Voids Filled With Asphalt Research Articles

Assessing cracking resistance and threshold limits of bituminous mixtures with IDEAL-CT and predictive modeling techniques

This paper presents a comprehensive study to establish the threshold limit of CTIndex for the Marshall mixes. The study also aims to assess the impact of different design factors on the cracking resistance of bituminous mixtures using the Indirect Tensile Asphalt Cracking Test (IDEAL-CT) test. This study considers 2 different aggregate sources, 2 different gradations, 5 different types of Design Aggregate Gradation (DAG), 3 binder types, and 5 levels of compactive effort. The test results show that higher cracking resistance can be achieved using a smaller nominal maximum size of the aggregate (NMAS), finer gradation, modified binder, and decreased compactive effort with aggregates having low abrasion and absorptive characteristics. This study also comprehends the influence of volumetric parameters of the bituminous mixes on fracture resistance. It was found that at a particular Optimum Binder Content (OBC), higher bulk specific gravity of the compacted specimen (Gmb) and voids filled with asphalt (VFA) result in reduced CTIndex, specifying poor cracking performance. While higher air voids (AV) and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) lead to increased CTIndex, indicating better-cracking resistance. Statistical analysis tools were used to evaluate the significance of the influential factors that are affecting the cracking potential of the mix. Different Machine learning models were also developed to predict CTIndex based on the design factors considered in the study. The random forest (RFR) model showed strong accuracy, reflected by low Mean Absolute Error (MAE=3.16), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE=9.57), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE=4.23), and a high coefficient of determination (R²=0.95) value, notifying a precise fit and reliable predictions. Additionally, a GUI has been also developed to enhance the practical usability of the model for wider usage. Further, the present study proposes the threshold value of CTIndex for the selection of crack-resistant bituminous mixtures. Moreover, the study investigated the correlation between laboratory and field compaction methods and validated the initial threshold specification of CTIndex for the Marshall mixes. Despite of the variations in different compaction methodologies and specimen thickness, a strong positive correlation (R² > 0.76) between laboratory and field cores of BC-1 and DBM-2 indicates that the performance criteria are adequate and justified.

Pengaruh Penambahan Asbuton LGA 50/30 pada Campuran AC-WC dengan Inovasi Limbah Styrofoam

Indonesia’s road infrastructure requires 1.2 million tons of asphalt annually, but Pertamina can only supply 600,000 tons. This deficit compels the government and related stakeholders to seek alternatives to meet national asphalt needs and maintain road quality. This study aims to analyze the effects of adding Asbuton LGA 50/30 to Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) with an innovative use of styrofoam waste. Experimental research was conducted to evaluate Marshall characteristics, including VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate), VIM (Void in Mix), stability, VFA (Void Filled with Asphalt), and Marshall Quotient (MQ). Five styrofoam waste mix variations were tested at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% levels. For the 8% Asbuton mix, the highest stability was observed with 10% styrofoam, yielding a stability value of 2032.16 kg, VMA of 16.63%, VFA of 78.28%, VIM of 3.61%, flow of 2.45 mm, and MQ of 830.33 kg/mm. For the 9% Asbuton mix, the highest stability was achieved with 2% styrofoam, resulting in a stability value of 1882.35 kg, VMA of 16.21%, VFA of 80.17%, VIM of 3.24%, flow of 2.57 mm, and MQ of 735.72 kg/mm. The 10% and 2% styrofoam variations proved to be the most effective for AC-WC asphalt mixtures, as their Marshall values met the 2018 Bina Marga General Specifications, indicating that these styrofoam waste additions are optimal for AC-WC asphalt mixtures.

