Landslide Volume Research Articles

Application Assessments of Using Scarp Boundary-Fitted, Volume Constrained, Smooth Minimal Surfaces as Failure Interfaces of Deep-Seated Landslides

More than 9000 potential deep-seated landslide sites in the mountain ranges of Taiwan have been identified by a series of renewed governmental hazard mitigation initiatives after the 2009 Morakot typhoon. Among these sites, 186 sites have protection targets where thorough mitigation strategies are to be implemented. One of the important tasks in the hazard mitigation initiative is to estimate the volume, fracture interface and related quantities of each landslide site. In addition, with this number of sites, an automated tool is needed to generate predictions at low operational costs. We propose to use volume-constrained smooth minimal surfaces to approximate the landslide fracture interfaces. A volume-constrained smooth minimal surface in the current context is defined as a differentiable surface that encloses a given landslide volume with the minimal surface area. Although the stratigraphy and geological structures are omitted, the smooth minimal surface method is verified with 24 known landslides and is shown to be able to generate acceptable, approximated fracture interfaces. A collection of assessment indices is employed to measure the fitness of the predictions. Finally, the prediction fitness versus the landslide scarp geometry is investigated.

Використання геоінформаційних технологій для дослідження зсувних процесів

Виконано аналіз методів дослідження динаміки зсувних процесів. Проаналізовано причини виникнення зсувів, основними з яких є перезволоження ґрунту та збільшення навантаження на схил внаслідок забудови схилу та руху транспорту. Визначено роль рельєфу та його геоморфологічного стану у формуванні зсувів. Описано методи боротьби зі зсувами. Проаналізовано наявні методи спостережень на зсувних схилах, які забезпечують вирішення завдань із вивчення механізму та динаміки зсувного процесу. Виконано опис геодезичних методів дослідження зсувів, які передбачають створення геодезичної основи на зсувонебезпечних схилах, закріплення геодезичної основи спеціальними марками та періодичні вимірювання їх координат і висот високоточними електронними геодезичними приладами, ГНСС-приймачами. Запропоновано визначати просторово-часові характеристики зсувів геоінформаційними методами. За даними топографічного знімання з допомогою пакету програм Surfer створено тривимірну цифрову модель зсувного схилу та карту крутизни схилу. За даними зміщень геодезичних марок між двома циклами спостережень створено карти ізозміщень ґрунту по висоті та визначено межі зсуву. За геологічними даними складено карту ізопотужностей зсувного тіла, яка дає змогу визначити його об'єм. За даними повторних вимірювань створено карту швидкостей зсуву. Порівняння даних з різних циклів дає змогу проаналізувати динаміку зсувного процесу, розробити прогноз його розвитку та запроектувати відповідні протизсувні заходи. Запропоновано застосовувати геоінформаційні технології для створення просторово-часових моделей зсувних процесів. Розроблені карти є основою для створення інших геодинамічних карт: суміщених карт горизонтальних та вертикальних ізозміщень, карт прискорень ізозміщень та ін. Разом вони формують банк даних інформації, що дає змогу здійснювати ефективний моніторинг зсувних процесів.

Modelling 2018 Anak Krakatoa Flank Collapse and Tsunami: Effect of Landslide Failure Mechanism and Dynamics on Tsunami Generation

The 2018 Anak Krakatoa volcano flank collapse generated a tsunami that impacted the Sunda Strait coastlines. In the absence of a tsunami early warning system, it caused several hundred fatalities. There are ongoing discussions to understand how the failure mechanism of this event affected landslide dynamics and tsunami generation. In this paper, the sensitivity to different failure scenarios on the tsunami generation is investigated through numerical modelling. To this end, the rate of mass release, the landslide volume, the material yield strength, and orientation of the landslide failure plane are varied to shed light on the failure mechanism, landslide evolution, and tsunami generation. We model the landslide dynamics using the depth-averaged viscoplastic flow model BingClaw, coupled with depth-averaged long wave and shallow water type models to simulated tsunami propagation. We are able to match fairly well the observed tsunami surface elevation amplitudes and inundation heights in selected area with the numerical simulations. However, as observed by other authors, discrepancies in simulated and observed arrival times for some of the offshore gauges are found, which raises questions related to the accuracy of the available bathymetry. For this purpose, further sensitivity studies changing the bathymetric depth near the source area are carried out. With this alteration we are also able to match better the arrival times of the waves.

