Vitamins C And E Research Articles

Characteristics of Nutrition and Metabolism in Dogs and Cats.

Domestic dogs and cats have evolved differentially in some aspects of nutrition, metabolism, chemical sensing, and feeding behavior. The dogs have adapted to omnivorous diets containing taurine-abundant meat and starch-rich plant ingredients. By contrast, domestic cats must consume animal-sourced foods for survival, growth, and development. Both dogs and cats synthesize vitamin Cand many amino acids (AAs, such as alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, and serine), but have a limited ability to form de novo arginine and vitamin D3. Compared with dogs, cats have greater endogenous nitrogen losses and higher dietary requirements for AAs (particularly arginine, taurine, and tyrosine), B-complex vitamins (niacin, thiamin, folate, and biotin), and choline; exhibit greater rates of gluconeogenesis; are less sensitive to AA imbalances and antagonism; are more capable of concentrating urine through renal reabsorption of water; and cannot tolerate high levels of dietary starch due to limited pancreatic α-amylase activity. In addition, dogs can form sufficient taurine from cysteine (formost breeds); arachidonic acid from linoleic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from α-linolenic acid; all-trans-retinol from β-carotene; and niacin from tryptophan. These synthetic pathways, however, are either absent or limited in all cats due to (a)no or low activities of key enzymes (including pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, cysteine dioxygenase, ∆6-desaturase, β-carotene dioxygenase, and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase)and (b) diversion of intermediates to other metabolic pathways. Dogs can thrive on one large meal daily, select high-fat over low-fat diets, and consume sweet substances. By contrast, cats eat more frequently during light and dark periods, select high-protein over low-protein diets, refuse dry food, enjoy a consistent diet, and cannot taste sweetness. This knowledge guides the feeding and care of dogs and cats, as well as the manufacturing of their foods. As abundant sources of essential nutrients, animal-derived foodstuffs play important roles in optimizing the growth, development, and health of the companion animals.

Effect of vitamin C upon Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) treated Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial in Bangladesh

Objective: To assess the efficacy of vitamin C as an adjunct to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) intreating OCD patients. Design: Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Study eligibility: Randomly selected 96 OCD patients diagnosed by the psychiatric consultants following the DSM-5criteria of both sexes aged 18 years and above were initially enrolled; finally, 83completed the study. The study wasconducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2018 toFebruary 2019. Interventions: After obtaining written informed consent, participants were randomly divided into group A (controlgroup) and group B (intervention group). A baseline recording of the body's endogenous antioxidant markers (plasmavitamin C and erythrocyte glutathione levels), oxidative stress marker (plasma malondialdehyde), and Yale-Brownscore of OCD by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale(Y-BOCS) were measured in both groups. The control group(n=40) received oral SSRIs daily for eight weeks, while the intervention group (n=56) received the SSRIs plus oralvitamin C (500 mg twelve hourly) daily for the same duration. The biochemical parameters and the Y-BOCS score ofOCD of both groups were obtained after eight weeks, and the result was analyzed and compared.Main outcome measures: The outcomes were levels of plasma vitamin C, erythrocyte (RBC) glutathione and plasmamalondialdehyde, and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Result: Baseline recordings suggest significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of plasma vitamin C and RBC glutathioneconcentrations and non-significant (p>0.05) higher levels of plasma MDA concentrations in both groups. After eightweeks of intervention with vitamin C plus SSRIs, plasma vitamin C and RBC glutathione levels were significantly(p<0.001) increased more in the intervention group compared to the control group (97.26% vs 44.44% and 57% vs44.16%, respectively). On the other hand, plasma MDA concentrations and the mean Y-BOCS score were reduced morein the intervention group compared to their counterpart (48.15% vs 37.74% and 29.69% vs 21.74%; p<0.001). Conclusion: The result showed that vitamin C adjunct to SSRIs in OCD patients had significantly improved vitamin Cand RBC glutathione concentrations, while the plasma MDA level and the Y-BOCS score were decreased in theintervention group. Treatment with vitamin C leads to a more significant improvement in OCD symptoms.Trial registration: Registered with Clinical Trials. Gov (NCT03754647). Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2023; 11 (1): 24-30

Rootstock screening for greenhouse tomato production under a coconut coir cultivation system

Grafting is an important means to overcome the obstacles of continuous cropping of solanaceous vegetables. The objective of this subject was to evaluate the performance of different rootstocks in grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under coconut coir cultivation. This research was carried out on a scion ‘Ruifen 882’ grafted onto four rootstocks (‘Guangzhen 1’, ‘Zhenai 1’, ‘Ganzhen 1’, and ‘Guozhen 1’) in comparison with non-grafted and self-grafted ‘Ruifen 882’ plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse environment and adopted the casing grafting method with three replicates; 20 plants per replicate were employed in a randomized block design. The following variables were analyzed: graft survival rate, growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of above-ground part and under-ground part, root-shoot ratio and strong seedling index), physiological characteristics (chlorophyll and mineral element contents), fruit yield, and fruit quality (hardness, soluble solid, soluble sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C and lycopene). The results of growth monitoring indicated that grafting could improve the growth and development of tomato plants at the seedling stage and ‘Ruifen 882’/‘Guozhen 1’ (R/GUO) had high grafting survival rate of nearly 98%, which is close to the self-grafted plants. Physiological analysis showed that R/GUO and ‘Ruifen 882’/‘Zhenai 1’ (R/ ZA) significantly increased the chlorophyll content and absorption of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Mn and Cu. On fruit yield, grafts ‘Ruifen 882’/‘Ganzhen 1’ (R/GAN) and R/GUO had better performance. Comprehensive analysis showed that the best results for tomato scion growth, development, fruit quality and yield were observed with the graft combination R/GUO.

