Composition Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of essential oils from Artemisia herba-alba asso. and Artemisia huguetii caball. from Morocco: in vitro and in silico evaluation

IntroductionMorocco is home to a remarkable diversity of flora, including several species from the Artemisia genus. This study aims to thoroughly examine the chemical composition of essential oils derived from Artemisia species and assess their antibacterial and antioxidant properties through in vitro experiments and in silico simulations.MethodsSamples of Artemisia herba-alba Asso. were collected from Boulemane and Ifrane in Morocco, while Artemisia huguetii Caball. was sampled from Tata, representing regions of the Central Middle Atlas and Western Anti-Atlas. Essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated, and antioxidant properties were assessed using the DPPH assay. In silico predictions of antibacterial and antioxidant activities were performed using computational models.ResultsThe extraction yields varied depending on the geographical origin, ranging from 1.54% to 2.78%. GC-MS analysis revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of the oils from different Artemisia species and regions, with a notable prevalence of oxygenated monoterpenes. Specifically, the oil from Boulemane was rich in thujone, the oil from Ifrane was predominantly composed of camphor, and the oil from Tata contained both camphor and thujone. The oils exhibited stronger antifungal than antibacterial properties, with Enterobacter cloacae strains showing high sensitivity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of approximately 12.5 mg/mL. The Boulemane oil of A. herba-alba displayed the highest antioxidant activity, effectively inhibiting DPPH at a concentration of 13.501 μg/mL.DiscussionThe in silico simulations predicted that the primary compounds in these essential oils, such as davanone, eucalyptol, camphor, and thujone, would exhibit potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. These compounds were found to have favorable ADMET characteristics, including good blood-brain barrier permeability, gastrointestinal absorption, and skin penetration. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between these compounds and key target proteins, such as NADPH-dependent catalase and dihydrofolate reductase. The stability of the protein-ligand complexes was confirmed by molecular dynamics, with davanone showing a significant impact. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological potential of Artemisia essential oils, highlighting davanone as a promising molecule for medicinal or pharmaceutical applications.

Plant-part chemical composition of essential oils of Crithmum maritimum L. from Montenegro

This paper reports the chemical constituents of essential oils from different organs of Crithmum maritimum L. collected at three localities in Montenegro (Bar, Budva and Herceg-Novi), thus covering the northern, central and southern parts of the national coastline. A total of 12 samples were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The highest yield was observed in fruits, while rhizomes contained the lowest amount of essential oil. The high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons, such as limonene and γ-terpinene, characterised the samples from leaves, fruits, and flowers. Essential oils obtained from rhizomes were characterised by phenylpropanoids dillapiole and elemicin. Depending on the plant organ and locality, four different chemotypes can be distinguished. This is the very first report on essential oils of C. maritimum L. leaves, flowers, and fruits collected in Montenegro.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of essential oil from Magnolia tiepii sp. nov. leaves

The essential oil isolated by hydro-distillation from Magnolia tiepii leaves was analyzed by GC-MS and assessed for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Thirty-three components of the essential oil were identified, and the major components were β-pinene (40.8%), β-funebrene (12.0%), and trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene (8.1%). The oil’s antimicrobial activity was assessed using IC50 values to determine its efficacy against six bacterial strains and one fungus strain. The IC50 values ranged from 2.30 mg/mL to 42 mg/mL, except for C. albicans, whose IC50 did not reach the highest concentration tested (>42 mg/mL). In addition, the anticancer activity of the M. tiepii essential oil was evaluated on KB, HepG2, MCF-7, and A549 cancer cell lines using the MTT method. These cell lines were treated with essential oil samples at concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 42 μg/mL. The M. tiepii essential oil exhibited high anticancer activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.90 μg/mL to 2.07 ± 0.06 μg/mL across the four tested cell lines. These promising results underscore the potential of M. tiepii essential oil for cancer treatment, offering hope for future research and applications.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Vateria indica L. oleo-gum resin (white dammar) essential oil

