Volatile Oxidation Research Articles

Fish in Vitro Digestion: Influence of Fish Salting on the Extent of Lipolysis, Oxidation, and Other Reactions

A study of the various chemical reactions which take place during fish in vitro digestion and the potential effect of fish salting on their extent is addressed for the first time. Farmed European sea bass fillets, raw, brine-salted or dry-salted, were digested using a gastrointestinal in vitro model. Fish lipid extracts before and after digestion were analyzed by 1H NMR, and the headspace composition of the digestates was investigated by SPME-GC/MS. During digestion, not only lipolysis, but also fish lipid oxidation took place. This latter was evidenced by the generation of conjugated dienes supported on chains having also hydroperoxy- and hydroxy-groups (primary oxidation compounds), by the increase of volatile secondary oxidation products, and by the decrease of the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). Likewise, esterification and Maillard-type reactions also occurred. Salting, and especially dry-salting, enhanced all these reactions, except for lipolysis, during digestion.

Modeling of Simultaneous Oxidation and Volatilization Phenomena Along a Crack in a Self-Healing Multi-constituent Material

Multilayer ceramic matrix composites with self-healing capacities have been developed for high-temperature aeronautical applications. However, the use of these sophisticated materials leads to complex thermo-chemical behavior which requires a proper analysis. Previous models have allowed to determine the quantity of oxygen reaching the fiber at the end of a crack, in a dry atmosphere. The focus of this study was to extend this model to the case of humid atmospheres, for the presence of moisture can lead to the volatilization of the healing oxide. Applications of the model were conducted on a material composed of successive layers of SiC and B4C. Changes of the crack wall surface could then be evaluated, as well as the healing or recession behavior, and the evolution of the oxygen concentration. Moreover, the introduction of a uniform equivalent averaged material allowed estimations of the consumption of all constituents, and in particular of carbon interphase, over durations representative of aeronautical service lives.

Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review.

The increase in air pollution over the years has had major effects on the human skin. Various air pollutants such as ultraviolet radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, oxides, particulate matter, ozone and cigarette smoke affect the skin as it is the outermost barrier. Air pollutants damage the skin by inducing oxidative stress. Although human skin acts as a biological shield against pro-oxidative chemicals and physical air pollutants, prolonged or repetitive exposure to high levels of these pollutants may have profound negative effects on the skin. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation has been associated with extrinsic skin aging and skin cancers. Cigarette smoke contributes to premature aging and an increase in the incidence of psoriasis, acne and skin cancers. It is also implicated in allergic skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and eczema. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are associated with extrinsic skin aging, pigmentation, cancers and acneiform eruptions. Volatile organic compounds have been associated with atopic dermatitis. Given the increasing levels of air pollution and its detrimental effects on the skin, it is advisable to use strategies to decrease air pollution.

Characterization of Volatile Compounds with HS-SPME from Oxidized n-3 PUFA Rich Oils via Rancimat Tests

Algae oil and fish oil are n-3 PUFA mainstream commercial products. The various sources for the stability of n-3 PUFA oxidation are influenced by the fatty acid composition, extraction and refined processing. In this study, the oil stability index (OSI) occurs within 2.3 to 7.6 hours with three different n-3 PUFA rich oil. To set the OSI in the Rancimat test as the oil stability limit and observed various degrees of oxidation (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125%). The volatile oxidation compounds were analyzed via headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and GC/MS. We detected 51 volatile compound variations during the oxidation, which were composed of aldehydes, hydrocarbons, cyclic compounds, alcohols, benzene compounds, ketones, furans, ester and pyrrolidine. The off-flavor characteristics can be strongly influenced by the synergy effects of volatile oxidation compounds. Chemometric analysis (PCA and AHC) was applied to identify the sensitive oxidation marker compounds, which included a (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal appropriate marker, via lipid oxidation in the n-3 PUFA rich oil.

Methane Dehydroaromatization by Mo/HZSM-5: Mono- or Bifunctional Catalysis?

