Treatment Of Volatile Organic Compounds Research Articles

Investigating the action model of the resistance enhancement induced by bacterial volatile organic compounds against Botrytis cinerea in tomato fruit

IntroductionInducing natural resistance against pathogen infection in postharvest tomatoes is a sustainable strategy for reducing postharvest losses. The action model underlying the resistance enhancement of tomatoes induced by bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against Botrytis cinerea, however, have not been explored.MethodsIn this study, RNA-seq, metabolomics and physiological analysis were used to evaluate global change of defense response induced by VOCs in tomatoes.ResultsThe application of VOCs inhibited the damage to tomatoes caused by B. cinerea. VOCs treatment had remarkable beneficial effects on the activities of the main defence-related enzymes, including chitinases, glucanases, peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases. The expression of response genes involved in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signalling pathways was enhanced upon VOCs treatment. Metabolomics data demonstrated that VOC treatment triggered the accumulation of phenolic acids, including substrates in phenolic acid biosynthesis pathways, hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, and their derivatives. Transcriptomics analysis and qRT-PCR verification revealed that VOCs treatment significantly upregulates the expression of core genes related to phenolic acid biosynthesis, specifically in shikimate pathway (SlDAHPS, SlSDH, SlCS, and SlADT3) and phenylalanine metabolic pathway (SlPAL, Sl4CL, SlBAHD1, SlCYP98A2 and SlCAP84A1).DiscussionResults confirmed that VOCs enhanced tomatoes postharvest resistance against B. cinerea by regulating defence enzyme activity, SA/JA signalling, and phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which VOCs fumigation manages postharvest grey mould in tomatoes.

Techno-economic and life cycle assessment for the zero-carbon emission process of the production of methanol from VOCs

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the major sources of air pollutants, and the efficient treatment technologies for VOCs have garnered significant attention. The conventional VOCs treatment system converts VOCs into CO2 and directly releases them into air, and it is one of the biggest challenges for carbon neutrality. This paper integrates emerging water electrolysis and carbon utilization technologies with traditional VOCs thermal conversion to produce methanol in a zero-emission approach, converting harmful hydrocarbon compounds into valuable fuel, methanol, without CO2 emission. This paper conducts a comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate their economic and environmental impacts. The research demonstrates that under current market conditions, the treatment costs for this technology range between $5.8 and $8.8 per kilogram. However, when bio-methane is utilized as a VOCs accelerant in this project, it significantly reduces the project's carbon footprint compared to traditional VOCs treatment. It provides insight into the waste-to-worth process in a zero-carbon footprint approach

A Critical Review of Deep Oxidation of Gaseous Volatile Organic Compounds via Aqueous Advanced Oxidation Processes.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered to be the most recalcitrant gaseous pollutants due to their high toxicity, diversity, complexity, and stability. Gas-solid catalytic oxidation methods have been intensively studied for VOC treatment while being greatly hampered by energy consumption, catalyst deactivation, and byproduct formation. Recently, aqueous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted increasing interest for the deep oxidation of VOCs at room temperature, owing to the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, current reviews mainly focus on VOC degradation performance and have not clarified the specific reaction process, degradation products, and paths of VOCs in different AOPs. This study systematically reviews recent advances in the application of aqueous AOPs for gaseous VOC removal. First, the VOC gas-liquid mass transfer and chemical oxidation processes are presented. Second, the latest research progress of VOC removal by various ROS is reviewed to study their degradation performances, pathways, and mechanisms. Finally, the current challenges and future strategies are discussed from the perspectives of synergistic oxidation of VOC mixtures, accurate oxidation, and resource utilization of target VOCs via aqueous AOPs. This perspective provides the latest information and research inspiration for the future industrial application of aqueous AOPs for VOC waste gas treatment.

