Volumetric Tank Research Articles

Estimate Gas Initially in Place of Tight Gas Reservoirs Based on Developed Methodology of Dynamic Material Balance Technique

With growing global demand for hydrocarbons and decreasing conventional reserves, the gas industry is shifting its focus in the direction of unconventional reservoirs. Tight gas reservoirs have typically been deemed uneconomical due to their low permeability which is understood to be below 0.1mD, requiring advanced drilling techniques and stimulation to enhance hydrocarbons. However, the first step in determining the economic viability of the reservoir is to see how much gas is initially in place. Numerical simulation has been regarded across the industry as the most accurate form of gas estimation, however, is extremely costly and time consuming. The aim of this study is to provide a framework for a simple analytical method to estimate gas. Usually during production three variables are readily accessible: production rate, production time, and pressure-volume-temperature properties. This paper develops an analytical approach derived from the dynamic material balance proposing a new methodology to calculate pseudo time, with an interactive technique. This model encompasses pseudo functions accounting for pressure dependent fluid and rock variables. With the dynamic material balance yielding weak results in the linear flow regimes, an additional methodology derived from the volumetric tank model has been taken into consideration whereby equivalent drainage area is linked to total reservoir area. It has been shown even with short production data this volumetric approach yields accurate results. This proposed methodology has been validated against previous literature and additional cases considered to determine the sensitivity of each of it to reservoir parameters. Finally, it is shown that this method works for both fractured and unfractured wells in tight gas reservoirs, however, it is sensitive to the quantity of data based within the pseudo steady state flow period.

Heating system for measuring tanks of the cementing unit from the exhaust system of the base chassis

The purpose of this article is to increase the efficiency of the design process and reduce the cost of field experiments by using numerical analysis methods of the dimensional capacity heating efficiency of the internal combustion engine exhaust system. To solve the problem, a non-stationary nonlinear solver of gas dynamic processes (Siemens STAR-CCM+) was used, which allows to evaluate the correctness of the problem statement, significantly reducing the cost of full-scale tests. The paper considers the heating of a dimensional two-section tank in the layout of the cementing unit on the chassis with a triplex high-pressure pump and a drive from the power take-off box on the gear box of the chassis engine. The exhaust pipe structurally passes inside the measuring tank. According to the research results obtained graphic dependences of temperature change of liquid measuring cups to control points, the distribution of temperature field of the liquid in a volumetric tank, distribution of the temperature field of the surrounding air, stream lines and velocity field of the ambient air and the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. The results of the calculations clearly show that the application of the method of heating the measuring capacity by entering the exhaust pipe directly into the liquid can be considered effective.

The Effect of Elevation on Volumetric Measurements of the Lower Extremity

Background: The empirical evidence for the use of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) has been questioned regarding its clinical effectiveness. The component of RICE that has the least literature regarding its effectiveness is elevation. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if various positions of elevation result in volumetric changes of the lower extremity. Methodology: A randomized crossover design was used to determine the effects of the four following conditions on volumetric changes of the lower extremity: seated at the end of a table (seated), lying supine (flat), lying supine with the foot elevated 12 inches off the table (elevated), and lying prone with the knees bent to 90 degrees (prone). The conditions were randomized using a Latin Square. Each subject completed all conditions with at least 24 hours between each session. Pre and post volumetric measurements were taken using a volumetric tank. The subject was placed in one of the four described testing positions for 30 minutes. The change in weight of the displaced water was the main outcome measure. The data was analyzed using an ANOVA of the pre and post measurements with a Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The level of significance was set at P<.05 for all analyses. Results: The only statistically significant difference was between the gravity dependent position (seated) and all other positions (p <.001). There was no significant difference between lying supine (flat), on a bolster (elevated), or prone with the knees flexed to 90 degrees (prone). Conclusions: From these results, the extent of elevation does not appear to have an effect on changes in low leg volume. Elevation above the heart did not significantly improve reduction in limb volume, but removing the limb from a gravity dependent position might be beneficial.

New, Virtually Wall-less Cannulas Designed for Augmented Venous Drainage in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery.