Nutrient intakes and nutritional status of children of Samin indigenous people in Indonesia

Undernutrition is still a problem in the world. In Indonesia, the problem of undernutrition is high especially underweight, stunting and wasting among children under five years old. Some indigenous people usually have lower economical levels, educational levels and health status compared to the rest of the population and as a result indigenous people are usually prone to malnutrition. Samin is one example of indigenous people in Indonesia. The main objective of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and nutritional status of children under five years inClosed and OpenedSamin indigenous people in Indonesia. Closed Samin people tend to hold on to their culture firmly and are less receptive to some government programs, while Opened Samin tend to be more receptive to government programs. This was a cross-sectional study design. Participants were selected by snowball sampling technique; 120 households with children under five years were selected. Food consumption of the children was collected through direct interviews using 1x24 hours recall procedure. Nutritional status was assessed by weighing the children’s body weights. Children’santhropometric data were analyzed using the WHO AnthroPlus software. T-test and Mann-Whitney were used to analyze the difference between groups. The study showed that nutrient intakes (energy, protein, vitamin A, iron and calcium) of children In Closed Samin were significantly lower than those in Opened Samin (p<0.05). The vitamin C intake of both groups was not significantly different (p>0.05). The mean of energy, vitamin Cand calcium intake in both groups did not meet Indonesian Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA). Based on the RDA reference, protein and vitamin A adequacy of children in Closed Saminand Opened Samin were sufficient. Iron adequacy was different in Closed Samin classified as inadequate, whereas Opened Samin was normal. The prevalence of underweight in Closed Samin was 49%, while in Opened Saminitwas 21%. The weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) of children in both groups showed significant differences (p=0.006)with mean z-score -1.8±1.4 for Closed Samin and -1.1±1.4 for Opened Samin. In conclusion, the mean of nutrient intakes and nutritional status of children in Opened Samin was higher than Closed Samin. That was due to the household economic levels and maternal nutritional knowledge, which was also higher in Opened Samin. The local government must find the best approach in resolving problems related to child nutrition of Closed Samin indigenous people and be more active to encourage participationin government programs.

A Review of Nutrients to Extend Healthspan and Avoid Cancer by Reducing the Amount of Protein Misfolding, Free Radicals, and Calcification

Two major causes of human aging include protein misfolding and free radicals. Protein misfolding occurs when proteins which are synthesized by cells do not have the proper amino acid sequence or do not achieve the correct three-dimensional configuration to function properly. Peer-reviewed scientific literature explains how these processes contribute to many age-associated diseases. A few examples include cancer, heart disease, dementias including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and arthritis. This article reviews how protein misfolding can be slowed and even reversed by appropriate nutrition, potentially slowing and reversing these diseases. One cause of misfolding is mRNA translation occurring too rapidly for proper chaperone binding or protein folding. A second cause is deficiency of amino acids so improper tRNA binding occurs. A third cause is free radicals. They cause mutations promoting misfolding and cancer, and oxidize lipoproteins causing plaque in circulation promoting heart disease and stroke. Nutrients with proven actions will contribute to longer healthspans for our aging population. Healthspan is the number of healthy years before chronic or terminal diseases substantially impair the quality of life. This can be done especially by slowing and reversing these three causes of PM. Niacin, quercetin, EGCG, alpha-lipoic acid, N-acetyl-carnitine, tyrosine and cysteine address protein misfolding. Vitamin C and glutathione trap free radicals. Vitamin K amplifies free radical cancer killing by vitamin C and activates decalcification enzymes which remove calcium deposits in the circulatory system and strengthen bones. Apigenin activates the pathway of caloric restriction and induces cancer cell apoptosis. This article provides citations and explanations of the progress showing new ways to maintain health as we age. For convenience and cost savings, many of these ingredients can be consumed in supplement form, taken twice a day to maintain water-soluble nutrient levels.

