VO2max Levels Research Articles

Comparison between VO2 max and serum lactate levels of male body builders and non-body builders in Pakistan

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Volume oxygen maximum (VO2max) is a measure of physical fitness and athletic performance. Lactate accumulation during exercise occurs when anaerobic metabolism predominates. There is a difference of opinion among researchers on the intensity of exercise needed to cause this release and whether lactate levels play a role in it. The study aims to determine the effect of VO2max on the circulatory lactate levels and assess the comparison between the two parameters in male bodybuilders steroid non-users. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted at the exercise physiology laboratory at the Postgraduate medical institute (PGMI) Lahore, Pakistan. The study involved 20 healthy male subjects within the age range of 20 to 35 years recruited through convenient non-probability sampling. Group I: non-bodybuilders, Group II: bodybuilders not using anabolic steroids. All participants underwent a graded exercise test on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) equipment up till exhaustion for VO2max assessment. Blood sampling was done pre and post-exercise (80% of VO2max) to measure blood lactate levels. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Mean ± SD was calculated for quantitative variables. Paired t-test was used for comparison for pre- and post-exercise test variables. p-value <0.05 taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: Bodybuilders achieved a significantly higher VO2max as compared to non-bodybuilders (p <0.001). Blood lactate levels increased significantly in all the study groups at an exercise intensity of 80% of VO2max (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: Exercise intensity of 80% of VO2max is sufficient for the significant increase in blood lactate levels.

Impact of Weight Status on Hemodynamic Parameters and Aerobic Fitness in School-Aged Children: A Study in a Rural School Community.

Maintaining a high level of physical activity provides significant health benefits for children, particularly in enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness and maintaining a healthy weight. This study aimed to investigate the impact of weight status on children's hemodynamic parameters and aerobic fitness levels. This cross-sectional study included 350 rural primary school children (146 boys and 204 girls) aged 11-13 years, randomly selected from two schools in the King Cetshwayo District, KwaDlangezwa area of KwaZulu-Natal. The anthropometric measurements recorded included height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, with percentiles calculated using Cole's Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Additionally, skinfold measurements were obtained at four sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac). Hemodynamic measurements included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the 20 m shuttle run test, which evaluated speed, level, and age. The healthy group demonstrated significantly lower ratios in several measurements compared to those of the overweight group, i.e., the VO2max was 6% higher (<0.001), the waist-to-hip ratio was 6% lower (<0.001), the body fat percentage was 16% lower (<0.001), the waist circumference was 12% lower (<0.001), and the resting heart rate was 3% lower (p ≤ 0.055). Differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also observed, with the systolic pressure 2% lower (p ≤ 0.116) and the diastolic pressure 3% lower (p ≤ 0.086) in the healthy group. The study revealed a significant association between body weight status, aerobic fitness, and blood pressure parameters. Conducted in rural primary schools in KwaDlangezwa, KwaZulu-Natal, the research highlights notable correlations among weight status, aerobic competence, and blood pressure (BP) in children aged 11 to 13 years. The findings indicate that children with a healthy body weight showed higher VO2max levels and a reduced risk of developing childhood obesity and hypertension, unlike their overweight or obese peers, who displayed lower aerobic fitness and higher blood pressure.

High-intensity interval training vs. yoga in improving binge eating and physical fitness in inactive young females

Yoga is effective in binge eating disorder (BED) treatment, but it does not seem effective enough to improve low physical fitness. In contrast, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective in improving physical fitness but has never been studied in the context of BED. In the study, 47 young inactive females with mild to moderate BED were recruited and randomly assigned to a HIIT group (HIIT), a Yoga group (YG), or a control group (CG; age, 19.47 ± 0.74, 19.69 ± 0.874, and 19.44 ± 0.63 years; BMI, 21.07 ± 1.66, 21.95 ± 2.67, and 20.68 ± 2.61 kg/m2, respectively). The intervention groups participated in 8-week specific exercises, while the CG maintained their usual daily activity. Before and after the training, participants were evaluated for BED using the binge eating scale (BES) and for physical fitness. The obtained data were compared within groups and between groups, and a correlation analysis between BES and physical fitness parameters was performed. After the training, the YG presented significant improvements in BES (− 20.25%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.408), fat mass (FM, − 3.13%, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.269), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, 11.51%, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.601), whereas the HIIT showed significant improvements in body weight (BW, − 1.78%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.433), FM (− 3.94%, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.285), and BMI (− 1.80%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.428), but not in BES. Comparisons between groups revealed that both HIIT and YG had significantly higher VO2max levels than CG (HIIT 12.82%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.088; YG: 11.90%, p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.088) with no difference between HIIT and YG. Additionally, YG presented significantly lower BES than both HIIT (15.45%, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.03) and CG (11.91%, p = 0.022, ηp2 = 0.03). In conclusion, Yoga is an effective treatment for BED, but HIIT is not, despite its high efficacy in improving physical fitness.