The active site requirements for methane dehydroaromatization by Mo/HZSM-5 were investigated by employing as catalysts physical mixtures of Mo-bearing supports (HZSM-5, SiO2, γ-Al2O3, and activated carbon) and HZSM-5. Separation of the two catalyst components after activation or reaction was possible by using two different sieve fractions. Our comparison demonstrates that migration of volatile Mo oxides into the micropores of HZSM-5 is at the origin of the observed catalytic synergy in methane dehydroaromatization for physical mixtures. The propensity of Mo migration depends on the activation method and the Mo–support interaction. Migration is most pronounced for Mo/SiO2. Prolonged exposure of HZSM-5 zeolite to Mo oxide vapors results in partial destruction of the zeolite framework. Mo carbide dispersed on nonzeolitic supports afforded predominantly coke with only very small amounts of benzene. The main function of the zeolite is to provide a shape-selective environment for the conversion of methane to be...

An attempt to stabilize supported Ru catalysts against oxidative volatilization

Ru/Al2O3 is an active catalyst for the stoichiometric NO–CO–C3H6–O2 reaction, whereas >90% of the loaded Ru was volatized during thermal ageing in airflow at 1000°C for 100h, resulting in considerable catalyst deactivation. Using α-Fe2O3 as support, the Ru volatilization was suppressed to a significant extent, because Ru oxide was stabilized by dissolving into Fe2O3 to form a solid solution. Nevertheless, this metal-support interaction decreased the Ru concentration on the catalyst surface, thus leading to another catalyst deactivation route. The catalytic activity can be regenerated by applying H2-reduction treatment to the aged Ru/Fe2O3 catalyst.

Repellency and Larvicidal Activity of Essential oils from Xylopia laevigata, Xylopia frutescens, Lippia pedunculosa, and Their Individual Compounds against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus.

In order to find new alternatives for vector control and personal protection, we evaluated the larvicidal and repellent activity of essentials oils from plants found in the Northeast of Brazil against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus mosquitoes. The plants tested include Xylopia laevigata, Xylopia frutescens, and Lippia pedunculosa and their major compounds, piperitenone oxide, and (R)-limonene. The essential oil of L. pedunculosa and its major volatile compounds were shown to be toxic for Ae. aegypti larvae with a LC50 lower than 60ppm. The essential oil of plants from the Xylopia genus, on the other hand, showed no activity against Ae. aegypti, proving to be toxic to mosquito larvae only when concentrations were higher than 1000ppm. All plants tested provided some degree of protection against mosquitoes landing, but only the essential oil of L. pedunculosa and the volatile compound piperitenone oxide suppressed 100% of mosquitoes landing on human skin, in concentrations lower than 1%. Among the plants studied, the essential oil of L. pedunculosa and its volatiles compounds have shown the potential for the development of safe alternative for mosquito larvae control and protection against Ae. aegypti mosquito bites.

Real-Time Studies of Iron Oxalate-Mediated Oxidation of Glycolaldehyde as a Model for Photochemical Aging of Aqueous Tropospheric Aerosols.

The complexation of iron(III) with oxalic acid in aqueous solution yields a strongly absorbing chromophore that undergoes efficient photodissociation to give iron(II) and the carbon dioxide anion radical. Importantly, iron(III) oxalate complexes absorb near-UV radiation (λ > 350 nm), providing a potentially powerful source of oxidants in aqueous tropospheric chemistry. Although this photochemical system has been studied extensively, the mechanistic details associated with its role in the oxidation of dissolved organic matter within aqueous aerosol remain largely unknown. This study utilizes glycolaldehyde as a model organic species to examine the oxidation pathways and evolution of organic aerosol initiated by the photodissociation of aqueous iron(III) oxalate complexes. Hanging droplets (radius 1 mm) containing iron(III), oxalic acid, glycolaldehyde, and ammonium sulfate (pH ∼3) are exposed to irradiation at 365 nm and sampled at discrete time points utilizing field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry (FIDI-MS). Glycolaldehyde is found to undergo rapid oxidation to form glyoxal, glycolic acid, and glyoxylic acid, but the formation of high molecular weight oligomers is not observed. For comparison, particle-phase experiments conducted in a laboratory chamber explore the reactive uptake of gas-phase glycolaldehyde onto aqueous seed aerosol containing iron and oxalic acid. The presence of iron oxalate in seed aerosol is found to inhibit aerosol growth. These results suggest that photodissociation of iron(III) oxalate can lead to the formation of volatile oxidation products in tropospheric aqueous aerosols.