Pengaruh Penambahan Cacahan Limbah Plastik HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Sebagai Bahan Tambah Campuran Laston AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course) Terhadap Karakteristik Marshall

In increase quality vulnerable roads in Indonesia damaged Because influenced by weather, water, load vehicle excess, and construction insufficient pavement​ fulfil requirements, required material add as much as you can increase strength and help repair construction road asphalt the Utilization material waste plastic in construction pavement become good alternative​ in in increase quality pavement road. Objective study This is For know How influence addition waste plastic type High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) against Marshall Laston AC-WC characteristics with variation rate HDPE plastic at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. Marshall characteristics reviewed is mark density (density), VIM (void in mix), VMA (void mineral aggregate), VFA (void filled with asp halt), melting (flow), and stability. Method research used​ with method experiments in the laboratory and refers to Specification General Highways​ 2018. Research results shows the Marshall test on the mixture Laston AC-WC with addition rate HDPE plastic 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% can be raise mark density (density), stability , VFA ( Void Filled with Asphalt), whereas For VIM (void in mix), VMA (Void Mineral Aggregate) and melt (flow) values experienced decline . Marshall parameter values obtained​​ fulfil standard Specification General Highways​ 2018. Percentage​ rate optimum asphalt (KAO) obtained is 6.0%, Marshall test of variation material plus waste plastic best value​ For density, melting (flow), stability, VIM , VMA, and VFA, namely at levels waste plastic 2%.

Analysis of Wear-Coated Asphalt Concrete (AC-WC) Modified With Addition of Steel Slag and Resin for Road Conditions Inlowed In Tide

Causes of damage to road construction, among others due to the influence of excessive vehicle traffic loads, temperature, water (puddles), and pavement construction that does not meet technical requirements. Water (puddle) is one of the causes of damage or reduces durability for road construction with asphalt pavement. This study aims to examine the effect of asphalt mixture (AC-WC) with the addition of resin and steel slag aggregate on asphalt stability (AC-WC), Obtain Job Mix Design (JMD) for road conditions that are inundated by high tide and Assess the effect of immersion rob water against asphalt resistance (AC-WC) with the addition of resin and steel slag.In this research, it can be said that we play a role and participate in building prosperity in the advancement of transportation and the development of technological civilization, through continuous research that is adjusted to continuous research. We carry out research with the aim of developing science and technology and applying the reconstruction of science and technology to provide solutions to be able to solve environmental and societal problems, where local wisdom forms the basis of research.The research method used as a mix tester is the Marshall method, where from the Marshall test the results are obtained in the form of Marshall components, namely the volume weight of the test object, the value of stability, flow, voids in the mix (VIM), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), void filled with asphalt (VFA), the thickness value of asphalt blanket or film and then can be calculated Marshall quotient. The last test was in the form of a Marshall immersion test. In the comparison of VIM, VMA and VFA above that for aggregate slag 25%, 50% and resin addition 5%, 7%, 10%, for resin content 5% and 10% did not meet specifications, however for 7% resin content meets the 2018 Revised Highways Technical Specifications. Based on the marshal test, there was only one that met the specifications of the binamarga, namely a test object with a resin composition of 7% by soaking for 7 days. The results of this study based on the Marshall test, the strength/stability value of the AC-WC asphalt mixture using a pen 60/70 asphalt mixture with steel slag and resin mining met the specifications. The stability value of asphalt AC-WC decreased with increasing variations in the resin content used in the mixture.

Correlation between Deformation and Volumetric Characteristics in the Aging Condition of Hot Mix Asphalt

The surface layer of pavement structures tends to experience a decrease in performance as its service life approaches. Generally, this decrease in performance is caused by aggregate degradation and aging of the asphalt binder, which can be caused by traffic loads or weather exposure. The mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures is due to the effects of aggregate degradation, which was simulated by reducing the coarse aggregate fraction and adding medium and fine aggregate fractions. The asphalt aging process simulates changes in binder characteristics by adding RAP binder to Pen 60/70 asphalt. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) with new material (SA-1) as a control for degradation simulation (SA-2, SA-3 and SA-4). Marshall test results show that aggregate degradation significantly causes a decrease in voids in the mixture (VIM) and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), as well as an increase in voids filled with asphalt (VFA). WTM test results show that HMA degradation causes an increase in rutting depth, which increases the deformation rate and decreases dynamic stability. The correlation results between WTM and Marshall tests show a negative exponential relationship between VIM and VMA with deformation and a positive exponential relationship between VFA and asphalt mixture deformation.