Executive functions in male and female older adults with aligned levels of VO2max.

Studies have shown a positive relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and executive functioning in older adults. Although this relationship has been well established, there seems to be a gap in the literature on the role of sex differences concerning CRF and executive functions. The current study aimed to assess the effect of sex in the relationship between CRF and cognition in older adults by stratifying the results to examine effects in males and females. Ninety-six older adults (61 females) gave their written, informed consent to participate in this cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a maximal continuous graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to assess their maximal oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2max</inf>) and a computerized Stroop task (naming, inhibition, and switching) to assess their executive functions. According to VO<inf>2max</inf> test results and the American College of Sports Medicine's guidelines, females and males were classified into higher-fit and lower-fit groups. A general linear model and estimated marginal means analyses were applied. Results showed no significant differences in the naming, inhibition and switching performance tests between male and female older adults (P>0.05). Based on the observed positive relationship between CRF and executive functioning, the data of the current study supports the idea that aerobic exercise, which typically increases CRF, is well-situated to improve executive functioning in older adults, irrespective of sex.

Evidence of association between higher cardiorespiratory fitness and higher cerebral myelination in aging

Emerging evidence suggests that altered myelination is an important pathophysiologic correlate of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, improving myelin integrity may be an effective intervention to prevent and treat age-associated neurodegenerative pathologies. It has been suggested that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) may preserve and enhance cerebral myelination throughout the adult lifespan, but this hypothesis has not been fully tested. Among cognitively normal participants from two well-characterized studies spanning a wide age range, we assessed CRF operationalized as the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and myelin content defined by myelin water fraction (MWF) estimated through our advanced multicomponent relaxometry MRI method. We found significant positive correlations between VO2max and MWF across several white matter regions. Interestingly, the effect size of this association was higher in brain regions susceptible to early degeneration, including the frontal lobes and major white matter fiber tracts. Further, the interaction between age and VO2max exhibited i) a steeper positive slope in the older age group, suggesting that the association of VO2max with MWF is stronger at middle and older ages and ii) a steeper negative slope in the lower VO2max group, indicating that lower VO2max levels are associated with lower myelination with increasing age. Finally, the nonlinear pattern of myelin maturation and decline is VO2max-dependent with the higher VO2max group reaching the MWF peak at later ages. This study provides evidence of an interconnection between CRF and cerebral myelination and suggests therapeutic strategies for promoting brain health and attenuating white matter degeneration.

Enhancing cognitive performance and mitigating dyslipidemia: the impact of moderate aerobic training on sedentary older adults

BackgroundThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of 24 weeks of moderate aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoprotein levels; Lipo (a) markers, and their association with cognitive performance in healthy older adults.MethodsA total of 150 healthy subjects (100 males and 50 females; age range: 65–95 years) were recruited for this study. Based on the LOTCA test score, subjects were classified into two groups: the control group (n = 50) and the cognitive impairment group (n = 100). Cognitive functioning, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), lipid profile, total cholesterol, TG, HDL-c, LDL-C, and lipo(a) were assessed at baseline and post-24-week aerobic exercise interventions using LOTCA battery, pre-validated Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) version II, colorimetric, and immunoassay techniques, respectively.ResultsSignificant improvements in cognitive function and modulation in lipid profile and lipoprotein (a) markers were reported in all older subjects following 24 weeks of moderate exercise. LOTCA-7-sets scores significantly correlated with physical activity status and the regulation of lipids and Lipo (a) markers. Physically active persons showed higher cognitive performance along with a reduction in the levels of T-Cholest., TG, LDL-C, Lipo (a), and an increase in the levels of HDL-C and aerobic fitness VO2max compared with sedentary participants. Cognitive performance correlated positively with increased aerobic fitness, HDL-C, and negatively with T-Cholest., TG, LDL-C, and Lipo (a). However, a significant increase in the improvement of motor praxis, vasomotor organization, thinking operations, attention, and concentration were reported among older adults.ConclusionsThe study findings revealed that supervised moderate aerobic training for 24 weeks significantly enhances cognitive functions via mitigating older adults’ lipid profiles and lipoprotein (a). Cognitive performance is positively correlated with aerobic fitness and HDL-C level and negatively with T-Cholest., TH, LDL-C, and Lipo (a).

CORRELATION OF ISOCAPNIC BUFFERING PHASE WITH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC POWER IN ATHLETES

Objective: The aim of the study below was to detect the relationship of isocapnic buffering phase values with the values of both aerobic and anaerobic power. Method: A total of 14 athletes, five females and nine males with ages between 18 and 25, who all have been active in sports for at least five years, volunteered to participate in the present study. At the beginning, the values of height, body mass, and body fat ratio of the volunteers were collected as required. Then, a maximal exercise test was applied to the volunteers and during the test, the values of maximal oxygen consumption capacity (VO2max), amount of oxygen consumed (VO2), amount of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2), respiratory threshold, respiratory compensation point, and maximal heart rate were determined accordingly. One week after aforesaid measurements, the Wingate anaerobic test was applied to the volunteers and the anaerobic power values were calculated. Initially, the descriptive statistics of the data obtained in the study were accomplished. Since the data did not reflect a normal distribution, the Spearman correlation analysis was applied to detect the correlation between both the aerobic and anaerobic power data and the isocapnic buffering data. The level of significance was accepted as p &lt; 0.05. Results: Whereas a positive correlation was observed between VO2max (ml/kg/min) values and the values of maximum power (W/kg), average power (W/kg) and, minimum power (W/kg), a negative correlation was observed between VO2max (ml/kg/min) and power drop values (%) in female volunteers. For male volunteers, on the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between the values of VO2max (ml/kg/min) and minimum power (W/kg), and a negative correlation between the values of VO2max (ml/kg/min) and power drop (%). Furthermore, a significant relationship was also found between the values of isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation, and the values of maximal heart rate (beats/min), respiratory threshold VO2 (ml/kg/min), respiratory threshold heart rate (beats/min), respiratory threshold speed (km/hour), respiratory compensation point heart rate (beats/min), and respiratory compensation point speed (km/hour) in both male and female volunteers. Conclusion: The findings collected hereby indicate that as the VO2max levels of athletes increase, both their cardiopulmonary data and anaerobic power values and also their ability to resist against the intensity of exercises applied after entering the anaerobic threshold, increase. Meanwhile, the rises in VO2max levels of athletes suggest that it will contribute to an athlete’s better performance by causing decreases in the power drop ratios (%) attained during the Wingate test.

EFFECT OF MODERATE INTENSITY CONTINUOUS TRAINING (MICT) ON OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Objective: The aim of this review is to find out the effectiveness of Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on overweight and obesity. Method: The articles were selected from various authentic platforms like Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The articles were selected from the year 2017-2023. Total articles selected were around 21 and only 10 articles were selected for the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The effectiveness of MICT was observed among the articles with the intervention duration of majority of the articles was 12 weeks but few were 4,6,8,10 and 24 weeks respectively. MICT is an effective way to improve body composition, reduce inflammation and increases physical fitness, improving HRQOL, IWQOL, BP, Physical and mental health along with reducing body weight, lipid profile and VO2 max levels. MICT is extremely effective in reduction of liver fat, body fat, BMI, body fat%, blood glucose, DBP, visceral fat, waist circumference Conclusion: In this review it was found that, in overweight or obese populations MICT was effective in weight loss and improving most health markers. For weight loss and ease of implementation MICT might be preferred. KEYWORDS: Aerobic training, adolescents, adults, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), Obesity, Overweight