Characterization of Oxidation Kinetics of Mo–Si–B-Based Materials

Characterization of oxidation kinetics of composites based on refractory metals like Mo by means of thermogravimetry is often very complex, because of the simultaneous formation of both volatile and stable oxides. Specifically, thermogravimetrically measured specific mass changes represent the sum of opposite mass change processes: (i) mass loss due to the formation of volatile oxide species and (ii) mass gain as a result of oxygen uptake due to the growth of solid, adherent oxide layers. In order to unambiguously assess the oxidation resistance of such alloys, a separation of these two opposing processes and their quantitative description are needed. In this study, a novel approach is proposed that enables determination of the amount of the material affected during oxidation using the measured oxide layer thickness. This approach also permits a quantitative separation of thermogravimetric data into mass loss (oxide evaporation) and mass gain (oxygen uptake). The advantage of splitting of the thermogravimetric curve into mass gain and mass loss is discussed on the basis of the multiphase material Mo–9Si–8B.

Quality Changes and Browning Developments During Storage of Dried-Seasoned Squid (Dosidicus gigas and Ommastrephes bartrami)

ABSTRACTThe physicochemical changes—moisture, water activity, crude protein, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), dimethylamine (DMA) and formaldehyde, reducing sugar and amino acid; microbiological changes—aerobic plate count (APC) and coliforms; and browning development (browning intensity and color) in dried-seasoned squids (Dosidicus gigas and Ommastrephes bartrami) during storage at 25°C were investigated. After the storage, the moisture and water activity decreased significantly. The content of crude protein decreased, accompanied by progressive accumulation of TVB-N and slow increase of APC. The high level of TMAO in dried-seasoned squid gradually decreased, whereas DMA and formaldehyde increased significantly during the whole period of storage. The browning intensity and b* value significantly increased, which revealed the occurrence of browning in two squid products. The dominant reducing sugar, lactose, and glucose, and the total amino acid including lysine and proline, decreased remarkably, which were well-correlated with the browning development. The quality deterioration in jumbo squid was more rapid than in neon flying squid partially due to the high level of reducing sugar in the former product. To improve quality and resist browning reaction of dried squid product during storage, the addition of extrinsic reducing sugar became a control factor.

Antioxidant effect of water and acetone extracts of Fucus vesiculosus on oxidative stability of skin care emulsions

A water and an acetone extract of the Icelandic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus were evaluated as potential natural sources of antioxidant compounds in skin care emulsions. To assess their efficacy in inhibiting lipid oxidation caused by photo‐ or thermoxidation, they were stored in darkness and room temperature as control conditions, and compared to samples stored under accelerated conditions (light and room temperature, or darkness and 40°C). The presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes when the emulsions were exposed to light, and more extensively under high temperature. High temperature also caused greater increments in the droplet size of the emulsions. The analysis of the tocopherol content, peroxide value and volatile compounds during the storage revealed that, whereas both water and acetone extracts showed (at 2 mg/g of emulsion) protective effect against thermooxidation, only the water extract showed antioxidant activity against photooxidation.Practical applications: This research is the basis of developing natural antioxidants derived from seaweed to limit lipid oxidation in skin care products.Skin care emulsions are exposed to light (A+) or elevated storage temperatures (H0) to promote lipid oxidation during storage. Control samples are stored at ambient temperatures in the dark (A0). Two Icelandic brown alga Fucus vesiculosus extracts, water (WE) and acetone (AE) extract, were added as natural antioxidants to control lipid oxidation and ensure a stable product. Both extract (depending on concentration, 1 or 2) decreased photooxidation of skin care emulsions compared to the reference (REF) without added extract, as decreased formation of secondary volatile oxidation products was observed. However, the presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes during storage. Moreover, samples exposed to elevated storage temperatures increased oil droplet size and resulted in disrupted emulsion structure (syneresis) by day 35.