Photothermal synergistic catalytic oxidation mechanism of toluene by Ce-doped SrTiO3 via one-pot hydrothermal synthesis

Industrial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions pose significant environmental and human health risks, with photothermal catalysis degradation emerging as a promising VOCs treatment technology. The light response range and catalysis degradation efficiency of photocatalysts, however, need to be improved. This study prepared Ce-doped SrTiO3 perovskite catalysts via a one-pot hydrothermal method. The synergistic photic/thermal degradation mechanism of toluene was uncovered via XPS, Uv–Vis, EPR, and in-situ DRIFTS analysis. It was found that the toluene removal rate and CO2 yield reached their maximums at 200 °C, reaching 95 % and 90 %, respectively, at a Ce doping ratio of 50 %. During the catalytic process, the prerequisite to trigger toluene oxidation, and light promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (·OH and ·O2–), which facilitates the formation of intermediates and thus accelerates the deep oxidation of toluene. The doped Ce increases surface oxygen vacancies while lowering the energy band gap of the catalyst, facilitating the separation of holes and photogenerated electrons. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS studies demonstrated that toluene undergoes a ring-opening process, producing intermediates such as benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. This study will assist in promoting the use of photothermal synergistic catalytic degradation technology to remove VOCs from industrial sources.

A sprinkler- water cycle PEC-MFC system with bimetallic monatomic Co-Fe/g-C3N4/ACF cathode achieves efficient removal of gas trimethylamine

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) air pollutants are the precursors of ozone and PM2.5, all harmful to human health. To reduce the equipment volume further and improve the treatment capacity at room temperature, a novel microbial fuel cell (MFC) system, with a sprinkler and water recycle module, was designed to integrate bio-electricity generation from biodegradation and photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs over cathodic diatomic Co-Fe/g-C3N4 doped activated carbon felt (Co-Fe/g-C3N4/ACF). The removal of trimethylamine in both the gas and liquid phase was proved (VOCs concentration in air ≈ 0.93 g m−3, the removal capacity reached ≥ 119.97 mg gcat-1h−1). Through the sprinkler-water cycle, the trimethylamine molecules in air transferred and diffused to the liquid phase, then acted as the only carbon source for the electrogenic bacteria, that supplied the electricity to drive photoelectric catalysis under light illumination. The high efficiency (>2086 mg gcat-1h−1) and low energy consumption in the new system at room temperature means broad application prospect in VOCs treatment.

Electrooxidation of gaseous volatile organic compounds based on deep eutectic solvent modified Ni/SnOx-Sb nanocomposites

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the main sources of atmospheric haze and pose a threat to human health. Electrocatalysis is a technique that catalyzes chemical reactions by applying an electrical potential, which offers mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, making it highly promising for the treatment of VOCs. In this research, a series of deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified Ni/SnOx nanosheets doped with different Sb doping amounts (Ni/SnOx-Sb-DES) have been prepared and applied to the electrooxidation of toluene. In the process of electrochemical gas–solid interface catalysis, the content of reactive oxygen species released on Ni/SnOx-Sb-DES electrodes are affected by the specific surface area and the number of oxygen vacancies. Electrochemical characterization discovered that there are significant differences in overpotential among catalysts of different ratios, thus affecting catalytic activity of Ni/SnOx-Sb-DES. Among them, the Ni/SnOx-Sb-DES with best ratio removal rate of toluene reached 83.07 %, while the selectivity of CO2 was greater than 95 %. This study proposes a method for removing VOCs at ambient temperatures, aiming to provide a new avenue for commercial applications in environmental-related fields.

Study of Pt-modified chromium-manganese oxide alloys to improve the performance of toluene abatement

This research is dedicated to solving the environmental problems of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly aromatic chemicals in industrial emissions. The research aims to explore low-temperature, effective catalytic degradation technologies, specifically involving metal oxide and noble metal oxide catalysts, especially the Cr-Mn-Pt series catalysts. The Cr-Mn-Pt catalysts synthesized by the co-precipitation method showed efficient catalytic degradation of VOCs in low-temperature environments. The results of the experiment show that the Cr-Mn-Pt catalysts achieved 90 % toluene conversion at 198 °C, a 1000 ppm toluene concentration, and GHSV=15,000 mL/g·h, which is superior to single MnOx and Cr-Mn catalysts. The catalysts are characterized in depth using X-ray diffraction, specific surface area analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The result shows that the high specific surface area and large volume of pores of the Cr-Mn-Pt catalyst are advantageous for enhancing their catalytic activity and stability. The catalytic mechanism analysis shows that the degradation mechanism of toluene follows the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism with the final conversion of the intermediate product benzoate to CO2 and H2O. In summary, the Cr-Mn-Pt catalyst shows great potential in the technical treatment of VOCs due to their excellent low-temperature catalytic efficiency and stability, and it has enormous practical implications for protecting the environment in the industry.