The effect of using Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the AC-WC Marshall performance

The increasing population in Indonesia has resulted in the volume of vehicle traffic increasing. This condition causes problems with the quality of road pavement which is influenced by vehicle traffic loads. The Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course (AC-WC) layer is the second wear layer on asphalt concrete and the top layer on flexible pavement. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of adding Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste on the crack value, durability and resistance of AC WC Penetration 60/70 asphalt from Marshall characteristic analysis. This research was carried out using LDPE plastic waste additives with LDPE variations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% with a planned asphalt (Pb) content of 5% and a total test object weight of 1200 grams. This research uses experimental and trial and error methods. From the research results, it is known that the LDPE plastic content that meets the standards is 4% plastic content with a Void In Mix (VIM) of 5%, Void in The Minerale Aggregate (VMA) 15.2%, Void Filled with Asphalt (VFA) 67.1%, Marshall stability 1036.6 Kg, flow 3 mm, and Marshall Quotient 345.5 Kg /mm. With 4% LDPE plastic content, it can increase the minimize asphalt cracking.

Industrial Waste As Filler And Pamekasan Aggregate In The Mixture Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course In Terms Of Marshall Characteristics

Utilization of hot mix asphalt in Pamekasan has increased due to the expansion of road networks for construction and maintenance purposes. The commonly used hot asphalt is AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course), which serves as the hot asphalt layer for the pavement construction. Historically, the production of hot asphalt mix in Pamekasan involved obtaining materials from outside the Madura region, leading to high production costs. In response to this issue, there is a need for innovation in the composition of hot asphalt mix materials to enhance cost efficiency, especially considering the abundant quantity of materials available in Pamekasan. An innovative approach includes using crushed stone from Pamekasan as an aggregate in hot asphalt mix and incorporating waste materials such as Batumarmar limestone powder and fly ash as fillers. The utilization of local materials from Pamekasan and waste is expected to reduce production costs. For this purpose, 45 samples were created with different percentages, and the Marshall test method was employed to determine values such as density, flow, VMA (voids in mineral aggregate), VIM (voids in mineral aggregate filled with asphalt), VFA (voids filled with asphalt), and stability. Based on the test results, the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) was found in a mixture with 4% filler variation and 6% asphalt, yielding a density of 2.287, stability of 917 kg, flow of 3.467 mm, Marshall Quotient of 250.09 kg/mm, VIM of 3.67%, VMA of 15.18%, and VFB (voids filled with bitumen) of 77.68%. Another optimum mixture was identified with a 6.1% asphalt and 10% filler variation, resulting in a density of 2.280, stability of 1,127 kg, flow of 4.50 mm, Marshall Quotient of 250.45 kg/mm, VIM of 3.66%, VMA of 15.16%, and VFB of 76.70%. Additionally, a 6.2% asphalt and 10% filler variation produced a density of 2.285, stability of 1,061 kg, flow of 4.00 mm, Marshall Quotient of 365.28 kg/mm, VIM of 3.31%, VMA of 15.64%, and VFB of 78.84%.

The possibility of reusing recycled aggregates in the production of hot mix asphalt

The use of aggregates resulting from destroying concrete as a substitute for natural aggregates in the production of hot mix asphalt for roads with high traffic loads reduces natural consumption and the amount of scattered waste. The study was conducted by designing the hot mix asphalt using the Marshall method with different proportions of recycled aggregate. The results showed an improvement in the stability, flow and indirect tensile tests of the aggregate compared to the conventional mixture. An increase in the recycle aggregate leads to an increase in the proportion of air voids, but it also leads to a decrease in the proportion of voids in the aggregate and asphalt-filled voids. The optimum bitumen content increases with the amount of recycled concrete. Recycled aggregate can be used as a substitute for natural aggregate in hot mix asphalt design successfully. The study found that increasing the percentage of recycled concrete (RCA) in hot bituminous mixtures led to an increase in air voids (VA) and a decrease in voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) and voids filled with asphalt (VFA). However, these percentages decreased with the increase in RCA due to the behavior of the recycled aggregates under load. The optimum bitumen content (OBC) also increased with the increase in RCA. The asphalt mixture's resistance to tensile stress increased with the increase in RCA up to 50% and at 25˚C and RCA 40˚C by up to 8%. The process of using recycled aggregates as an alternative to natural aggregates in hot bituminous mixtures is applicable up to a certain percentage.