Effect of Buried Powder Sintering on the Electrical and Piezoelectric Properties of CuO-Modified (Li,K,Na)(Nb,Sb)O<sub>3 </sub>Lead-Free Piezoceramics

A strong desire for environmental protection and human health care urgently requires us to find an environmental friendly type of piezoelectric material to replace the lead ones. In this study, (LixK0.5-xNa0.5)(Nb0.97Sb0.03)O3-1mol%CuO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1 ,0.2 ,0.5, abbreviated as CuO-LxKNNS) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been fabricated by a conventional solid-state reaction route. We focused on the comparison of buried powder sintering with exposed sintering. The effect of buried powder sintering method on density, structure and dielectric, piezoelectric properties of CuO-LxKNNS ceramics has been investigated. It was found that the density increased greatly when the buried powder sintering method was used, which was effective in inhibiting the volatilization of alkali metal oxides compared with exposed sintering method. Piezoelectric and dielectric properties showed a similar tendency with the density. These ceramics showed an obvious phase transition with increasing the Li content. CuO-LxKNNS ceramics showed orthorhombic symmetry when x= 0, but turned to be tetragonal symmetry when x ≥ 0.05. The optimal composition of CuO-LxKNNS with buried powder sintering method was x = 0.05 sintered at 1020 °C, for which the maximum value of the piezoelectric constant (d33) was 180pC/N, the density (ρ) was 4.40g/cm3, the room temperature relative dielectric constant (εr) was 270 and the dielectric loss (tanδ) was 0.07.

Combustion pattern, characteristics, and kinetics of biomass and chars from segmented heating carbonization

AbstractThe combustion patterns, characteristics, and kinetics were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis for raw maize straw, cotton stalk, and chars obtained from segmented heating carbonization at 300–800 °C. With increasing carbonization temperature, combustion patterns of biomass chars transform from the sequential reaction steps corresponding to pyrolysis and heterogeneous oxidation of volatiles and char to the in situ heterogeneous oxidation of fixed carbon and volatiles, the ignition temperature of biomass chars gradually increases, the ignition index does not monotonically increase, and the burnout index and combustion characteristic index decrease to different degrees. Judging from the combustion characteristic index, chars obtained from 300 to 500 °C of carbonization show better combustibility. The kinetic parameters of raw and carbonized biomass were determined by Coats–Redfern method. Different reaction mechanisms exist in oxidation processes of different chars, which attribute to the synergistic effects of homogenous oxidation of volatiles and heterogeneous oxidation of char. The kinetic parameters obtained from the variation of species and model functions exhibit kinetic compensation effect. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Self-assembling WC interfacial layer on diamond grains via gas-phase transport mechanism during sintering of metal matrix composite

Diamond wire saws are widely used in machining of high strength reinforced concrete and steel structures. In such operation conditions, the tools wear down rather quickly, which has significant technical and economic implications. Currently, there are three main ways to improve a quality of diamond cutting tools: increasing (1) strength of a binder (metal matrix), (2) diamond grain grade and (3) adhesion strength between diamond and a binder. In this work, an effective approach involving simultaneous improvement of (1) and (3) during diamond composite material sintering is reported. The mechanism of spontaneous formation of WC layer on a diamond surface during sintering with metal matrix composite in the presence of WC nanopowder as a reinforcing additive is studied. The layer is formed via gas-phase transport mechanism leading to chemisorption of volatile tungsten oxide WO3 onto a diamond surface followed by WO3 reduction and carbide formation. The simultaneous enhancement of mechanical properties of the binder and formation of protective WC interfacial layer on diamonds provide a synergistic effect, which results in increased productivity and cutting speed of diamond tools.

