the Father and neglects “Christ’s offering to humanity in order to do the Father’s will” (p. 22) and “to incarnate the Father’s mercy for all humanity” (p. 17). P. endeavors to explain this discrepancy but, upon reading his work, one cannot help thinking that the argument deployed is largely inspired by a thesis that has been previously posed. In fact, P. joins those who date the epistle “most probably before the fall of the Temple in 70” (pp. 42–43), while putting forward the hypothesis that the central part (7:1–10, 18), which would have been “elaborated by someone like Apollos before his meeting around 54–55 with disciples such as Priscilla and Aquila” (p. 494), would be the earliest part of the text. This same Apollos would also be the author of the first chapters, which would date from after his meeting with Pricilla and Aquila and would testify to a first stage of maturation of the faith. As for 10:19–13, 25, these passages would still emanate from Apollos, who had reached an even more advanced stage of reflection, having been able to meet John in Ephesus in the meantime, which would explain in particular the evocation of the heavenly Jerusalem in Heb 12:22–24. Exegesis and historical reconstitution, as precise as they are adventurous, are mixed together in this book, while all the works that seek to establish the coherence of the writing and its particularly careful organization are ignored. Hebrews is still conceived of as a “document that makes a passage from the Old to the New Covenant” (p. 499), chap. 10 being interpreted as “a chapter of transition between the sacrifices for sin of Leviticus and the sacrifices of praise and charity of the second part [of the chapter]” (p. 500). P. writes, “To call mutual aid, mutual service and giving to the brethren a sacrifice is something new brought by Paul. There is no trace of this qualification in the First Covenant” (pp. 501–2). Disregarding passages such as Hos 6:6 or even a text such as 1QS 9.5, which states that “the offering of the lips in respect of the law will be like a sweet smell of justice, and the perfection of the way will be like the voluntary gift of a delicious oblation,” P. thus abruptly contrasts the Old and the New Covenants, even if it means reviving all the shortcomings of the classic opposition between church and synagogue. Continuing in this vein, he considers that the choice of the feast of Yom Kippur instead of that of Passover as the background to the development in Heb 7:1–10:18 reveals “a distancing from the meaning of...

Prime Savings with Prizes in an Islamic Perspective

Prime Savings with Prizes is a savings that uses a mudharabah agreement. The problem in this research was that after the customer opens an account of prime savings with prizes, the customer will get a prize, even though the customer has not managed the savings by the bank. The provisions in syari'ah financial institutions, that the prize is a prize at the end of the period. This study aimed to determine how the implementation of Prime Savings at PT. Bank Muamalat, Padangsidimpuan branch office and to find out the concept of prime savings with prizes seen from an Islamic perspective.
 DSN Fatwa No.02/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 concerning savings, that the profit sharing must be stated in the form of a ratio and in the account opening contract. Second, DSN Fatwa No.86/DSN-MUI/XII/2012 concerning prizes in raising funds for syari'ah financial institutions. The research method used was a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The types of data used were primary data sources and secondary data sources. Data processing techniques. The technique of collecting data were interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques were data reduction, data editing, data presentation, data conclusion and verification, and data validity techniques. This study found that the concept of giving gifts is a gift given by muamalat bank which is a gift at the beginning of the period, and the concept of gifts is based on interviews from ulama’ and lecturers when viewed from an Islamic perspective that gifts are a voluntary gift from someone to another without expecting a reward so that it is allowed in muamalah without being wronged.

KEABSAHAN PEMBATALAN HIBAH AKIBAT PEMBERI HIBAH JATUH MISKIN

A grant is a gift that starts in effect since it is implemented. not infrequently the grant as a voluntary gift raises problems that occur because there are other parties who raise objections to the grant. This study analyzes the validity of grants to minors represented by their mothers and the legal position of cancellation of grants due to poor grants. The research method used is normative juridical by using the statutory approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study showed that the grants for the inheritance of the giver of grants to minors and received by their mothers were legal. The provisions in the Civil Code govern that grants can be revoked and canceled The word "can be canceled", which means that the grant made is not null and void by law, but must be canceled by submitting a request for cancellation at the Court.Keywords: Grant, Agreement, Cancellation