Aerobic training as an approach to increasing VO2max in amateur football athletes

Background Problems: Lack of variety in aerobic exercise can cause boredom and reduce motivation to increase VO2max. Research Objectives: This study aims to assess how much influence aerobic exercise has on increasing VO2max in amateur football athletes. This involves regularly monitoring and measuring changes in VO2max levels over time. Methods: This research used a pre-experimental method; the design used was a one-group pretest and posttest design. The study used total sampling to select a population and sample of 30 amateur athletes. The instrument used was the 15-minute balke test to determine the athlete's VO2max capacity. The method used aerobic training with a 400-metre run. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistical tests, and prerequisite tests were normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing using the t-test with the SPSS version 26 program. Findings and Results: The analysis of the data reveals a notable improvement in VO2max following aerobic exercise. The average VO2max value increased from 55.38 during the pretest to 70.70 in the posttest phase. This increase was substantiated by the t-test results, where the calculated t-value was 10.36. Consequently, this indicates a significant enhancement in VO2max post-exercise. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise has a crucial role in increasing VO2max in amateur football athletes. Good cardiorespiratory conditioning can help improve their endurance, performance, and recovery during training and competition.

Assessment of Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Max) in Athletes and Nonathletes Assessed in Sports Physiology Laboratory.

Athletes' physical prowess plays a crucial role in their ability to succeed in any sporting endeavor. Each athlete on the field must have an exceptional aerobic capacity to withstand fierce competition and stringent regulatory guidelines.Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a quantitative measure of aerobic capacity and is regardedas one of themost reliable indicators ofcardiorespiratory and overall physical fitness of an individual by sports physiologists. The study aims to evaluate the VO2 max of athletes in comparison with nonathletes during treadmill and lower limb cycle ergometry exercises as assessed in the Sports Physiology Laboratory of a rural medical college.Treadmill exercise and bicycle ergometer exercise are the most common to perform as indoor aerobic exercises to assess one's physical fitness. Both these tests are equally useful in eliciting cardiac and vascular responses, so both these modalities were used to assess aerobic fitness. This cross-sectional study, which examined participants aged 17-25, included 30 athletes (cases) and 120 age- and sex-matched controls. The VO2 max was evaluated using the Metabolic Module of Lab Chart Software, which was investigated through the PowerLab data acquisition system, AD Instruments (Bella Vista,NSW, Australia). The mean age of male athletes was 20.51 ± 2.69 years and of female athletes was 20.53 ± 1.62 years. The mean and standard deviation of VO2 max on the treadmill for male cases was 52.37 ± 8.78 mL/kg/min and for female cases was 40.96 ± 4.06 mL/kg/min, and on a cycle ergometer for male cases was 45.21 ± 9.43 mL/kg/min and for female cases was 34.32 ± 5.12 mL/kg/min. For the control group, the mean age of control males was 21.2 ± 2.62 years and of control females was 20.36 ± 1.5 years. The mean and standard deviationof VO2 max on the treadmill for control males was 33.35 ± 3.77 mL/kg/min and for control females was 25.09 ± 7.07 mL/kg/min, and on the cycle ergometer for control males was 34.17 ± 2.75 mL/kg/min and for control females was 24.15 ± 5.35 mL/kg/min. This study showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher VO2 max levels in athletes of both genders compared to their age- and sex-matched controls upon exercise on the treadmill and cycle ergometer. This study underscores the significance of better cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes than nonathletes, giving pertinent insights about their aerobic capacity, which is precisely measured and expressed in terms of VO2.