Volatiles emitted by Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 trigger systemic plant resistance to Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium dahliae is among the most devastating fungal pathogens, causing significant economic harm to agriculture and forestry. To address this problem, researchers have focused on eliciting systemic resistance in host plants through utilizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by biological control agents. Herein, we meticulously measured the quantity of V. dahliae pathogens in plants via RTqPCR, as well as the levels of defensive enzymes and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins within plants. Finally, the efficacy of VOCs in controlling Verticillium wilt in cotton was evaluated. Following treatment with Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4, the expression of specific VdEF1-α genes in cotton decreased significantly. The incidence and disease indices also decreased following VOC treatment. In cotton, the salicylic acid (SA) signal was strongly activated 24 h posttreatment; then, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels increased at 48 h, and peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased to varying degrees at different time points. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage in cotton treated with VOCs were lower than those in the control group, and the expression levels of chitinase (CHI) and PR genes (PR10 and PR17), increased at various time points under the ST-TJ4 treatment. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes in cotton treated with VOCs was approximately 1.26 times greater than that in control plants at 24 h，while the contents of phenols and flavonoids increased significantly in the later stage. Additionally, 2-undecanone and 1-nonanol can induce a response in plants that enhances disease resistance. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that VOCs from ST-TJ4 act as elicitors of plant defence and are valuable natural products for controlling Verticillium wilt.

Antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma hamatum against Neocosmospora solani.

Neocosmospora solani causes Fusarium wilt disease and root rot, which are serious problems worldwide. To determine the growth inhibition of Neocosmospora solani by Trichoderma hamatum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the major chemical components of Trichoderma hamatum VOCs and the differences in their contents at different times were analysed, and the activity of these components was evaluated. The antifungal activity of Trichoderma hamatum was measured by a screening test, as Trichoderma hamatum exhibited strong antagonism against Neocosmospora solani in vitro. The double plate technique was used to verify the activity of Trichoderma hamatum VOCs, and the inhibition rate was 63.77%. Neocosmospora solani mycelia were uneven and expanded, the contents of the cells leaked, and the mycelia shrank and presented a diaphragm in the hyphae upon Trichoderma hamatum VOCs treatment. Trichoderma hamatum VOCs and their contents at different times were analysed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one clearly presented in greater amounts than the other components on day 3, 4, 5, and 6. VOCs from Trichoderma hamatum exhibited evident effects on the percentage of healthy fruit after day 3. Moreover, Trichoderma hamatum can improve the biological control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens, and can be applied in biocontrol fields.

Bio-perfume guns: Antifungal volatile activity of Bacillus sp. LNXM12 against postharvest pathogen Botrytis cinerea in tomato and strawberry

Gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major postharvest disease impacting fruits such as strawberries and tomatoes. This study explores the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus spp. as eco-friendly biocontrol agents against B. cinerea. In vitro experiments demonstrated that VOCs from Bacillus sp. LNXM12, B. thuringiensis GBAC46, and B. zhanghouensis LLTC93-VOCs inhibited fungal growth by 61.2%, 40.5%, and 21.6%, respectively, compared to the control. LNXM12 was selected for further experiments due to its highest control efficacy of 58.3% and 76.6% on tomato and strawberry fruits, respectively. The LNXM12 VOCs were identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, and 22 VOCs were identified. Synthetic VOCs with the highest probability percentage, namely ethyloctynol, 3-methyl-2-pentanone (3M2P), 1,3-butadiene-N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and squalene were used in experiments. The results showed that the synthetic VOCs ethyloctynol and 3M2P were highly effective, with an inhibition rate of 56.8 and 57.1% against fungal mycelium radial growth at 120 μg/mL on agar plates. Trypan blue staining revealed strongly disrupted, deeper blue, and lysed mycelium in VOC-treated B. cinerea. The scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM) results showed that fungal mycelium was smaller, irregular, and shrunken after synthetic VOC treatments. Furthermore, the synthetic VOCs Ethyloctynol and 3M2P revealed high control efficacy on tomatoes and strawberries infected by B. cinerea. The control efficacy on leaves was 67.2%, 66.1% and 64.5%, 78.4% respectively. Similarly, the control efficiency on fruits was 45.5%, 67.3% and 46.3% 65.1%. The expression of virulence genes in B. cinerea was analyzed, and the results revealed that selected genes BcSpl1, BcXyn11A, BcPG2, BcNoxB, BcNoxR, and BcPG1 were downregulated after VOCs treatment. The overall result revealed novel mechanisms by which Bacillus sp. volatiles control postharvest gray mold disease.