Forgiveness and Self-Forgiveness: Moral and Psychological Unity

The main topic of the article is to demonstrate the relevance of the psychological approach to traditional ethical issues. The work considers its importance in relation to the plots of forgiveness and self-forgiveness, since the topic of self-forgiveness is generally impossible with classical rigoristic moralizing. In the article, “offended and offender” rather than “victim - offender” act as conceptual pairs, since offense is understood as the relationship between personal acquaintances within the framework of everyday life, and not as an extreme relationship “victim - executioner”. The act of forgiveness is considered as the ability to leave alone one's own negative emotions associated with an offense, which facilitates the state of the offended person, and does not always need to ask for forgiveness from the guilty party. However, forgiveness, according to the authors, does not imply an indispensable love for the forgiven offender. Forgiveness is akin to forgetting the harm done and disappointment in the Other. In the extreme, all forgiveness is unconditional, radical, a manifestation of personal generosity, although, as the article shows, not all authors agree with this. Generosity consists precisely in the ability to leave alone negative feelings of resentment even in relation to what seems unforgivable, in this case it acts as a voluntary gift. The concept of self-forgiveness is an essential psychological component of the ethical consideration of the "resentment-forgiveness" relationship today. Self-forgiveness is an important condition for establishing normal moral and psychological relationships. A person who does not accept, in Jungian language, his own Self, who denies himself as a fundamental imperfection, will project self-denial outside, onto others, and consider them to be guilty of his own suffering. Self-forgiveness and positive acceptance of oneself are necessary in order to be able to relate positively to the Other, especially since human grievances are often mutual. At the end of the article, the coverage of K. Tipping's concept of Radical Self-Forgiveness is given, demonstrating the interpenetration of ethical and psychological approaches to the topic of forgiveness.

PROBLEM OF IDENTIFICATION OF CORRUPTION OFFENCES IN ECCLESIASTICAL LAW OF THE MOSCOW STATE OF THE 16TH CENTURY

In article the problem of identification of corruption offenses in the ecclesiastical law of the Moscow state of the 16th century on the example of analysis of narrow and broad interpretations of a concept of simony is put. It is shown that church law acted on the principle of analogy, building the regulation of corruption offences related to the collection of illegal fees to the corresponding legal institutions known in the subsystem of secular law. In general, the Church was interested in legalizing illegal fees, which was carried out in two ways: 1) through the formalization of law and the legitimization of previously informal fees; 2) by turning informal fees into a legal custom and presenting those fees as voluntary gifts. The second way was more archaic and, apparently, in the conditions of Moscow law of the 16th century the first way was dominated. As a result of the consideration of the sources of church law, the interpretation of corruption in the system of church law as a single subjective sin is seen as baseless. On the contrary, corruption offences should be studied as a systemic problem of church law, which is not subjective and is not related to the sinfulness of individuals. The originality of ecclesiastical law, the duality generated by it in interpretation of simony is emphasized, the explanation of survivability of this institute in ecclesiastical law of the Moscow period is offered.

Giving for Girls: Reconsidering Colonial Civilizing Missions in the Dutch East Indies through Charitable Girls’ Education

Abstract This article compares two Protestant schools for elite indigenous girls in the Dutch East Indies. While both schools were financially supported by the colonial government, they emerged from Christian organizations and were partly dependent on voluntary gifts from the Netherlands and the colony. The article proposes to look at such philanthropic initiatives as integral parts of a larger colonial civilizing mission which was not limited to the colonial state. On the contrary, discourses about the implementation of “civilized” gender roles within indigenous families through girls’ education first emerged among philanthropists, and eventually influenced state-driven educational policies for girls. It is argued that philanthropical initiatives for girls’ education such as the two schools presented here are best understood as attempts to gain control over, and ultimately reform, the domestic lives of the indigenous population in the Dutch East Indies

Los donativos voluntarios: un aspecto poco estudiado de la política americana de los Habsburgo de España (siglos XVI-XVII)