Inadequate venous drainage during minimally invasive cardiac surgery becomes most evident when the blood trapped in the pulmonary circulation floods the surgical field. The present study was designed to assess the in vivo performance of new, thinner, virtually wall-less, venous cannulas designed for augmented venous drainage in comparison to traditional thin-wall cannulas. Remote cannulation was realized in 5 bovine experiments (74.0 ± 2.4 kg) with percutaneous venous access over the wire, serial dilation up to 18 F and insertion of either traditional 19 F thin wall, wire-wound cannulas, or through the same access channel, new, thinner, virtually wall-less, braided cannulas designed for augmented venous drainage. A standard minimal extracorporeal circuit set with a centrifugal pump and a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator, but no in-line reservoir was used. One hundred fifty pairs of pump-flow and required pump inlet pressure values were recorded with calibrated pressure transducers and a flowmeter calibrated by a volumetric tank and timer at increasing pump speed from 1500 RPM to 3500 RPM (500-RPM increments). Pump flow accounted for 1.73 ± 0.85 l/min for wall-less versus 1.17 ± 0.45 l/min for thin wall at 1500 RPM, 3.91 ± 0.86 versus 3.23 ± 0.66 at 2500 RPM, 5.82 ± 1.05 versus 4.96 ± 0.81 at 3500 RPM. Pump inlet pressure accounted for 9.6 ± 9.7 mm Hg versus 4.2 ± 18.8 mm Hg for 1500 RPM, -42.4 ± 26.7 versus -123 ± 51.1 at 2500 RPM, and -126.7 ± 55.3 versus -313 ± 116.7 for 3500 RPM. At the well-accepted pump inlet pressure of -80 mm Hg, the new, thinner, virtually wall-less, braided cannulas provide unmatched venous drainage in vivo. Early clinical analyses have confirmed these findings.

Hydrogen storage at low temperature and high pressure for application in automobile manufacturing

A brief review of the different methods of hydrogen storage process for application in automobile manufacturing was presented and discussed. The hydrogen storage by adsorption on super activated carbon AX21 at various thermodynamic conditions was investigated. In order to describe the reality of the system, we planned a brief review, a discussion and modeling of the different EOS equations adapted to a hydrogen gas. Different characterization tools for obtaining the physical property of AX21 were used, among them SEM, BET and Helium displacement method at high temperature. The hydrogen storage capacity of AX21 at different temperature and pressure up to 70 MPa was investigated experimentally. In order to describe the experimental hydrogen gas excess adsorption results, the model of Chilev and a modified potential theory were selected. The comparison of the two models describing adsorption isotherms and a critical discussion of their accuracy was given. Based on the models results the absolute amount adsorbed was obtained. The difference between an absolute and an excess amount adsorbed at 77 K and 293 K was discussed. A comparison between the volumetric tank capacity obtained by pure compression and the adsorption process at both temperatures were studied. The method of hydrogen storage and optimal operating conditions were investigated.

The Measurement of Liquid Level Based on Peak Image Recognition Technique

A new kind of device measuring liquid level automatically is developed which is composed of camera, illuminating system and industrial computer. It’s based on image measurement technology. The image of the transparent glass liquid level gauge which is installed on the volumetric tank of a flow calibration facility is captured by a camera. After a series of image pre-processing, such as interception, gamma correction, edge detection and so on, the value of liquid level which is the liquid level of the tank can be got by so called peak method. The measurement error is 0.1mm.

Continuous Thermodilution Measurement of Cardiac Output: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Evaluation

The current study was designed to evaluate a method for continuous measurement of cardiac output. The system consists of a modified pulmonary artery catheter that uses the thermodilution principle for determination of cardiac output. The evaluation was performed in vitro and in vivo. In-vitro evaluation was performed using a simple flow bench model (flow 2-9 L/min). Both continuous and bolus thermodilution methods were compared. Both methods showed good correlation with the pump flow calibrated using a volumetric tank and timer (correlation coefficient (r) for bolus thermodilution = 0.92, r for continuous thermodilution = 0.90). In-vivo evaluation was performed in six bovine experiments. Data from a total of 87 pairs of bolus versus continuous measurements were obtained. The cardiac output ranged from 1.9 to 8.9 L/min. The absolute measurement bias was not significant (mean: -0.07 L/min; 95% confidence limits: -0.87 and 0.73 L/min). The squared correlation coefficient from linear regression was 0.92. The results from this study suggest that the new continuous thermodilution measurement system for cardiac output provides accurate data in vitro and in vivo. Continuous monitoring of cardiac output adds a new dimension for evaluation of the patient's hemodynamic profile. Furthermore, significant volume load due to bolus thermodilution measurements can be avoided.

Waterponding for Increasing Soil Water on Arid Rangelands

Waterponding for Increasing Soil Water on Arid Rangelands

Calibrations of Six Beth-Flow Meters at Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Abstract Six Beth-Flow tubes were calibrated by means of a volumetric tank at the Alden Hydraulic Laboratory to determine their suitability as flow-metering elements. Four of the six meters tested had practically the same coefficients with flow in either direction. The flow coefficients were constant above a Reynolds number of 100,000. Further tests are necessary to determine manufacturing tolerances and the effects of disturbed flow due to various types of piping arrangements.