Investigating the Effect of Experimental Factors on the Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt with Wax Additive using Application of the Taguchi Method

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of experimental factors on the volumetric properties and performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) with RH-WMA using the Taguchi method. The gradations of the mixtures were based on AC 14, as specified by the Public Works Department of Malaysia. An L16 orthogonal array was employed to design the mixtures, considering three factors: compaction temperatures ranging from 95 to 140°C, RH-WMA contents ranging from 1% to 4%, and asphalt contents ranging from 3.5% to 6.5%. Sixteen mixtures were prepared according to the L16 array. The study focused on investigating several volumetric properties, including bulk-specific gravity, air voids, voids filled with asphalt, and voids in mineral aggregates. Additionally, the strength behavior of the samples was analyzed using the Taguchi method. The resilient modulus and performance of the mixtures were also evaluated. The results of the study indicate that a high RH-WMA content led to a slight decrease in the strength of the asphalt mixture and air voids. However, it increased the voids filled with asphalt (VFA) and resulted in softening of the asphalt mixtures.

Analisis Penggunaan Material Batu dan Pasir dari Desa Tumbang Liting pada Campuran Hot Rolled Sheet-Base (HRS-Base)

The need for pavement materials in Central Kalimantan is increasing along with the many developments in road infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to find natural resources around. Tumbang Liting Village, Katingan Hilir Sub-district, Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan Province has abundant natural resources in the form of stone and sand resulting from local mining waste and has not been utilised properly. Stone from Tumbang Liting Village has a grain size of 5-25 mm with a surface that tends not to be angular. The research was conducted to analyse the use of stone and sand from Tumbang Liting Village as aggregates in Hot Rolled Sheet Base (HRS-Base) mixes. It is expected that the stone and sand from Tumbang Liting Village can be a solution to the need for HRS-Base pavement materials in Central Kalimantan, especially in the surrounding areas. The research was conducted in the laboratory, examining the physical properties of the aggregate to Marshall testing. The calculation results of the Marshall test obtained Optimum Asphalt Content (KAO) of 7.27%, Stability of 850.90 kg, Voids Between Aggregates (VMA) of 20.08%, Voids in the Mixture (VIM) of 4.28%, Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) of 78.90% and Marshall Quotient (MQ) of 265.00 kg/mm.

Influence of Oyster Shell Ash Filler on the Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete

Roads are vital for the movement of people and goods, and their durability and mechanical properties depend on various factors, including the construction materials used. Marshall properties are crucial for analysis of asphaltic concrete designed for road construction, Also, filler materials improves the properties of asphaltic concrete. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of oyster shell ash (OSA) on the Marshall properties of hot mix asphalt concrete. The Marshall properties analyzed include stability, flow, void in mineral aggregate (VMA), void in the mixture (VIM), void filled with asphalt (VFA), and Marshall Quotient (MQ). The research revealed that the addition of oyster shell ash enhanced the stability and flow of asphaltic concrete. VMA and VFA increased with increase in OSA content, while increase in asphalt content resulted in a decrease in VIM and increase in VFA. The optimum performance of the Marshall’s properties was recorded at 10% OSA and 5% asphalt content. The study also showed that the OSA-filled asphaltic concrete improved the performance of the OSA-filled asphalt concrete stability and stiffness compared to the sample without OSA. Moreover, OSA enhances the stiffness of the mixture, as reflected by the Marshall Quotient. Therefore, the findings highlighted the potential of oyster shell ash as a viable and sustainable filler material in asphaltic concrete.