En las últimas décadas, muchas investigaciones se centraron en los donativos voluntarios pedidos por los Habsburgo de España, en los siglos XVIy XVII. Sin embargo, estos estudios comparten un fuerte límite: todos se enfocan en un único ámbito geográfico, la península ibérica. Con el presente artículo se intentará delinear un primer cuadro general relativo a los donativos voluntarios pedidos por la corona en los dominios americanos, durante los siglos xvi y xvii. Entonces, la meta de este trabajo no es tanto la cuantificación de los introitos que proporcionaron, si bien algunas cifras a este respecto se indicarán, sino presentar una serie de datos funcionales a demostrar la relevancia que los donativos voluntarios tuvieron en la política americana de los Habsburgo de España, yevidenciar algunas características principales de estos instrumentos de recaudación financiera hasta hoy ignorados por los estudiosos americanistas.

Pareto efficiency in the jungle

We revisit the jungle economy of Piccione and Rubinstein (Econ J 117(July):883–896, 2007) in which the allocation of resources is driven by coercion. In this economy the unique equilibrium satisfies lexicographic maximization. We show that relaxing the assumptions on consumption sets and preferences slightly, allocations other than lexicographic maximizers can be jungle equilibria. We attribute this result to single unilateral taking where a stronger agent takes goods from only one weaker agent. Once multiple unilateral takings are introduced, we show that jungle equilibria coincide with lexicographic maximization under weak assumptions. However, we also present examples of equilibria that are Pareto inefficient, where voluntary gift giving by stronger agents is needed to achieve Pareto efficiency and even voluntary trade has a role in the jungle.

Charity and Conflict: Poor Relief in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Dundee

This article addresses the poor relief provided in Dundee during the 1640s and 1650s, years of particular upheaval in the burgh. Contrary to some assumptions, some unusually rich archival evidence on this subject survives and offers rich insight into the collection and distribution of welfare by the kirk treasurers. The article argues that significant fundraising activities took place and survived the disasters of the late 1640s and early 1650s, pointing to the resilience of the town and its charitable structures. This relief was effectively administered and carefully recorded, and drew on a variety of additional sources such as voluntary gifts, as well as regular church-door collections. The article also analyses the recipients of regular and exceptional relief payments and considers the much more limited care provided by Dundee's hospital. As well as suggesting further opportunities for the study of poor relief in pre-modern Scotland, the article also helps to shed new light on the seventeenth-century experiences of one of the less well-studied of Scotland's leading early modern burghs.

Directed giving enhances voluntary giving to government

Giving to private charities is commonplace, and the chance to direct one’s gift is a standard fundraising strategy. But voluntary donations to government organizations are less widely known, and the impact of the opportunity to direct a gift is unexplored. We investigate the effect of directed giving on voluntary contributions to government organizations using a “real donation” lab experiment. We compare giving to the US federal general revenue fund with directed giving to particular government organizations. Directed giving more than doubles both the likelihood of giving and the size of contributions, indicating that individuals are responsive to the opportunity to direct their gifts in the government context. Our results suggest that the revenue-raising potential of directed voluntary gifts to government may be underutilized.

Mozes, muiters en munten. De Wet in Maerten de Vos’ Panhuyspaneel volgens de ‘methode Radermacher’