White dammar is an oleo-gum resin obtained from Vateria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae) and is known to possess diverse biological activities. This study examines the chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of essential oil extracted from white dammar. The chemical constituents of essential oil were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detection (FID). A total of 18 compounds constituting 97.15% of the oil were identified, which consist of β-caryophyllene (36.32%), α-humulene (14.31%), β-humulene (9.73%), caryophyllene oxide (8.28%), allo-aromadendrene (5.63%) and junenol (5.1%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained was measured by means of disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal/fungal concentrations (MBC/MFC). The highest antimicrobial activity was shown against Bacillus cereus (MIC/MBC = 31.2/62.5 μg/mL) and also Staphylococcus aureus (MIC/MBC = 62.5/125 μg/mL), whereas only a moderate level of activity was recorded against Salmonella typhi (MIC/MBC = 125/250 μg/mL), Vibrio cholerae, MRSA (MIC/MBC = 250/500 μg/mL) and Candida albicans (MIC/MFC = 125/250 μg/mL). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; IC50 value, of 29.42 μg/mL and FRAP value, of 166.5 ± 2.2 μmol Fe2+/g indicated that the essential oil exhibited adequate antioxidant activity. These results substantiate the possible medicinal application of white dammar as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

Effect of Different Drying Methods and Distillation Times on Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Content of Rosemary

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different drying methods and distillation times on the antioxidant and essential oil contents of rosemary. The essential oil content of rosemary extracts was determined using hydrodistillation and its composition by GC-FID/MS. The antioxidant content of deoiled materials was quantified on the LC-MS/MS. Carnosol and carnosic acid contents (LC/MS-MS) and essential oil compositions (GC-MS) were determined after each treatment. The highest essential oil (2.34%), carnosol (0.62%), and carnosic acid (0.85%) contents of dried samples were determined at 45C. Some variations were also observed in the essential oil composition of dried samples. These quality parameters showed significant variations over different distillation times. And, the distillation time of 120 min was determined more appropriate to obtain essential oils and antioxidant compounds at a high yield. To produce rosemary extracts with a high content of essential oils and antioxidant compounds, it is highly recommended that the fresh plants should be first dried at 45C, and then dried samples should be processed into essential oils by hydrodistillation for 120 min. The remnants of plant materials from the production of rosemary essential oil could be used to produce carnosol and carnosic acid. Eventually, essential oils and antioxidant compounds should be extracted from rosemary in an integrated manner.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Pinus mugo Turra Essential Oil: Volatile Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Insecticidal Activities

ABSTRACTPinus represents a potential source of valuable bioactive substances. In this study, the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils extracted from Pinus mugo Turra needles (PMEO) were investigated. GC/MS analyses were used to assess the volatile elements found in the PMEO sample. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS techniques. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated against yeasts and bacteria (both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative) using the disc diffusion method, minimal inhibition concentration and vapour phase on fruit and vegetable models. Mass spectrometry and the crystal violet technique were used to measure the antibiofilm activity. The contact application method was used to assess the insecticidal activity of different concentration of PMEO against Harmonia axyridis. The GC/MS analysis identified β‐phellandrene (20.5%), α‐pinene (19.4%), δ‐3‐carene (16.7%), β‐pinene (11.1%) and β‐myrcene (9.4%) as main constituents. PMEO exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radical species, with IC50 values of 1.92 and 1.14 mg/mL, respectively. PMEO showed an inhibitory effect against microbial strains ranging from 6.67 to 13.33 mm. By employing the microdilution method, PMEO showed antimicrobial activity with MIC50 values ranging from 2.52 to 7.41 mg/mL and MIC90 values ranging from 2.72 to 7.7 mg/mL. The in situ antimicrobial investigations revealed that PMEO exerts the highest activity against E. aerogenes and P. putida on apple and beetroot models. Furthermore, PMEO exhibited noteworthy potential against biofilm‐forming S. enterica growing on plastic and glass surfaces. Additionally, an evaluation of the PMEO insecticidal potential was performed using H. axyridis. Insecticidal properties against H. axyridis were observed at concentrations of 50% and 100%. PMEO displayed good antioxidant, antibacterial and insecticidal properties, significant antibiofilm features and excellent preservative properties for extending the shelf life of foods.

Seasonal metabolic variation in the essential oil composition of various Tabebuia species and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in silico.

The seasonal variation in essential oil from four Tabebuia species, T. impetiginosa, T. rosea, T. argentea, and T. guayacan, was explored using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 90 components were tentatively identified. Among the four Tabebuia species, the most predominant components in spring were phytol (67.5%), limonene (50.1%), (Z,Z,Z)-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal (67.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (80.4%), respectively. Chemometric discrimination of the four Tabebuia species was performed employing principal component analysis, which classified the samples into three main clusters while the rest of the samples were scattered in the whole plot. The season of collection impact on essential oils composition and yield was illustrated. 5-Lipooxygenase inhibitory effect of spring season essential oils was assessed, showing that all essential oils exhibited certain inhibition, where T. rosea showed the most potent effect, exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.8 μg/mL, compared to the standard zileuton (0.68 μg/mL). Moreover, an in silico molecular docking study was performed for the predominant metabolites against the 5-LOX active pocket. Among all the docked compounds, eicosane showed the best fitting score, then norphytane, with ∆G of -38.39 and -29.77 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, Tabebuia species could offer a natural and relatively safe anti-inflammatory candidate that requires further clinical trials to be supported.