Study on the Steepness of Landslide-Induced Wave and Nonlinear Motion of Container Ships

Large-scale instability of a landslide body, sliding down a bank slope and entering water at a high speed, arouses landslide surges. Taking the water entry point as a source point, they spread rapidly to surrounding areas, increasing the danger risk of vessel passages in the water area. In this paper, adopting an orthogonal experimental design method, based on the test data, the Three Gorges Reservoir area was derived in order to calculate the height of the first wave of the bank landslide surge: to analyze the slope angle, the geological environment, the volume of the landslide surge, and the landslide surge wave steepness; to study the landslide volume effect on ship rolling and the swaying motion rule; and to explore the landslide surge in different ship rolling positions and transverse oscillation characteristics. This study can provide theoretical support for the navigation safety of ships in landslide surge waters.

Analysis of the characteristics of seismic and acoustic signals produced by a dam failure and slope erosion test

Landslides and floods occur with a significant generation of energy release producing seismic and acoustic signals. The analysis of these signals aims to identify vital and specific characteristics of landslide and flood events, such as frequency content, spectral magnitude, energy variation, and timing of the events. This study examined the seismic and acoustic signals recorded during a large-scale physical dam model failure test. The tests were conducted on the streambed under the No. 2 Bridge in Huisun Forest Experimental Station in Nantou, Taiwan. A dam and a slope model were constructed, and dam failure and slope erosion tests were induced by releasing water to slowly accumulate at the upstream side of the dam and letting water overtop the dam, causing a breach. After dam overtopping, the lowering of the dam crest led to dam failure, causing a large volume of floodwater, resulting in erosion of the toe of the slope model, triggering landslides. Accelerometers and microphones were installed to collect the acoustic and seismic signals produced by the water flow and landslides generated. Unmanned aerial vehicles were used to continuously capture the topography of the slope to produce elevation models to calculate the volumes of the six landslides. Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) was performed to evaluate the time–frequency spectra for the seismic and acoustic signals, and their spectral magnitudes were discussed. The results showed that the acoustic signals depicted and reacted to the failure event earlier than seismic signals; however, both types of signals were in agreement. The velocity of the flood energy was estimated to be 5.71 and 5.06 m/s by monitoring the seismic signals at different locations of the riverbank and through the analysis of spectral magnitude, respectively. Furthermore, the Arias intensity and the landslide volumes were found to be correlated through a quadratic relationship.

Landslide characteristics in the Loess Plateau, northern China

Landslides play an important role in landscape evolution of the Loess Plateau, northern China, but they have not been systematically analysed across the region. The contribution to regional rates of erosion and sediment budgets is poorly known as a consequence. Co-seismic landslides are a significant natural hazard, and exacerbate the threat posed by active faults in the region, but this aspect of the landslides is also poorly quantified. This paper presents inventories for ~80,000 landslides in the Loess Plateau, and analyses the distributions and extents. Four study areas focus on the epicentres of major (M > 7) historical earthquakes, from 1303 CE (Hongdong), 1556 (Huaxian), 1718 (Tongwei) and 1920 (Haiyuan), which are likely to have been major triggers for landslides in these regions. A fifth study area focuses on landslides in the aftermath of localised storms in 2010 in the Tianshui region, to allow comparison of landslides clearly triggered by rainfall with landslides in the regional inventories. Landslides predominantly resulted from failure of the regional loess blanket that gives the region its name, or the soil profile developed above it. Rainfall-generated landslides are dominantly surficial soil landslides. Landslides preserved in the four epicentral areas are larger and deeper, and resemble global bedrock landslides in the dimensions. Total volume of landslide in each of the four epicentral areas are on the order of 3–7 km3; these volumes are likely to be the cumulative totals of repeated earthquakes in the same regions, with each event reactivating landslide scarps on hillsides. Comparison of landslide distributions and modern settlement patterns suggests that future M > 7 earthquakes striking the Loess Plateau may trigger landslides that could directly hit 30–50% of the communities.