Moses, mutineers, money : the Law in Maerten de Vos' Panhuys panel (1575) according to Johan Radermacher. The panel shows Moses and Aaron with the Ten Commandments, surrounded by Israelites, philosophers and members of the Antwerp merchant families Hooftman and Panhuys (some as portraits histories), backed by relatives and friends. The black-and-white tablets of the Law dominate the center of the otherwise richly colored painting. They are divided in illuminated and shadowed commandments. Moses' right hand and its shadow pont mirror-wise at hte top of each tablet, starting with thou shalt not make images and thou shalt honor thy father and mother. Several Israelites point at a collection of valuables in the foreground, or melancholically look at their bare hands. A frame inscription refers to Exodus 34.35, in whick Moses, after suppressing a heretical mutiny around the image of theGolden Calf, renewed the broken covenant with Israel' s spiritual God. Next, the people volunteered labor and precious goods to build His tabernacle. The painting's (unofficial) title refers to its provenance from the Panhuys legacy. Researchers have concentrated so far on identifying the portrayed persons. They are mostly membeers of a humanist group of intellectuals , merchants and artists around Antwerp book printer Christoffel Plantijn. Some believe the scene expresses support of the spiritualist protestant sect of the Huis der Liefde (House of Love). Research by the author identifies a contemporary event as the incentive for the panel. Invading Spanish mutineers terrorized Antwerp in 1574, in an attempt to extort their back pay from the city magistrate. His article describes religious, political and societal factors determining the burghers' reaction to this rampage. Gillis Hooftman, Peeter Panhuys and their families responded voluntarily to the city council's plea to Ioan cash and valuables to buy off the rebel troops. The author also establishes that Hooftman, Panhuys and their staff-employee, humanist, linguist and art connoisseur Johan Radermacher were covert Calvinists. They supported William of Orange, since 1566 leader of the Dutch Revolt against the catholic king of Spain. Radermacher designed the iconographical programs for a sequence of five paintings De Vos did for Hooftman's dining-room in 1568. The cycle showed scenes from Paul's missionary travels, and covertly criticized papist idolatry and the magistrate's impotence during the 1566 iconoclastic fury, by methodically dovetailing selections from Calvin's Commentary on Acts with contemporary events and persons. Radermacher re-applied this method to the Panhuys panel, by comparing the biblical rebellion around the Golden Calf to the spanish mutiny and the Israelites' voluntary gifts to the burghers' ransom money. A synthesis of humanist and religious thougts on civil government in Calvin's Institution clarifies the connection with the Law : even the ancient philosophers believed that God's divine authority always overrules god-given human powers, whether fathers and mothers or kings. Calvin therefore claims it is lawful to expel the latter if they become ungodly tyrants, preferably by a prince in cooperation with the three estates. The painting expresses this idea in the form of an allegorical apology. The gifts made by Hooftman cum suis express their loyalty to the spiritual Lord of the first commandment and consequently their legal rejection of the unlawful, heretical and idolatrous tyranny of Spanish rule and its rebel soldiers. The Law also justifies their own revolt against the king of Spain, guided by Moses (identifies with William in Calvinistic propaganda) and Aaron as political and religious authorities, while backed by civilian friends representing the third estate. Apart from using a bible story as a moral example for lawful behavior, the iconographical program also includes an artistic metaphor. Radermacher must have informed De Vos about Calvin's comparison of the Old Testament Law tables with a black and white sketch, prefiguring the lively colored masterpiece of the Nwe Testament. Behind closes goors and understood by clse friends and realtives, the Panhuys panel presents the business partners and their personnel as Calvinists righteous critics of catholic idolatry and supporters of the Dutch Revolt. Radermacher's visual line of reasoning corresponds with the verbal apology (currently the Dutch national anthem Wilhelmus) by Revolt leader William of Orange, dating from the same period and attributed to a Calvinist author.

Conceptions et pratiques du don en Islam

In “History of the Moral Ideas of the Semites”, Marcel Mauss catches a glimpse of an important transformation of the gift affirmed as a “moral idea”. This article documents this transformation by examining some conceptions and practices of the gift in Islam. Through source analysis and a socio-historical perspective, this article reconstructs a variegated reality of gifts in the Arab-Islamic world in response to sadaqa. This original form of gift is voluntary and establishes a network of solidarity and cooperation in a manner widespread in Muslim societies. Although spontaneous, the gifts due to the sadaqa show a certain regularity. A voluntary gift as the sadaqa thus becomes a regulative model for an obligation, the zakat, foreseen by the muslim law.