Chemical Composition, Biological Activities, and Docking Studies of Essential Oil from Eupatorium odoratum L. Collected in Dak Lak, Vietnam

Chemical Composition, Biological Activities, and Docking Studies of Essential Oil from Eupatorium odoratum L. Collected in Dak Lak, Vietnam

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of 'Nufar' basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil from three municipalities of Tolima, Colombia

Essential oils are natural compounds with great potential to be used as products with high antioxidant activity. The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the Nufar variety basil essential oil from three municipalities in Tolima, Colombia. The essential oil extracted from the leaves of this basil variety using microwave-assisted extraction predominantly comprises linalool (37.9–41.1%), estragole (24.5–33.6%), and 1,8-cineole (5.2–7.6%). The quantities of these compounds are influenced by the plant's place of origin. Regarding antioxidant activity, the basil essential oil cultivated in the municipality of Honda shows higher antioxidant activity in the DPPH and ABTS·+ tests (29.89 ± 4.03 and 9.60 ± 1.74 mg/mL, respectively), compared to the values from the municipalities of Mariquita and Espinal. The Principal Component Analysis applied to the data generated biplots that explain 99.8% of the total variation. These indicate that the essential oils from basil grown in the municipality of Espinal are characterized by having a high IC50 (mg/mL) in the DPPH test. On the other hand, the essential oils of basil cultivated in the municipalities of Honda and Mariquita are distinguished by their high content of monoterpenes and total terpenes. The study concludes that the geographical location significantly impacts the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of basil plants.

Melatonin Dose-Mediated Increment in Growth, Floral Production, Essential Oils Yield and Composition in Marigold

Melatonin Dose-Mediated Increment in Growth, Floral Production, Essential Oils Yield and Composition in Marigold

Genetic Diversity and Essential Oil Composition of some Mentha species.

Genetic Diversity and Essential Oil Composition of some Mentha species.

Antioxidant potential and chemical composition of essential oils from Mentha longifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, and Ocimum basilicum grown in the Oued Souf region, Algeria

Antioxidant potential and chemical composition of essential oils from Mentha longifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, and Ocimum basilicum grown in the Oued Souf region, Algeria

Biostimulants for enhancing productivity, bioactive components, and the essential oils of garlic with the potential antifungal activity

To feed the world’s growing population, the agriculture sector has recently had to strike a balance between reducing its detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health and boosting resource efficiency and production. In reality, pesticides and fertilizers are vital to agriculture and are useful instruments that farmers can employ to increase yield and guarantee steady productivity throughout the seasons under both favorable and unfavorable conditions. Therefore, in the present study, fertilizing with potassium citrate as a foliar spray and humic acid (HA) as a soil application allowed for the evaluation of vegetative growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves/plant), total phenolic content, total carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, the essential oil (EO) composition, and bulb yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). These were carried out in two field experiments throughout the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growth seasons. A gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) apparatus was performed to determine the chemical composition of the isolated EOs. The antifungal activity of the EOs was assessed against two fungi, Fusarium proliferatum and Macrophomina phaseolina, that cause geranium plants to wilt and decay. The findings indicated that applying HA at a rate of 2 g/L with potassium citrate at a rate of 5 or 10 mL/L produced garlic bulbs with the highest levels of productivity and diameter. The diverse treatments between HA with potassium citrate resulted in significant variations in the bioactive components, such as total phenol content, antioxidant activity, total carbohydrate, and sulfur content. The analysis of the EOs revealed the presence of dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl trisulfide, allitridin, and methyl allyl disulfide and allyl tetrasulfide as main compounds. By gradually increasing the concentration of the garlic EO to 4000 µg/mL compared to the control, the inhibition percentage of fungal growth of F. proliferatum and M. phaseolina was increased. In conclusion, a high concentration of HA with potassium citrate (5 or 10 mL/L), may be suitable and highly appreciated as a fertilizer application to enhance the productivity and EOs content of garlic plants.