Medical Waste Incineration Fly Ash as a Mineral Filler in Dense Bituminous Course in Flexible Pavements.

Medical waste incineration fly ash (MWIFA) contains heavy metals that are toxic by nature and pose numerous health risks. The paper deals with the suitability of MWIFA as a mineral filler in the bituminous layer as an alternative to conventional stone dust (SD) through an appropriate combination of engineering and environmental assessments. Engineering parameters, such as Marshall stability, stability loss, flow, unit weight, air voids (Va), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), and voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) of the asphalt mixtures, were evaluated with varying filler ratios, from 2% to 10%. All parameters for both fillers at optimum bitumen content satisfied the Marshall Mix Design criteria. The optimum bitumen contents of all filler ratios were within the standard limit recommended by the Bangladesh Roads and Highways Department. It was found that mixes prepared with MWIFA can resist moisture effects, making them durable in the monsoon. The mixes with 5.5% MWIFA as mineral filler performed the best, whereas 9% SD filler was required to achieve similar performance. The environmental test results show no environmental restriction on stabilizing the MWIFA into paving mixtures. The mobility of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg, and Zn) from the asphalt-MWIFA mix was insignificant. The cumulative concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) from long-term leaching tests were far below the Dutch regulatory limit (U1). MWIFA can be considered an eco-friendly and sustainable mineral filler for the dense bituminous pavement layer.

Study the Effect of using RAP in Warm Mix Asphalt Pavement.

Sustainability is providing the needs without compromising the ability of the strategical forming to meet their requirements. The production of warm asphalt mixtures using recycled pavements produces economic and environmentally friendly mixtures, which is the most important advantage of this work. This research aims to determine the effect of recycled asphalt concrete (RAP) on the indirect tensile strength of warm asphalt mixtures and Marshall Properties. Models of warm asphalt mixtures using Aggregate from the Al-Nibaay quarry, Asphalt with a degree of penetration (40-50) from the refinery of the cycle, and obtained Recycled asphalt concrete from Salah Al-Din Road, Al-Ameriya area in Baghdad are prepared. Use five ratios of (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) of recycled asphalt concrete. Marshall Design method is adopted to estimate the perfect existence of the asphalt cement for sample preparation. The mixtures properties, volumetric properties, and indirect tensile strength test are evaluated to assess bonding strength. Results show that the increase in the replacement percentage of RAP causes an increase in flow and air void and decreases the bulk density, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with Asphalt (VFA). Stability increases with increased RAP content until it reaches its peak and falls. The highest stability value is at 30% RAP by 58%, about the indirect tensile strength test. The increase in the RAP ratio increases the tensile strength and the bonding between the components. So including RAP material in warm asphalt mixtures improves properties and meets performance requirements.

Improvements in Physical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt by Addition of Low-cost Few-layers Graphene (FLG)

Physical and mechanical properties of asphalt have been improved by adding of few-layers graphene (FLG). FLG was obtained from a simple, low-cost and environmentally friendly liquid shear exfoliation method using a kitchen blender. The melted asphalt at temperature of 150oC was mixed with FLG at various concentrations (10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml) and contents (0 wt%, 3 wt%, 6 wt%, and 9 wt%) by weight of asphalt. The homogenized mixture was taken for penetration and softening point tests, while the mixing with aggregates was carried out for Marshall stability and asphalt concrete flow tests. The characteristics of void in mixture (VIM), void filled with asphalt (VFA), and void in mineral aggregate (VMA) were also investigated. The penetration values decreased (or the asphalt hardness increased) linearly with increasing of FLG concentration and FLG content. The softening point of asphalt increased as the increasing of FLG concentration and FLG content in asphalt with the average softening point increase of about 5%. The Marshall stability and asphalt concrete flow increased with increasing of FLG concentrations and FLG content. However, the addition of FLG did not affect the VIM, VFA or VMA values. Overall, the addition of FLG improves the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt and has promising prospects due to low-cost and eco-friendly nature of FLG.