Debris flow enlargement from entrainment: A case study for comparison of three entrainment models

Material entrainment can significantly magnify debris flow volume and increase its destructive power. Despite great research efforts, entrainment is still not well understood. To meet the needs for debris flow simulation and hazard analysis, it is of practical significance to understand and evaluate existing entrainment models. In this study, we evaluate three entrainment models on an integrated single-phase continuum debris flow simulation platform. The well-documented Tsing Shan debris flow in 1990 in Hong Kong, with an initial landslide volume of 2500 m3 and a final deposit volume of 20,400 m3, is used as a benchmark to compare the three models. The characteristics and performance of each model and its model parameters are discussed. Although numerical results achieve reasonable agreement with detailed field investigations, some parameters are still determined empirically and subjectively. Despite of the imperfection, these models can be used for debris flow hazard analysis in the Hong Kong region with similar conditions. More physically-based entrainment models considering two-phase flow need to be adopted and further developed in the future.

Forecasting the magnitude of potential landslides based on InSAR techniques

A new method, combining empirical modeling with time series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data, is proposed to provide an assessment of potential landslide volume and area. The method was developed to evaluate potential landslides in the Heitai river terrace of the Yellow River in central Gansu Province, China. The elevated terrace has a substantial loess cover and along the terrace edges many landslides have been triggered by gradually rising groundwater levels following continuous irrigation since 1968. These landslides can have significant impact on communities, affecting lives and livelihoods. Developing effective landslide risk management requires better understanding of potential landslide magnitude. Fifty mapped landslides were used to construct an empirical power-law relationship linking landslide area (AL) to volume (VL) (VL = 0.333 × AL1.399). InSAR-derived ground displacement ranges from −64 mm/y to 24 mm/y along line of sight (LOS). Further interpretation of patterns based on remote sensing (InSAR & optical image) and field survey enabled the identification of an additional 54 potential landslides (1.9 × 102 m2 ≤ AL ≤ 8.1 × 104 m2). In turn this enabled construction of a map that shows the magnitude of potential landslide activity. This research provides significant further scientific insights to inform landslide hazard and risk management, in a context of ongoing landscape evolution. It also provides further evidence that this methodology can be used to quantify the magnitude of potential landslides and thus contribute essential information towards landslide risk management.

Landslide hazard probability and risk assessment at the community level: a case of western Hubei, China

Abstract. Small communities living in mountainous terrain in Hubei province are often affected by landslides. Previous studies by the China Geological Survey focused on the 1:100 000 scale. Therefore, a more detailed assessment, especially at the community level, is urgently required by local governments for risk management. In this study, we conducted a more detailed semiquantitative landslide and risk assessment at the community level using a scale of 1:10 000. We applied the probabilistic method to assess landslide spatial, temporal, and size probabilities, while the hazard and risk assessment were considered for four return periods (5, 10, 20, and 50 years) and two size scenarios (landslide volume). The spatial probability from susceptibility mapping with an accuracy of 84 % indicates that the major controlling factors are Quaternary deposits and weathered eluvium from Ordovician limestones. This study revealed that most building areas in hazard maps are at the foot of major slopes with very high hazard probabilities, and therefore we computed the potential loss of life and property for each slope. The results reveal that 1530 people and USD 18 million worth of property were at risk of landslides within a 50-year return period and a landslide volume of 50 000 m3. The longer the return period is, the higher the hazard probability is. Compared with the classic inverse gamma and power law distribution of landslide magnitude and frequency, the function by the ordinary least squares method is more suitable for landslide size probability analysis of the study area. According to these methods, the proposed procedure of landslide risk assessment proves more useful than the existing data from the 1:100 000 scale in western Hubei, China.

Application of a Three-Dimensional Deterministic Model to Assess Potential Landslides, a Case Study: Antong Hot Spring Area in Hualien, Taiwan