The potency of Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils Against Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Mammaliicoccus sciuri from Diseased Animals in Tunisia.

This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of essential oils from Cupressus sempervirens (CSEO) and Eucalyptus globulus (EGEO) against clinical isolates of colistin-resistant E. coli and methicillin-resistant M. sciuri recovered from diseased food-producing animals in Tunisia. The chemical compositions of both essential oils were analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was determined through disk diffusion and microdilution assays, while the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to measure the synergistic effect of CSEO and colistin. The major constituents of CSEO were α-pinene (59.03%), δ-3 Carene (21.48%), D-limonene (5.62%) and α-thujene (3.08%), while EGEO contained eucalyptol (52.1%), α-pinene (26.51%), γ-terpinene (4.81%) and D-limonene (3.54%). The inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) against E. coli and M. sciuri ranged from 6 to 29mm for CSEO and 9.3 to 28.6mm for EGEO. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed a range of 4 to 512µg/mL for CSEO against M. sciuri and 2 to 426.66µg/mL for EGEO. For E. coli, MICs ranged from 170.66 to 512µg/mL for CSEO and 53.33 to 512µg/mL for EGEO. The checkerboard test demonstrated a synergistic effect between CSEO and colistin against two colistin-resistant E. coli isolates, with FICI 3- to 32-fold lower than the MICs of the individual compounds. This study highlights the potency of essential oils from CSEO and EGEO against antibiotic-resistant M. sciuri and E. coli strains from animals in Tunisia and provides evidence of the synergistic effect between CSEO and colistin against clinically relevant colistin-resistant E. coli isolates.

The influence of soil properties on essential oil components of Hypericum perforatum L. growing in Turkey

Hypericum perforatum L. is a medicinally and commercially important plant with a long history of traditional use. It is used for conditions such as depression, wound healing, ulcers, and the common cold. The medicinal properties of H. perforatum are primarily attributed to its essential oil (EO). Various soil conditions, such as pH, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay content), nutrient content (potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese), and organic matter, can influence the composition and concentration of EO in plants. In this study, these conditions were investigated aiming to understand the influence of soil’s physical and chemical properties on the EOs extracted from H. perforatum collected from various localities. Dried aerial parts of H. perforatum from 20 different locations in Eskişehir, Turkey, were hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The EO components were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS systems. Soil samples were collected from the same 20 local habitats and subjected to physical and chemical analyses. The results were then correlated with the main EO components. GC-MS results identified 119 compounds, representing 71-96.6% of the volatiles in all samples. The findings revealed that specific soil parameters, including Mg, Ca, dust, lime, clay, and pH, had a significant impact on the yield and chemical composition of H. perforatum EO, particularly affecting the levels of α-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, 1-dodecanol, and 1-tetradecanol. Further research is needed to fine-tune these soil parameters in conjunction with other ecological factors to maximize the qualitative and quantitative yield of EO from H. perforatum.

Phytochemical variability in essential oils of Juniperus communis var. saxatilis populations grow wild in western Himalaya, India

Needle and berry samples of Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall. were sampled separately during post rainy season to comparatively investigate the essential oil (EO) yield and phytochemical variability in eight populations grow wild in western Himalaya, India. The EOs obtained from air-dried needle and berry samples separately by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger type apparatus varied in yield with geographic origin of populations, ranged between 2.5-3.4% and 1.8-2.8% (v/w, dried weight basis), respectively. GC-MS analysis of EO profiles resulted in identification of a total ninety-four phytochemicals, representing over 95% of total oil content. Both, needle as well as berry EO samples were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (18.52-30.65% and 14.31-27.37%), D-limonene (17.01-28.96% and 15.80-29.70%), β-myrcene (3.74-5.59% and 4.12-14.23%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-elemene (0.86-4.13% and 0.77-3.65%) and germacrene D (0.27-2.57% and 0.20-6.15%), respectively. The oxygenated sesquiterpenes α-cadinol (0.34-5.90% and to 5.63%) and α-bisabolol (to 3.39 and 0.95-6.71%) constituted the third most abundant group of terpenes while oxidized monoterpenes with α-terpineol (0.73-2.17% and 0.10-3.51%) and α-terpinyl acetate (2.10-4.76% and 0.05-3.54%) were the least dominant group. The principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that selective local environmental forces driving the microhabitat conditions appeared to be linked to high variability in essential oil composition of different common Juniper populations instead of their geographical proximity. The present study revealed that common Juniper essential oils from western Himalaya, India fulfil minimum requirements of European Pharmacopoeia and warrants its further exploitation as a natural resource of commercial significance for dietary and therapeutic applications.