Performance and microbial community evolution of toluene degradation in the presence of acetone vapors using hybrid membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (HMABRs)

Biological treatment methodologies offer cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal, but they face limitations in effectively treating hydrophobic VOCs. Herein, this study introduces the Hybrid Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (HMABR) for VOC treatment. The HMABR integrates a bio-trickling filter-like spraying function with MABR technology to construct a non-submerge system. What’s more, introducing hydrophilic gases enhances the degradation of hydrophobic VOCs in pollutant biotreatment. While hydrophilic VOCs are readily degraded by microorganisms, the mechanisms of their co-degradation remain understudied. Toluene and acetone, common industrial VOCs, were examined in the HMABR system. HMABR exhibits outstanding toluene removal, reaching a maximum capacity of 142.04 gm−3h−1. The addition of acetone boosts this capacity by 70.1 gm−3h−1, altering EPS composition, and notably increasing the PN/PS ratio from 0.35 to 2.76. It can be inferred that acetone’s presence enhances biofilm EPS hydrophobicity, aiding toluene breakdown. Besides, when adding acetone, the biofilm EPS sample exhibited a more compact secondary protein structure. Analysis of the microbial community in the HMABR system identified a dominance of Pseudomonadota, with an increased abundance of Rhodanobacter, which correlated strongly with toluene degradation in the presence of acetone. Gene analysis revealed an increase in toluene degradation genes in Rhodanobacter when acetone was added. Furthermore, acetone activation was found to enhance metabolic pathways related to xylene degradation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, thereby improving toluene removal efficiency. These findings provide insights into co-metabolism in treating hydrophobic pollutants in HMABR and contribute to designing more effective treatment systems for VOCs.

Detection and treatment of VOCs in the food industry

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common pollutants in the atmosphere, which will do some harm to the environment and the human body. At present, the detection and treatment of VOCs are mainly concentrated in chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, household and other industries, but few scholars have studied the management of VOCs emitted by food industry. According to the characteristics of VOCs emitted from food industry, this article summarizes the research progress of relevant detection methods (gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, electronic nose technology) for VOCs emitted from food industry in recent years, focusing on the research progress, advantages, and disadvantages of destruction technology (combustion method, low temperature plasma technology, biological method), treatment and recovery technology (adsorption method, absorption method, condensation method, membrane separation method) and combination technology for VOCs emitted from food industry. Based on the understanding of various governance technologies and the relevant policy requirements of VOCs governance, the future research trends in this field are prospected.

Metschnikowia Pulcherrima yeast T-2 VOCs enhances postharvest blueberry fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea by activating flavonoid metabolic pathways

The postharvest rot of blueberry fruits caused by Botrytis cinerea led to economic losses. Here, we found that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by Metschnikowia Pulcherrima T-2 reduced fruit rot. Nevertheless, the mechanism of VOCs induced fruit resistance remains unclear. The total flavonoids content in blueberry fruits were significantly higher by T-2 VOCs treatment. Metabolomic analysis unraveled that the contents of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin were significantly higher with T-2 VOCs treatment. The quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin also inhibited growth of B. cinerea in vitro. According to transcriptome analysis, the expression level of VcNAC83 was significantly highly increased after T-2 VOCs treatment. Furthermore, VcNAC83 was highly correlated with rot rate and total flavonoids content, and RT-qPCR also verified that VcNAC83 was significantly up-regulated. Transient overexpression of VcNAC83 in fruits enhanced the resistance to B. cinerea, and reduced lesion diameter and rot rate. The total flavonoids content, expression levels of flavonoid-related genes such as PAL, F3H, F3′H, DFR and F3′5′H and contents of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin were also increased in the overexpressed blueberry fruits. These results support a critical role for T-2 VOCs in blueberry immune response to B. cinerea, and provide a new method of postharvest storage.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatmentof volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions. The study explores different methods, including direct combustion, thermal combustion, catalytic combustion, low-temperature plasma purification, photocatalytic purification, membrane separation, and adsorption methods. Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles, efficiency, and applicability under different conditions. Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method, highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration, high-volume VOC emissions. The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios. The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies, contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Enhanced benzene vapor adsorption through microwave-assisted fabrication of activated carbon from peanut shells using ZnCl2 as an activating agent