This study proposes a landslide disaster assessment model combining a fully three-dimensional, physically-based landslide model with high precision of in situ survey data such as surface slip signs, geologic drilling results, underground water observation, and displacement monitoring results over time to perform distribution of potential landslide zones and the size of landslides (area and volume) in the Antong hot spring area in Hualien, Taiwan. The distribution of potential landslide zones in the study area was represented by slope stability safety factors. The results of the analysis showed that the toe of the slope and two upward slopes in the study area were potential landslide areas with safety factors of 1.37, 0.92, and 1.19, respectively. The 3D model analysis results indicated that a landslide could occur at a depth of 20 m at the toe of the slope. Monitoring results for 2015 and 2016 showed that the sliding depth at the toe of the slope was approximately 22.5 m; consequently, the error of landslide depth was only 2.5 m. The simulated results and in situ monitoring results were in good agreement. In addition, the simulated landslide volume was also compared with the results of an empirical equation commonly used in Taiwan to determine their differences. The landslide volumes estimated using the empirical equation were only approximately 38.5% in zone 1, 42.9% in zone 2, and 21.7% in zone 3 of that generated by the proposed model. The empirical equation was used to calculate the landslide volume according to the landslide area, which was subsequently converted into landslide depth. However, the obtained landslide depth was considerably lower than that derived from the in situ monitoring, implying that an empirical estimation approach may result in serious underestimation. Thus, the proposed model could predict landslide area and volume in advance to assist authorities in minimizing loss of life and property damage during a heavy rainfall event.

Characteristics of landslides in forests and grasslands triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake

AbstractWe examined the characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake (Mw = 7.0: focal depth=10.0 km) in forests and grasslands within two affected watersheds (Tokosegawa: 6.9 km2 and Nigorigawa: 6.1 km2) in southwestern Japan. We identified 190 landslides using aerial photographs and analyzed their sizes by geographic information system (GIS). Field investigations were conducted to obtain landslide depth, volume and residual sediment for 38 selected landslides (21 in forests and 17 in grasslands). The minimum area of detected landslides in grasslands (400 m2) was smaller than in forests (1000 m2), probably because of reduced detectability of landslides under tree cover. The ratio of total area occupied by landslides for a given range of slope gradient in the watersheds increased from 3.2% on gentle grassland slopes (10–15°) to 15.5% on steep (>45°) slopes, whereas the maximum landslide‐area ratio in forest sites (7.4%) occurred on relatively gentle slopes (25–30°). Estimated landslide volume ranged from 27 to 9622 m3, based on mean depth of each landslide measured around individual landslide scars. Moreover, the volumetric ratio of landslide deposit volume to total landslide volume exceeded 100% for 48% of the landslides within forests and 35% of the landslides within grasslands. Our findings show that land cover had extensive and recognizable effects on the characteristics of landslides and resulting in‐channel sediment accumulations. Resetting sediment dynamics after earthquakes associated with different land cover distributions needs to be considered within watersheds. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Change in slide direction of submarine landslides in the Pliocene‐Quaternary deposits near the Shimokita Peninsula, northeast Japan, using 3D seismic data

AbstractSubmarine landslides constitute a major mass transport process from shallow‐ to deep‐sea and may have catastrophic impacts on both offshore infrastructure and coastal areas. Previous studies on submarine landslides have focused on triggering mechanisms and precondition perspectives, targeting limited numbers of short‐term landslide events. Consequently, few studies have addressed long‐term changes in landslide characteristics, including volume, direction, and timing. The areas studied herein are located on the continental slope facing the Japan Trench off the Shimokita Peninsula, northeast Japan, where a number of large‐scale translational‐type submarine landslide and accompanying unique dike structures have been identified in Pliocene to Recent deposits via 3D seismic data analysis. Here we developed a procedure for recognizing landslide deposits in 3D seismic data from the survey area, then investigated the 3D deposit distributions in detail. Because translational landslides preserve original structures, they can be used to estimate landslide volume. Parallel dike swarm features, which are interpreted as dewatering paths formed soon after landslide events, enable estimation of slide direction in time‐slice images. Such analysis also allows differentiation of landslide deposits from background sediments and estimation of landslide volume. Landslides exceeding 50 km3 in volume have occurred numerous times in the past 6 my. Landslides directions are observed from southwest to northeast over this entire period, whereas slides trending northwest to southeast started at ~ 2 Ma. Although the landslide sizes vary greatly, the average landslide volumes are roughly constant throughout Pliocene and Quaternary time. Such shifts in long‐term trends suggest a change in tectonics in the landslide source region. These unique long‐term records (over 6 my) are enabled by the specific conditions in the study region, which include translational landslides, parallel dike swarms, and monotonous lithology.