Exploring the Antibacterial Properties and Chemical Profiles of Essential Oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Nigella sativa Against MDR Bacteria

For centuries, plants have been studied for their healing properties. Recently, the rise of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has prompted scientists to explore herbal remedies. Syzygium aromaticum, from the Myrtaceae family, has been utilized as a histological clearing agent. In contrast, Nigella sativa (black cumin), a member of the Ranunculaceae family, has long been utilized in traditional medicine dating back to ancient times. The current study investigates the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Nigella sativa (black cumin) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Using the agar well diffusion method, Syzygium aromaticum exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhi (30.66 mm inhibition zone), while Nigella sativa was effective only against Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for Syzygium aromaticum ranged from 3.53 to 7.06 mg/mL, indicating stronger antibacterial properties than Nigella sativa (MIC: 12.7 mg/mL, MBC: 22.5 mg/mL). GC-MS analysis revealed that Syzygium aromaticum contained bioactive compounds like Diglycolic acid (76.59%) and Eugenol (2.06%), while Nigella sativa was dominated by Heptasiloxane (80.83%) and Thymoquinone (2.66%). These findings suggest that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil could serve as a potent natural antimicrobial agent against MDR pathogens.

Identification of Active Ingredients in Ginseng Volatile Oil: A Strategy Combining Computer Virtual Screening With Experimental Validation.

Ginseng volatile oil (GVO) is a valuable active ingredient in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) with high research potential. Drying procedures alter the real composition of the fresh material, for example, the evaporation of compounds with low boiling point. In this study, the composition of volatile oil in fresh ginseng (FG), sun-dried ginseng (SDG), and red ginseng (RD) was systematically analyzed to clarify the dominant components of FG and their potential pharmacological effects, which provides a basis for application and development of FG. GVO was obtained through water vapor distillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Pattern recognition analysis was employed to differentiate components in three processed types of ginseng. Based on this analysis, the active ingredients and key targets were screened. The binding mode and affinity were verified using molecular docking technology. Finally, the anticancer activity of GVO was verified by cell experiments. A total of 53 components were identified in three processed types of ginseng by GC-MS. Among them, 32 differential components were screened by pattern recognition analysis. Ultimately, 6 active ingredients (panaxydol, nerolidyl acetate, falcarinol, cis-β-farnesene, γ-elemene, and β-elemene) and 15 key targets were determined by network pharmacology analysis. Molecular docking results revealed that β-elemene exhibited a higher affinity with EGFR, ESR1, and ERK2. Cell experiments indicated that GVO promotes apoptosis in cancer cells. This research proposed a strategy that integrated "component detection-virtual multitarget screening-active component prediction-experimental verification" to expedite the identification of active ingredients, providing insights for application of FG and the development of functional products.

Chemical composition and inhibitory effects of essential oils of two Lamiaceae of GHARDAIA province (southeast of Algeria): Ocimum basilicum L and Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Chemical composition and inhibitory effects of essential oils of two Lamiaceae of GHARDAIA province (southeast of Algeria): Ocimum basilicum L and Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Comparative Study of Essential Oils Extracted From Foeniculum vulgare Miller Seeds Using Hydrodistillation, Steam Distillation, and Superheated Steam Distillation

ABSTRACTFoeniculum vulgare Miller is a highly valued aromatic and nutritious plant. The unique compositions of its essential oil make it more valuable in the flavor, fragrance, and medicinal industries. However, the potential of superheated steam distillation for obtaining essential oils from its seeds has not been explored in detail. This study assessed the composition, yield, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of essential oils distilled from F. vulgare seeds using traditional hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and superheated steam distillation. Superheated steam distillation resulted in the maximum quantity of essential oil (5.24%) compared to steam (3.47%) and hydrodistillation (2.47%). Trans‐anethole, fenchone, estragole, and limonene were the main identified by GC–MS analysis in the essential oils, and these compounds were abundant in the essential oil produced by superheated steam distillation. Essential oil distilled by superheated steam distillation presented the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pastrulla multocida, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, and Alternaria alternate was also demonstrated by the same essential oil. These findings demonstrated the potential of superheated steam distillation as a highly effective and efficient technique for distilling high‐quality essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare Miller seeds. It is suitable for various applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.