Herein, microwave-assisted activated carbon (MW-AC) was fabricated from peanut shells using a ZnCl2 activator and utilized for the first time to eliminate benzene vapor as a volatile organic compound (VOC). During the MW-AC production process, which involved two steps—microwave treatment and muffle furnace heating—we investigated the effects of various factors and achieved the highest iodine number of 1250 mg/g. This was achieved under optimal operating conditions, which included a 100% impregnation ratio, CO2 as the gas in the microwave environment, a microwave power set at 500 W, a microwave duration of 10 min, an activation temperature of 500 °C and an activation time of 45 min. The structural and morphological properties of the optimized MW-AC were assessed through SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis. The dynamic adsorption process of benzene on the optimized MW-AC adsorbent, which has a significant BET surface area of 1204.90 m2/g, was designed using the Box-Behnken approach within the response surface methodology. Under optimal experimental conditions, including a contact duration of 80 min, an inlet concentration of 18 ppm, and a temperature of 26 °C, the maximum adsorption capacity reached was 568.34 mg/g. The experimental data are better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while it is concluded that the equilibrium data are better described by the Langmuir isotherm model. MW-AC exhibited a reuse efficiency of 86.54% for benzene vapor after five consecutive recycling processes. The motivation of the study highlights the high adsorption capacity and superior reuse efficiency of MW-AC adsorbent with high BET surface area against benzene pollutant. According to our results, the developed MW-AC presents itself as a promising adsorbent candidate for the treatment of VOCs in various industrial applications.

Catalytic Oxidation of Benzene over Atomic Active Site AgNi/BCN Catalysts at Room Temperature.

Benzene is the typical volatile organic compound (VOC) of indoor and outdoor air pollution, which harms human health and the environment. Due to the stability of their aromatic structure, the catalytic oxidation of benzene rings in an environment without an external energy input is difficult. In this study, the efficient degradation of benzene at room temperature was achieved by constructing Ag and Ni bimetallic active site catalysts (AgNi/BCN) supported on boron-carbon-nitrogen aerogel. The atomic-scale Ag and Ni are uniformly dispersed on the catalyst surface and form Ag/Ni-C/N bonds with C and N, which were conducive to the catalytic oxidation of benzene at room temperature. Further catalytic reaction mechanisms indicate that benzene reacted with ·OH to produce R·, which reacted with O2 to regenerate ·OH. Under the strong oxidation of ·OH, benzene was oxidized to form alcohols, carboxylic acids, and eventually CO2 and H2O. This study not only significantly reduces the energy consumption of VOC catalytic oxidation, but also improves the safety of VOC treatment, providing new ideas for the low energy consumption and green development of VOC treatment.

Density functional theory study on the enhanced adsorption mechanism of VOCs by Cu4 cluster decorated UiO-66

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a class of air pollutants that greatly harm human health and the ecological environment, convenient and effective treatment of VOCs has become a challenge. This work proposed a transition metal cluster decorated UiO-66 (a typical type of metal-organic framework) as the effective adsorbent for the purification of VOCs with typical functional groups based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that the VOCs adsorption energy on the modified UiO-66 increased significantly, especially for Cu4 cluster-modified UiO-66, and the adsorption energy of trichloroethene is greater than that of the other considered VOCs, which may be induced by halogens or carbon-carbon double bond in trichloroethene. We compared chloromethane, chloroethylene, and ethylene and found that VOCs with carbon-carbon double bond have stronger adsorption energy, increasing with the number of chlorine atoms. The density of states (DOS), Hirshfeld charge analysis, and orbital distribution further confirm the charge distribution in UiO-66 after the decoration of the Cu4 cluster. Cu4 cluster can act as a bridge to promote the formation of chemical bonds between UiO-66 and VOCs molecules. Therefore, Cu4 cluster-modified UiO-66 can be a promising VOCs adsorption material, especially for vinyl chloride molecules.