Rheological, chemical and thermal investigations on an aged binder rejuvenated with two non-edible oils

The aged pavement material from a defunct pavement – commonly known as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) – contains stiffened binder caused by loss of volatile materials and oxidation. Therefore, addition of a high amount of the RAP to asphalt mix, in case of pavement recycling, may make it prone to fatigue failure. Due to this reason, the addition of RAP to asphalt mixture in substantial amount has been a challenge so far. “Rejuvenators” are generally used to restore the properties of the aged binders in the recycled mixes. The present study deals with the assessment of two non-edible oils, that is, pongamia oil and composite castor oil (a composite rejuvenator having castor oil and coke-oven gas condensate) as asphalt rejuvenators to achieve 100% RAP recycling. The study mainly comprises rheological characterisation studies such as rutting behaviour, fatigue behaviour, dynamic mechanical analysis and creep-recovery studies of the rejuvenated binder specimens. Chemical investigations using infrared spectroscopy also affirmed use of these oils in effectively restoring the properties of aged binders. In addition, for assessment of the long-term performance in terms of thermostability of the rejuvenated binders, a thermal analysis was carried out using a simultaneous thermal analyser, which confirmed the adequate thermal stability of the rejuvenated binders. From the investigations taken up under this study, it was concluded that 5% oil (for both pongamia and composite castor oil) rejuvenated aged binder could show desirable rutting and fatigue behaviours and sometimes even better than the virgin binder. However, its confirmation can be laid only after suitable mix performance studies.

Effect of Cooking Methods on the Flavor of Jinhua Ham by GC-MS and Electronic Nose Analysis

Jinhua ham is popular in China because of its characteristic aroma. Unlike dry-cured western ham, it is cooked. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three traditional cooking methods, steaming (B), boiling (C) and stewed ham Soup (S) on the volatiles in Jinhua ham (A). The volatiles were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). The volatiles mainly consisted of alcohols, sulfur-containing compounds and cyclic compounds. Results from the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed A, C1, C3 (13, 18), B1, B2 (13) had the same volatiles, while B3 (22, 24, 36, 12, 30, 19, 23, 26), C2 (28, 33) and S1 (37, 27, 38), S3 (38, 8, 34); S2 (8, 17, 11) showed negative correlation with A, C1, C3, B1 and B2. The compounds generated by cooking the ham were dominated by Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation volatiles. Most importantly, many unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as 3-methyl-2- butenal, 2-heptenal were generating by different types of heating. The electronic nose analysis indicated that the cooking methods had great effect on the flavor profiles of the ham. The C2 appeared to have profile similar to the raw ham. However, C3 had different flavor profile from that for S1 and S2. The main source of the difference was that the profiles appeared to be high in sulfur-containing content in S1 and S2.

Oxidation of a functional, CLA-rich oil: determination of volatile and non-volatile compounds

The objective of this work was to monitor and compare formation of non-volatile and volatile oxidation compounds in a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil, Tonalin® oil (TO) and a linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil, safflower oil (SO) at 40 °C in the dark. In the TO, formation of hydroperoxides was negligible and the first and major compounds formed were polymerization products. When tocopherols were exhausted, the SO showed 152 meq O2/kg oil and 3 % polymers, values which are consistent with the expected progress of oxidation in unsaturated oils under these conditions, while the TO showed only 19 meq O2/kg oil of peroxide value and as much as 15 % polymers. In relation to the composition of volatile compounds, that found in the SO was close to that expected from the cleavage of the alkoxyl radicals formed from the LA-derived hydroperoxides, where hexanal is the main compound. However, the composition of volatile compounds of the TO was characterized by the occurrence of heptanal and t-2-nonenal, which were absent in the SO. An alternative route of formation for these distinct volatile oxidation compounds in TO could be scission of dioxoethanes coming from 1,2 cycloadditions of CLA with oxygen. Overall, the results obtained in this study, both on non-volatile and on volatile compounds, support that oxidation kinetics of CLA-rich oils differ substantially from that expected according to the hydroperoxide theory. Oxidation of CLA seems to proceed preferentially by the addition of the peroxyl radical to a double bond during propagation reactions, thus supporting the formation of oligomeric peroxides from the early events of lipid degradation.