Perbedaan Tingkat Daya Tahan Kardiovaskular Antara Siswa Perokok dan Tidak Perokok

Smoking has become a habit and is a public health problem throughout the world, especially among teenagers. Smoking in adolescence can interfere with fitness, one of the effects experienced is a decrease in cardiovascular endurance. The aim of this study was to determine the level of cardiovascular endurance of male extracurricular sports students who were smokers and non-smokers at SMAN 1 Parang. The design of this research is comparative research. The techniques used to collect data are filling out questionnaires and VO2Max tests. The subjects used in the research were 22 boys' extracurricular sports students at SMAN 1 Parang, divided into 10 futsal extracurriculars and 12 volleyball extracurriculars. The instrument used is the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). Then, the data analysis technique used is to carry out data prerequisite tests (normality test and data homogeneity test) and hypothesis test (Independent t-test) and in analyzing the data from this research using SPSS version 26 software. Based on the research results and data analysis there are differences The VO2Max level which can be seen from the average value is 33.9 for smoking students and 42.1 for non-smoking students. So it can be concluded that the VO2Max level of non-smoking extracurricular sports students is better than smokers' extracurricular sports students. So it can be said that each student has a different VO2Max level.

Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 1 Bumirejo

This research aims to determine the level of physical fitness of male and female students at SD Negeri 1 Bumirejo. This research is a descriptive study which will later be revealed to describe the physical condition (VO2Max) of students at SD Negeri 1 Bumirejo. The sampling technique used total sampling, the number of students who took part was 20 participants. The instrument used in this research is the bleep test. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis in the implementation of sports measurement tests that measure the VO2Max level of students at SD Negeri 1 Bumirejo. From the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that the results of the bleep test show that the students' overall level of endurance still has a low rating. It can be seen from the results obtained that the lowest result is 20.8 and the highest score in this test is 44.5. From these gains, it is necessary to carry out more supervision and increase physical training in order to improve students' physical fitness.

Influential Factors of Taekwondo Achievement in Regional Sport Competition

Endurance is one of the most influential factors in achieving high-performance athletes. The level of maximum oxygen volume or VO2Max describes endurance. VO2Max is the ability to consume oxygen during physical activity. This research examines the influential factors of Taekwondo achievement in regional sports competitions. The method used in this research is a survey to determine VO2Max levels. The research instrument operated is the Multi Fitness Test (MFT) to measure VO2Max levels. The sample in this study was 20 taekwondo athletes from Semarang City. Data results of the physical condition test are divided into five categories: Poor, Under Average, Average, Above Average, and Excellent. The results confirm that VO2Max level is the main factor in achieving the best athlete performance. Athletes who win gold medals have the VO2Max Above the Average category. The conclusion is that most taekwondo athletes in Semarang City have a VO2Max level in the Average Category. Increasing VO2Max training is required to achieve athletes' high performance.

The Relationship Of Body Mass Index (BMI) With Vo2max In Students At Stikes Rs Dustira

Students generally do not exercise, in fact they tend to choose habits with very poor sleep and rest patterns and consume food labeled fast food. The student's lifestyle has an indirect impact on fitness levels and nutritional status as measured by body mass index. One variable that influences cardiovascular fitness levels is body mass index (BMI). An increase in fat tissue in the body will occur if a person's BMI value is high and is classified as overweight or even obese. In this research, the quantitative research method uses correlational analysis. The population in the study was Dustira Hospital STIKes female students, totaling 51 people. Data were collected by measuring height, weight, and carrying out the Cooper test to measure VO2max levels. The results of the research show that the significance value of the Spearman Rho Correlation with the value (p) of the two variables is 0.001, which means that the two variables have a significant relationship, namely between Body Mass Index (BMI) and VO2Max level (p&lt;0.05). Based on the correlation test, the correlation coefficient (r) was obtained at -0.550, which means that the two variables have a strong relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and VO2Max, which is strongly correlated and the correlation between the variables is negative. This is stated that the higher the BMI, the lower the VO2max cardiorespiratory endurance level, while the lower the BMI, the higher the VO2max cardiorespiratory endurance level.

The concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a submaximal exercise test in adolescents with autism