Structural constraints on the subduction of mass-transport deposits in convergent margins

Abstract The subduction of large and heterogeneous mass-transport deposits (MTDs) is discussed to modify the structure and physical state of the plate boundary and therewith exert an influence on seismicity in convergent margins. Understanding which subduction-zone architectures and structural boundary conditions favour the subduction of MTDs, primarily deposited in oceanic trenches, is therefore highly significant. We use bathymetric and seismic reflection data from modern convergent margins to show that a large landslide volume and long runout, in concert with thin trench sediments, increase the chances for an MTD to become subducted. In regions where the plate boundary develops within the upper plate or at its base (non-accretionary margins), and in little-sedimented trenches (sediment thickness <2 km), an MTD has the highest potential to become subducted, particularly when characterized by a long runout. On the contrary, in the case of a heavily sedimented trench (sediment thickness >4 km) and short runout, an MTD will only be subducted if the thickness of subducting sediments is higher than the thickness of sediments under the MTD. The results allow identification of convergent margins where MTDs are preferentially subducted and thus potentially alter plate-boundary seismicity.

Analyzing the formation mechanism of the Xuyong landslide, Sichuan province, China, and emergency monitoring based on multiple remote sensing platform techniques

In this study, multitemporal satellite images, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and ground-based radar were utilized to investigate the formation mechanism and disaster features of different phases of the Xuyong landslide disaster that occurred in Sichuan Province on December 9, 2018. Field survey indicates that the estimated landslide volume is approximately 35000 m3. The landslide is a typical dualistic soil-rock structural landslide with bedding planes. The sliding surface is located in a thin layer of limestone which is characterized by the X-shaped conjugate joint planes. The steep slope has been cut and transformed by human disturbances, which have influenced the slope stability and the drainage of precipitation along the slope. Many factors, including the regional geological structure, stratum lithology, slope topography, landform morphology, and precipitation, have contributed to the Xuyong landslide during the pre-disaster phase. Post-disaster emergency observation revealed that subsequent deformation was located mainly along the back edge of the landslide, where the maximum surficial deformation reached only 18 mm/day over a small area, reflecting the low probability of a secondary landslide hazard. Our research provides significant guidelines for investigating potential landslide dangers in similar environments and for post-disaster emergency response using multiple remote sensing (RS) platforms.

Thermal Infrared Imagery Integrated with Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Characterization of Landslide Model Failure.

A laboratory model test is an effective method for studying landslide risk mitigation. In this study, thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, a modern no-contact technique, was introduced and integrated with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to characterize the failure of a landslide model. The characteristics of the failure initiation, motion, and region of interest, including landslide volume, deformation, velocity, surface temperature changes, and anomalies, were detected using the integrated monitoring system. The laboratory test results indicate that the integrated monitoring system is expected to be useful for characterizing the failure of landslide models. The preliminary results of this study suggest that a change in the relative TIR signal (ΔTIR) can be a useful index for landslide detection, and a decrease in the average value of the temperature change () can be selected as a precursor to landslide failure.

10Be dating and seismic origin of Luanshibao rock avalanche in SE Tibetan Plateau and implications on Litang active fault

Moderate-large earthquakes usually trigger a large number of landslides. The prehistoric large landslides can be analyzed to determine the probability of its seismic origin, and further recognized as an indicator of fault activity and earthquake intensity. Based on field investigation, high-resolution satellite image interpretation and cosmogenic exposure dating of landslide deposit, the paper presents a large, long-runout Luanshibao rock avalanche (the LSB rock avalanche), southeast Tibet. The study reveals that (1) the LSB rock avalanche straddles the Litang active strike-slip fault and deposits on the open-flat Quaternary Maoya basin, with a deposit volume of 67 Mm3 and an apparent coefficient of friction of 0.22. (2) Totally, 8 granite blocks from the proximal to the medial part of deposit dated by the Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide method suggests an average 10Be exposure age of 3510 ± 346 a B.P. for the LSB rock avalanche; (3) the spatial-temporal intercutting relationships among the LSB rock avalanche, Quaternary sediments, and the Litang active fault suggest five strong paleoseismic events in the Maoya basin, which is temporally in accordance to the result defined by paleoearthquake-trench research; (4) the corresponding maximum magnitude could reach MW 7.1 ± 0.1 by the empirical equations between landslide volume and earthquake magnitude. It suggests that the Maoya section of Litang fault is probably more dangerous than other sections due to the high density of large co-seismic landslides, which could present useful reference for the alignment selection of future Sichuan-Tibet railway.