Ekonomia polityczna wspaniałomyślności – wokół Sloterdijka idei nowej regulacji podatków

The article deals with the debate that took place in the German press after the publication of Peter Sloterdijk's short, but provocative text "The Revolution of the Giving Hand" in 2009. The aim of this presentation is to show the insufficiency of the arguments raised against Sloterdijk's idea that the taxes should not be mandatory, but they should rather take on a form of a voluntary gift and a free contribution to the community. The debate was insufficient as far as it didn't address the philosophical aspect of Sloterdijk's idea - the problem of the overerotization of contemporary social life, its lack of the thymotic element: pride, generosity etc. and the destruction of social solidarity by the machine of the modern welfare state. If Sloterdijk's tax regulation idea is to be dealt with properly and criticised in its entirety, it must be first understood in its whole philosophical and political dimension.

Remittances and Relationships: Exchange in Cape Verdean Transnational Families

This article examines migrant remittances through the lens of anthropological theories of gift relationships. I explore remittance transactions as perceived and practised by people in Cape Verde, a country in which many households receive money from abroad. The article highlights three key dimensions. The first dimension is the transactors' (senders and receivers of remittances) relations and obligations to each other, the second is the degree to which remittances are seen as voluntary gifts or, alternatively, as elements in an obligatory reciprocal exchange, and the third is the relation between the transactors and money as an object of exchange. I argue that these dimensions together open up for a holistic understanding of the dynamic interplay between remittances and relationships. In contrast to mainstream remittance studies, with their conventional focus on economic rationality, this is an approach that illuminates what remittances mean, as social practice, to those involved.

The Role of Waqfin Achieving Social Solidarity within the Islamic Environment

Waqf is one of methods of social solidarity within the Islamic environment. In its reality; is a voluntary gift (sadaqa) based on Qur’an, Sunnah and Ijma’ (consensus). This study tries to test hypothesis the activation and protection of Waqf system represent a necessity for achieving the current and future social solidarity and economic progress of the Islamic countries especially under unsuitable modern global environment. Historically Waqf had played a vital role in achieving the society’s objectives and participated in formation of Islamic nation progress in fields of education, health, libraries, infrastructures, etc. The Waqf is facing obstacles in form of reduction of management efficiency, in addition to interference of unqualified people in its activities. To activate modern Waqf, it needs two different types of national policies. At national level; we need to promote awareness about Waqf, to increase media role in explaining duties of Waqf in achieving social solidarity and the progress of its economic and social advancement, to modify the Waqf laws in order to restore Waqf properties, and to grant different incentives in order to encourage people to donate and contribute to the Waqf system. On international level, Islamic countries need to establish specialized Waqf institutions to support poor countries as well as promoting education and scientific research. The establishment of the International Agency for Waqf is an important step in this direction

Judendomens feminina kärna. Strukturella omvändningar och deras betydelse för skapandet av det rabbinska systemet

Rabbinic Judaism is often described as an exclusively male-dominated and patriarchal religious system. However, the structure of the core of this patriarchal religious system is deeply feminine, with a strong relational dimension. Torah studies, which only men had access to, are secondary in character: a life lead according to the commandments is necessary but not enough. God does not force humankind to subordination, but he gives answers to voluntary gifts. Man gives voluntarily, God answers voluntarily. The right relation to God is not forced, determined or manipulative, but it builds on reciprocity and response.

Towards a Theory of Taxation

“Towards a Theory of Taxation” is a proper theme for an Englishman to take when giving a paper in America. After all it was from the absence of such a theory that the United States derived its existence. The Colonists felt strongly that there should be no taxation without representation, and George III was unable to explain to them convincingly why they should contribute to the cost of their defense. Since that time, understanding has not advanced much. In Britain we still maintain the fiction that taxes are a voluntary gift to the Crown, and taxing statutes are given the Royal Assent with the special formula, “La Reine remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult” instead of the simple “La Reine le veult,” and in the United States taxes have regularly been levied on residents of the District of Columbia who until recently had no representation in Congress, and by the State of New York on those who worked but did not reside in the State, and so did not have a vote. Taxes are regularly levied, in America as elsewhere, on those who have no say on whether they should be levied or how they should be spent. I am taxed by the Federal Government on my American earnings and by state governments on my American spending, but I should be hard put to it to make out that it was unjust. Florida is wondering whether to follow California in taxing multinational corporations on their world-wide earnings.