Purpose There is a need for valid and reliable clinical assessment tools to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in adolescents with autism. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Astrand-Rhyming Test (ART) in this population. Materials and methods 45 adolescents with autism aged 12–18 years (n = 32 males, 14.47 ± 1.79 years) performed the ART twice (test-retest reliability) and completed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) (concurrent validity). Reliability parameters included Pearson correlations, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurements (SEM), minimal detectable changes (MDC), coefficients of variation, paired sample t-tests, linear regressions and Bland-Altman plots. The concurrent validity was evaluated with Pearson correlations, ICCs, paired sample t-tests, linear regressions and Bland-Altman plots. Results Strong test-retest reliability (r = 0.84–0.85, ICC = 0.84–0.85) was found for the ART, but the wide limits of agreement intervals suggest the presence of substantial variability. The large SEM (4.73–5.08 mL/kg/min) and MDC (13.20-14.07 mL/kg/min) values suggest lower absolute reliability. Moderate to strong levels of association (r = 0.74–0.75) and agreement (ICC = 0.59–0.66) were found between estimated (ART1) and measured (CPET) VO2 max levels, but significant systematic differences (5.71–8.82 mL/kg/min) were observed. Conclusion The ART is an accessible and promising method to monitor submaximal CRF levels over time but is less appropriate to estimate maximal CRF levels in this population.

Increase of VO2 max After 8 Weeks Tuja Shuttle Run Exercise for Athletes in the 14-17 Year Age Group

The quest to enhance athletic performance through increased VO2max levels has led to exploring various training modalities, including the Tuja Shuttle Run, an innovative adaptation of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). This study aims to address these gaps by examining the impact of a tailored HIIT protocol—the Tuja Shuttle Run—on the VO2max of young athletes. A total 50 athletes from KONI Kediri district and Keeltjes Soccer Academy, aged 14-17 years were recruited to be research subjects. The development of HIIT in this research was in the form of the Tuja Shuttle Run. The Tuja Shuttle Run intervention was carried out with a frequency of 3x/week for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, VO2max was gauged using the Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test, a field test valued for its practicality despite debates on its precision relative to laboratory measures. Statistical analysis uses paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5%. Based on the results of the paired sample t-test shows that Sig. 0.000 or p ≤ 0.001, so it can be said that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest on the VO2max. Implementing an 8-week Tuja Shuttle Run training program can potentially enhance VO2max in athletes aged 14-17. Based on this research, further studies need to be carried out on the effect of Tuja Shuttle Run training by comparing each sport. Keyword: VO2max Enhancement, Tuja Shuttle Run, High-Intensity Interval Training, Athletic Performance, Youth Athlete Training

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on obesity-associated inflammation in women and men: The FATCOR study

Background and aimsCardiorespiratory fitness has been postulated to lower chronic inflammation in obesity. We assessed sex-specific associations of inflammation with cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese persons. Methods and resultsPeak oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured by treadmill in 566 participants (age 48 ± 9 years, 60% women) with body mass index >27.0 kg/m2 in the FAT associated CardiOvasculaR dysfunction (FATCOR) study. Fitness was identified from age- and sex specific reference levels of VO2max. The inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) and pyriodoxic acid ratio (PAr) were measured by mass spectrometry. In the total study population 63% had obesity and 74% were cardiorespiratory unfit. Unfit women had the highest fat percentage and the highest serum levels of CRP and SAA (p < 0.05). In multivariable linear regression analyses in women, higher CRP (β −0.15, p = 0.001), SAA (β −0.10, p = 0.03) and PAr (β −0.09, p = 0.03) were associated with lower VO2max after adjusting for confounders. In multivariable analyses in men, higher PAr (β −0.14, p = 0.02) was associated with lower VO2max. In multivariable analyses in obese women, higher CRP and PAr remained associated with lower VO2max (p < 0.05), while in obese men there was no significant association. When normalizing VO2max for fat-free mass (VO2maxFFM) higher CRP, SAA and PAr index were associated with lower VO2maxFFM in women, while only higher PAr index was associated with lower VO2maxFFM in men. ConclusionThe association of inflammation with lower cardiorespiratory fitness was more pronounced in women than men, in particular when obesity was present. Clinical trial registrationURL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02805478.