Balanced Mixture Design Framework for Asphalt Mixtures Based on Index- and Performance-Volumetrics Relationships

Asphalt mixture design methods range from approaches that rely on the volumetric properties of the mix to those that are based on the pavement performance. More advanced mixture analysis procedures allow a comprehensive evaluation that attempts to predict pavement distress based on factors such as traffic, climate, and mixture properties. Among them, balanced mix design (BMD) has been a frequently used approach; its purpose is to achieve an optimum balance between stability and durability. The objective of this work is to bridge the gap between the volumetric properties and performance of asphalt mixtures with respect to pavement fatigue cracking and rutting. In the study, an asphalt mixture was initially designed and then variations in voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) and voids filled with asphalt (VFA) were evaluated based on specified volumetric limits to create a broad volumetric space. Then, dynamic modulus, cyclic fatigue, and stress sweep rutting (SSR) tests were performed at each volumetric condition. Index-volumetrics and performance-volumetrics relationships were calibrated and the optimum mixture design was identified. In addition, a BMD framework was developed, which allows the mixture performance evaluation at multiple volumetric conditions and the selection of an optimized mixture based on the predicted pavement performance and on indexes for all possible combinations of the given set of component materials.

An improved regression model to predict fatigue life of asphalt mixes incorporating low to moderate RAP contents

The research on the fatigue performance of recycled asphalt mixture and the establishment of its fatigue life prediction model is the key to its large-scale engineering application. The four-point bending fatigue tests of the fresh and recycled asphalt mixtures under the strain control of cyclic loading were conducted to investigate influencing factors on their fatigue performance and establish a new fatigue prediction model for RAP (recycled asphalt pavement). The hot recycled asphalt mixture samples of AC-16C were prepared by a uniform test design method, with the RAP content of 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Through the fatigue test data of 20 groups of fresh asphalt mixture with 0% RAP and 40 groups of recycled asphalt mixtures with the contents of 20%, 30%, and 40% RAP, the simplified applicability of the fatigue prediction model in the current Chinese specifications for the design of highway asphalt pavement (JTG D50-2017, JTG model) and its parameters modification were studied, thereby an improved regression fatigue prediction model of recycled asphalt mixture is established on consideration of strain level, asphalt content, void ratio, and RAP mixing amount. This fatigue prediction model for recycled asphalt mixtures was proposed by modifying the parameters of the fatigue equation for new asphalt mixtures in the Chinese Highway Asphalt Pavement Design Code. (JTG D50-2017) and comparing the fatigue test data of the recycled asphalt mixture. The research results show that: The simplified JTG fatigue prediction model can effectively predict the fatigue life of fresh asphalt mixture with the content of 0% RAP, and the model parameter a is a constant of the order of 1016; The correction coefficients α and β of the initial bending stiffness modulus S0 and the Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) in the improved JTG model of the hot recycled asphalt mixture considering the RAP content are 0.006 and 0.0136, respectively; The model can accurately predict the fatigue life of recycled asphalt mixtures with the range of RAP content of 0–40%, with an average deviation of only 0.106, and has higher prediction accuracy for fatigue life measured close to or higher than 106 times. The average deviation of the predicted life of 20%, 30%, and 40 %RAP fatigue is only 0.057, 0.079, and 0.125. This paper’s indoor fatigue prediction model has higher accuracy for recycled asphalt mixture than the well-known traditional models.

Effect of Latex Dry Rubber Content (DRC) 30 on Marshall Parameters of Asphalt Concrete

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest latex producers. Latex can be used as an asphalt modifier on road pavements. The level of road damage in Indonesia is high. The purpose of this research was to describe the effect of using DRC-30 latex on Asphalt Concrete in terms of Marshall parameters. The test specimens are made using two kinds of asphalt concrete (AC) gradations, namely the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (ACWC) gradation, and the AC-Base gradation. Test data were analyzed using Marshall parameters, namely stability, flow, void in mix (VIM), and void filled with asphalt (VFA). The test results showed that latex increased the stability value in all types of gradations. Latex increased the value of Flow AC-Base, but decreased the value of flow at ACWC. The addition of latex to AC decreased the VIM value of AC-Base and ACWC. Meanwhile, the addition of latex to AC-Base and ACWC increased the value of VFA, the highest increase was for AC-Base. Based on Marshall parameters, the best performance of AC due to the addition of latex is in the AC-Base gradation.