Comparison of Three Methods for Extraction of Volatile Lipid Oxidation Products from Food Matrices for GC–MS Analysis

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare three different collection methods; purge and trap, solid phase micro extraction and automated dynamic headspace/thermal desorption, all followed by GC–MS analysis used for the measurements of concentrations of volatile oxidation products in three different food matrices, namely oil, emulsion and milk. The linearity ranges of calibration curves obtained by the three different methods were compared for oil samples. Overall, the results showed that the three collection methods were comparable, although there were large differences in the linearity range of the calibration curves depending on the collection method. However, some challenges were observed for solid phase micro extraction and automated dynamic headspace/thermal desorption, namely, competition problems and overestimation of concentration by calibration curves, respectively. Based on the results, we suggest mainly to apply solid phase micro extraction on simple matrices and to be cautious with more complex matrices such as enriched milk and highly oxidized oils. Thereby, the study confirmed some challenges observed by other authors regarding competition problems on the fiber when using solid phase micro extraction. Furthermore, we observed that purge and trap, and automated dynamic headspace/thermal desorption were excellent for extraction of volatile compounds in all three matrices. However, automated dynamic headspace/thermal desorption calibration curves did provide an overestimation for oil samples so results must be interpreted with caution.

Effects of Chilled Storage, Freezing Rates, and Frozen Storage Temperature on Lipid Oxidation in Meat Blocks from Cultured Bluefin Tuna Thunnus thynnus

ABSTRACTThe effects of a short chilled storage period before freezing, frozen storage temperature, and freezing rate on lipid oxidation of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) meat during frozen storage were investigated. After 12-months storage, all samples had increased in peroxide value though they were less at the lower temperatures (−45 and −60°C). Peroxide values in all samples stored at −20°C increased after 3 months storage, particularly those processed and stored 51 h after harvest. The lowest increase in peroxide value occurred in the samples frozen rapidly 3 h after harvest. Vitamin E levels decreased faster during frozen storage at −20°C. There were no apparent differences in levels of triacylglycerides nor in n-3 fatty acid levels between treatments, storage periods, and storage temperatures. After 12-months storage, headspace oxidative volatiles were highest in samples stored at −20°C and lowest in those stored at −60°C. Lipid oxidation in tuna meat stored at −45°C is similar to that at −60°C, and rapid freezing rather than slow freezing should be used.

Blends of Cold Pressed Black Cumin Oil and Sunflower Oil with Improved Stability: A Study Based on Changes in the Levels of Volatiles, Tocopherols and Thymoquinone during Accelerated Oxidation Conditions

Blends (5%, 10% and 20%, w/w) of cold-pressed black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil (BCO) with sunflower oil (SO) were formulated. Oxidative stability (OxS) of SO and blends during storage at thermal accelerated oxidation conditions including Rancimat method (110C) and Schaal oven test (60C) was studied. Progression of oxidation was followed by measuring peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD) and conjugated trienes (CT). Changes in the volatile oxidation compounds, thymoquinone and tocopherols levels of oils and blends during thermal oxidation were also recorded. Blending did not affect significantly the fatty acids profile of blends wherein linoleic and oleic acids were the main constituents. Inverse relationships were noted between PV and OxS at termination of storage. Levels of CD and CT in SO and blends increased with increase in time. Nine volatile oxidation compounds including hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-heptanone, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal were identified using the headspace/solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS/SPME-GC/MS). Hexanal and (E)-2-heptenal were predominant identified compounds wherein these compounds increased during oxidation at 60C. Stability of blends was better than SO, most likely due to changes in the levels of thymoquinone and tocopherols’ found in BCO. Practical Application Blending of edible oils have emerged as an economical way of improving organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of vegetable oils besides enhancement the oxidative stability. Among new sources of edible oils with high levels of bioactive compounds, cold pressed black cumin oil (BCO) is of interest and may play a role in human health. At different levels of blending SO with BCO, the stability of sunflower oil (SO) was enhanced. The optimal level of BCO enrichment will depend on the actual food application. It is expected that commercial exploitation of BCO:SO blends with affordable cost for consumers will be soon realized.