People with type 1 diabetes exhibit lower exercise capacity compared to a control population with similar physical activity levels

AimsWe aimed to assess physical activity (PA) levels, adherence to PA guidelines, and fitness capacity in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and control population. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 232 T1D and 248 controls. PA levels (IPAQ-SF questionnaire), adherence to guidelines (>150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA), fitness capacity (VO2max, maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer and 1RM test) were assessed, along with other clinical variables. ResultsTotal PA levels (T1D 2202 ± 1839 vs. controls 2357 ± 2189 METs/min/week), adherence (T1D 53.1 % vs controls 53.2 %), and sedentariness (T1D 27.3 % vs. controls 25.1 %) were similar between groups. However, participants with T1D exhibited significantly lower levels of VO2max (29.1 ± 10.5 vs. 32.5 ± 11.5 mlO2/kg/min, p < 0.001), work capacity (2.73 ± 1.03 vs. 3 ± 10 W/kg of body weight, p = 0.004) and strength capacity (2.29 ± 0.53 vs. 2.41 ± 0.79 kg/kg body weight in 1RM, p = 0.01) than controls, after adjusting for sex and age. ConclusionsIndividuals with T1D exhibit lower fitness capacity compared to a control population, regardless of age and sex, even when presenting similar levels of total physical activity and adherence to guidelines.

Curvilinear association between waist-to-height ratio and cardiorespiratory fitness: a cross-sectional study based on nationwide data from Chinese children and adolescents

BackgroundWaist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is considered an important summary indicator for assessing the health of children and adolescents. However, there are fewer studies addressing the association between WHtR and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Deriving an optimal WHtR would play an important role in promoting CRF in children and adolescents. Our aim was to analyze the association between WHtR and CRF and determine the optimal value of WHtR.MethodsIn this study, 37,081 (19,125 boys, 51.6%) children and adolescents aged 7–18 years in five regions of China were tested for WHtR and 20-m shuttle run test (20 m SRT). One-way ANOVA was used to compare maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) among children and adolescents with different WHtRs and effect sizes were used to analyze differences between groups. Curvilinear regression was used to analyse the curvilinear relationship that exists between WHtR and VO2max.ResultsIn Chinese children and adolescents, the WHtR of boys was higher than that of girls by 0.01, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Overall, in the age groups of 7–9, 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years old, the differences in VO2max comparisons between different WHtR groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In Chinese children and adolescents in the age groups of 7–9, 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years old, VO2max levels were highest when the WHtR was 0.34, 0.32, 0.39, and 0.41, respectively.ConclusionsThere is a curvilinear association between WHtR and CRF in Chinese children and adolescents. Both lower and higher WHtR led to a decrease in VO2max in children and adolescents.

How can Small Sided Game training methods (3 vs 3 and 6 vs 6) and VO2max affect basic soccer skills?

Study purpose. Mastering the fundamentals of soccer is essential for skill development. Therefore, employing effective training techniques becomes crucial to enhance these fundamental soccer skills. This study aims to discern: (1) Variations in the impact of the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method compared to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method on fundamental soccer skills; (2) Disparities in the impact of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills; and (3) The repercussions of the interaction between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game method and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method in conjunction with VO2max levels (high and low). Materials and Methods. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used for this experimental study methodology. 24 athletes, including 12 from the Sports Talent School (STS) West Sumatra football academy and 12 from the Indonesia Muda Soccer School, served as the research subjects. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test is the tool used to measure VO2max. The "David Lee" competence test has been adopted as the yardstick for gauging fundamental soccer abilities. Two-way ANOVA was the method of data analysis employed, with a significance level of 0.05. Results. The study's findings are outlined as follows: (1) Indicated by a significance value of (p=0.009&lt;0.05), there exists a disparity in the impact of training between the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game and the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game on fundamental soccer skills. With an average posttest difference of 1.69 seconds, the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game training approach proves superior to the 6 vs. 6 small-sided game method. (2) A significance value of (p=0.005&lt;0.05) suggests a distinction in the effects of high and low VO2max levels on fundamental soccer skills. Displaying a posttest average difference of 6.23 seconds, higher VO2max levels are more advantageous than lower ones. (3) With a significance p value of 0.018&lt;0.05, it is evident that an interaction exists among the 3 vs. 3 small-sided game, 6 vs. 6 small-sided game, and VO2max levels (high, low) concerning fundamental soccer skills. Cunclotion. based on outcomes The investigation found a strong relationship between the interaction of training techniques and VO2max on fundamental soccer playing abilities. These findings can be employed in the training of fundamental soccer game skills as a guide. Keywords: Small Sided Game, VO2max, Basic Skills, Football.