THE EFFECT OF STEEL SLAG POWDER ON HMA STABILITY

The goal of the study is to evaluate the improvements of the stability of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) after the addition of ground steel slag. Steel slag was grounded into finer 75µm particles at Bangladesh Road Research Laboratory (BRRL). Then the ground steel slag powder was added to asphalt binder for penetration and softening point tests. Three modified HMA mixes were prepared with 20%, 30% and 40% of steel slag powder and 2% of cement for the Marshall test with a control mix containing 2% of cement only. The Marshall stability result shows increased stability and decreased flow. Marshall stability reached to maximum at the level of 30% of steel slag powder. The flow values obtained showed a slightly decreasing pattern with the increase in steel slag. The density of the mixes slightly decreases with the increase of steel slag content in the asphalt binder. It was found that the ground steel slag has a negligible effect on air voids (Va), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with asphalt (VFA). A designed mix was also achieved the best possible result for all parameters in this experiment setup. Ground steel slag can be used in HMA and asphalt pavement construction, which can result in reduced maintenance work and minimize the frequency of rehabilitation and contributes to economic and environmental development.

Performance evaluation of hot mix asphalt using textile waste

Polyester (PET) is used in asphalt binder to improve the sustainability and performance of the road. Modification of asphalt has become a serious demand these days due to performance requirements caused by significant traffic and heavy vehicles. Asphalt alone cannot bear the stresses. The Marshall Mix design method is used for testing treated and untreated asphalt samples. The properties of all asphalt samples were compared. The best combination of asphalt and PET for best performance is based on the study of PET content used in the mix of PET/Asphalt, i.e., 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The following tests were performed on the asphalt samples for various aspects of performance: stability test, flow test, air voids, voids filled with asphalt (VFA), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and OAC. Polyester waste is utilized in road construction which has been proved helpful to improve the performance of conventional road construction and provide reliability in a sustainable approach. An asphalt grade of 60/70 was taken for evaluation.

Environment-friendly recycled asphalt pavement design for road maintenance applications.

Potholes are one of the most common road distresses in Kuwait especially after winter season in 2018. Pavement deterioration rate significantly increases as the pavement exposes to moisture. Paving road requires using high-quality materials. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of using recycled asphalt pavement in hot mix asphalt (HMA) design. Questionnaires and a series of laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the effects of pores on the society and test the recycled and the regular mixtures performance to choose the best option regarding it. Marshal test portrayed that the recycled mixture has a high stability and flow. According to the tensile strength ratio test requirements which set a minimum ratio of 75%, it is recommended to reduce the proportion of recycled aggregate. The Hamburg wheel tracker (HWTD) test proved that the recycled asphalt mixture has a low rutting depth for wet and dry samples compared to the general one. On the other hand, the wet recycled mixture requires a reduction by of 20% to satisfy the specifications. The physical properties for both mixtures were compared, and the voids filled with asphalt (VFA) and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) of the recycled mixture are lower than those in the regular mixture. The recycled mixture reveals a higher efficiency in saving costs and improving mixtures used for potholes maintenance activities. All the results proved that the mixtures consisting of recycled asphalt are most preferred since they are affordable and perform reasonably well compared to mixtures made of regular asphalt. As a future work, smaller percentages of recycled aggregate should be tested to check the robustness and sustainability of the designed recycled asphalt mixture using different tests such as Hamburg wheel tracker test (wet samples) and indirect tensile strength test. Furthermore, more experiments can be run to test other mix parameters and properties such as durability.