From Toppling to Sliding: Progressive Evolution of the Moosfluh Landslide, Switzerland

AbstractThis paper presents a detailed analysis of a dramatic rock slope acceleration that occurred in fall 2016 at the Moosfluh Landslide, located at the glacier tongue of the Great Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland). The acceleration that occurred in 2016 was unanticipated and exposed the valley bottom and an adjacent damned lake to high risk. This acceleration occurred in an active deep‐seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) controlled primarily by deep block‐flexural toppling. In 2013, a highly accurate displacement monitoring system was developed and installed in the surroundings of the Great Aletsch Glacier, including a time‐lapse camera, GNSS, and robotic total stations. This monitoring system provided unique data during the 2016 slope acceleration which are used in this study to assess failure mechanisms, landslide volumes, and subsurface displacement geometry. Based on a novel displacement vector analysis, we find that three retrogressive secondary rockslides developed during the first six weeks of the slope acceleration, with rupture surface depths of 30 to 40 m, and estimated volumes between 1 and 4 Mm3. These rockslides display complex deformation features, including head and lateral scarps, which developed during the slope acceleration. The kinematics of these secondary rockslides changed through time, from primarily toppling to combined toppling and sliding. Our results provide a uniquely detailed understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of deformation features and movement kinematics that occur when several sectors of a slowly moving DSGSD transitions into rapid rockslides.

A Late Pleistocene river-damming landslide, Minjiang River, China

An ancient, large-scale, river-damming landslide in Koushan Village, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, located in the upstream of the Minjiang River, had a large influence on the valley evolution of the Minjiang River. Our investigation estimated that the landslide volume was 1.5 billion m3. The elevation of the scarp is 2700 m, 1000 m above the present accumulation of the landslide. The residual dam is comparatively complete, with calcium cementation. The highest point of the dam is 221 m higher than the Minjiang River. The dammed lake extends for 38 km and reaches as far as Maoxian County. The investigation results indicate that an earthquake was probably the main cause of the landslide. The damming mechanism was associated with rock avalanches. These rock avalanches subsequently blocked the Minjiang River. The dam exhibits multi-stage breaching, which can be divided into overflow erosion and rapid cutting stages. The 14C dating results indicate that the landslide occurred at least 22,000 years ago and that the dam was breached at least 11,700 years ago.

Model tests for surge height of rock avalanche\u2013debris flows based on momentum balance

Rock avalanche–debris flows triggered by earthquakes commonly take place in mountainous areas. When entering a body of water, due to good fluidity they can move for some time instead of halting in water. In this study, we proposed a method for calculating the surge height of rock avalanche–debris flows based on momentum balance and designed a series of model tests to validate this method. The experimental variables include the initial water depth, landslide velocity, and landslide volume. According to the experimental results, we analyzed the maximum wave height in sliding zone based on momentum balance. In addition, we investigated the surge height and proposed the calculation method in propagating zone and running up zone. In this way, we can find out the surge height in different areas when a rock avalanche–debris flow impacts into the water, which could provide a basis for analyzing the burst of barrier lakes.

Simulating the Xinmo landslide runout considering entrainment effect

This paper investigates the setting, causes, and main dynamic characteristics of the landslide that occurred at Xinmo village, Diexi, Sichuan province, China, on June 24, 2017. By comparing the pre- and post-sliding DEMs, the landslide involved the failure of ≈ 3.0 × 106 m3 rock mass from its source area, and had a final volume of ≈ 6.3 × 106 m3. The landslide runout extended 2800 m horizontally and 1200 m vertically, and covered an area of ≈ 143.1 × 104 m2. Field investigation indicates that entrainment was one of the major causes of the increase in volume of landslide. To reproduce the behavior of the landslide runout, a depth-averaged continuum model that takes entrainment into consideration is applied. The simulated results generally agree well with the characteristics of the sliding path and distribution of the landslide deposit as observed in the field. It is demonstrated that entrainment plays a significant role in landslide mobility and volume. The final volume of the landslide is calculated about 6.21 × 106 m3, which has more than double its initial volume.