Multifaceted effects of volatile organic compounds released by Fusarium oxysporum on Trichoderma biocontrol agents

We investigated how volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne fungal species complex that infects diverse plants, affect the growth of four Trichoderma spp. and their secretion of antifungal molecules and gene expression to evaluate the involvement of VOC-mediated recognition of pathogens in biocontrol. Five VOCs commonly produced by all F. oxysporum strains analyzed, including 4-ethylanisole, 1-hexanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, and 2-phenylethanol, were tested. All compounds inhibited Trichoderma growth in a concentration-dependent manner, with 4-ethylanisole being the most effective. Although the degree of growth inhibition by each compound was similar among the four species, their secretion of antifungal molecules varied widely, with the degree of induction in T. virens and T. viride being higher than that in T. harzianum and T. asperellum in most treatments. Transcriptome analyses via RNA-seq after exposure to 4-ethylasniole, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, and VOCs released by three F. oxysporum strains were performed. Analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms enriched among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that diverse processes, such as synthesizing/metabolizing various types of organic compounds, ion/carbohydrate transport, proteolysis, response to stimulus, signal transduction, chromosome organization, RNA processing, and DNA metabolism, were significantly affected. Some genes likely involved in biocontrol, such as those that perform fungal cell wall degradation, protein hydrolysis, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, were also differentially regulated. However, the DEGs in the four species did not overlap significantly, suggesting that individual species respond distinctly to each VOC treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that Trichoderma BCAs recognize other fungi through multiple specific volatile cues and prepare for subsequent encounters. We discuss future studies needed to test this hypothesis and to uncover the mechanism underlying the VOC-mediated recognition of pathogens and the resulting modulation of diverse cellular responses.

Density functional theory study the mechanism of oxygen-functionalized graphene to activate peroxymonosulfate for VOCs removal in aqueous solution

Utilization of carbon materials for persulfate activation has revolutionized advanced oxidation processes in effluent treatment. However, its potential volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal in gas phase remains an intriguing research area. In this research, the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by graphene functionalized with diverse oxygen groups was investigated, and the corresponding performances for VOCs treatment were examined. Furthermore, the feasibility of employing various functionalized graphene/PMS systems for VOCs treatment by simulating a wet scrubber system was explored. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were served as a useful tool to comprehensively analyze the intricate chemical processes involved: the adsorption and the activation of PMS, as well as the adsorption and degradation of VOCs. The favorable activity of graphene materials incorporating ketone group was showcased in our findings, as evidenced by charge distribution trends, charge transfer during persulfate adsorption, and the lower energy barrier. The mechanism of employing functionalized graphene/PMS systems for effective VOCs treatment was shed light by this research, thereby contributing to the advancement of exhaust gas treatment methods.

Optimization and Simulation Analysis of Furnace Structure for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) significantly threaten the atmospheric environment. Currently, common methods for the recovery and treatment of VOCs include adsorption, solution absorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and high-temperature oxidation. Among them, the Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) is a scheme for high-temperature oxidation treatment of VOCs, which applies aerospace heat transfer and combustion technology to the treatment of VOCs, and the removal efficiency of VOCs can reach over 99%. Considering the high temperature and possible instantaneous overpressure during the combustion process, a three-dimensional flow model of the bottom air distribution chamber and heat storage chamber was established to solve the technical difficulties of the gas flow field in the existing RTO and improve the safety and stability of the overall flow. Simulated the gas flow field and analysed the distribution pattern of the gas flow rate. In response to the uneven distribution of airflow caused by the pipeline layout, orifice plates were installed at the bottom of the furnace, and various orifice plate designs were considered. The results indicate that adding slanted orifice plates can improve flow conditions and enhance safety while meeting practical needs.