Review on the Bioactivities of Quercetin

Quercetin, the most active bioflavonoid which is produced as a secondary metabolite by plants, is a polyphenol with a wide spectrum of bioactivities. This bioflavonoid is the ―nature‘s biological response modifier‖ as it interferes with the various allergens and other reactive compounds. Apple, oranges, tomatoes, onions, black tea and green tea are good sources of quercetin and it is also available commercially. After absorption in the small intestine and colon, quercetin conjugates with glucuronic acid and binds to albumin and passes to liver and benefits the body by its various bioactivities. Quercetin‘s antioxidant activity enhances the radical scavenging activity and metal chelation of the ions but the prooxidant activity depends on its high concentration. Further, quercetin interferes with the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid showing its anti-inflammatory effect. A combined effect of quercetin and bromelain effectively suppresses the allergic reactions and the excessive inflammation resulting from bruising and tissue damage. The mutualistic effect of vitamin C and quercetin protects each other from getting oxidized. A direct relationship was also found to exist between quercetin's antiviral activity and enhancement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is a second messenger involved in many biological processes. Quercetin helps in down regulation of mutant gene p53 and inhibits the growth of cancerous cells by putting a check at G1 phase. This also controls the surpassing of the normal regulatory growth by the tumor cells and inhibits the production of heat shock proteins and thus showing its anticancer properties. Owing to the potential pharmaceutical properties of quercetin, the bioactivities, principle uses and mechanisms involved in the treatment of various diseases were reviewed in this paper. In addition, safety issues involved in the partake of quercetin by humans have also been discussed.

The impact of concurrent training and antioxidant supplementation on the factors associated with the ocular lens opacity in diabetic rats

The current study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation, exercise, and their concurrent application against cataract incidence in the diabetic rats. The obtained results indicated that different supplementation and training treatments were capable to preserve the lens transparency in the diabetic rats. Also, upon applying different supplementation and training treatments, the level of glutathione (GSH) and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the diabetic rats was preserved approximately close to their control levels. In addition, different treatments were capable to maintain the structural integrity of the lens proteins in diabetic rats. Moreover, VCE supplementation, exercise and their simultaneous application prevented lens crystallins of diabetic rats against fibrillation and formation of the increased oligomeric sizes. The results of this study signify the importance of antioxidant supplementation and exercise in reducing the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on the eye lenses.

PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF AQUAPONICALLY GROWN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable in the country which is consumed both raw and as processed product. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, yield, postharvest qualities and profitability of aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with different nutrient solutions. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 treatments replicated 3 times. Tomato fruits were first harvested 60 days after transplanting with 100 percent survival rate. Early flowering of tomato plant was observed when applied with VSU liquid nutrient formulation (VSU-LNF) with node number ranging from 13.33-14.00 bearing the first flower. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of lateral shoot, root length and fruit size are stimulated by the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation and in combination with ferments. This also resulted to high number and weight of marketable fruit in tomato plant. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of the fruits were higher in aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with fermented kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata L.). Free radical scavenging activity was found highest in the fruit of tomato grown in aquaponic system supplemented with combined VSU liquid nutrient formulation with fermented malunggay (Moringa olifera). However, vitamin Cand sugar content of tomato fruits were found highest when supplemented with combine VSU liquid nutrient formulation and fermented kuhol. No significant differences were obtained on firmness, percent weight loss, respiration rate at 2 and 4 weeks after storage, titratable acidity, fruit nitrogen, pH of fruit, oxidation reduction potential, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. On the other hand, higher moisture content of the tomato fruits were observed with the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation and in combination with ferments. Therefore, high yield was produced with the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation which resulted to higher net return. Aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with VSU-LNF produced lesser yield but with considerable net return.

Effects of the combined administration of vitamins C and E on the oxidative stress status and programmed cell death pathways after experimental spinal cord injury

Experimental, controlled, animal study. To assess the effects of vitamins C and E (VCE) treatment on oxidative stress and programmed cell deaths after rat spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as functional recovery. Taiwan. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experimental procedure. In the sham group, laminectomy at T10 was performed, followed by impactor contusion of the spinal cord. In the control group, only a laminectomy was performed without contusion. Oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring the spinal cord tissue content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. We also evaluated the effects of combined VCE treatment using western blot to analyze expression of cleaved caspase-3 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale to evaluate functional outcomes. Combined treatment of VCE significantly counteracted the effects of spinal cord contusion on oxidative stress represented by activities of SOD and GSH-Px (P<0.05). The VCE treatment also significantly enhanced LC3-II expression and decreased cleaved caspase-3 compared with the sham (P<0.05). Furthermore, BBB scores significantly improved in the VCE-treated group compared with the sham group (on day 14 and 28 after SCI; P<0.05). The combined administration of VCE was clearly capable of modulating the antioxidant effects, and of reducing apoptosis and increasing autophagy at the lesion epicenter leading to an improved functional outcome. Use of such clinically ready drugs could help earlier clinical trials in selected cases of human SCIs.

DOCKING MOLEKUL DENGAN METODA MOLEGRO VIRTUAL DOCKER DARI EKSTRAK AIR Psidium guajava, Linn DAN Citrus sinensis, Peels SEBAGAI INHIBITOR PADA TIROSINASE UNTUK PEMUTIH KULIT

We have been molecular docking using MolegroVirtual Docker (MVD) on water extract of guava fruit(Psidiumguajava, Linn) and sweet orange (Citrussinensis,Peels) as inhibitor on enzyme tyrosinase withascorbic acid (vitamin C) as positive control to studywhitening agent. Based on the previous studies, the maincontent of the water extract of guava fruit (Psidiumguajava)are 2,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-4-0--D-glucopyranosilbenzophenone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and vitamin C, whilethe extract juice of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) arelimonene, linalol, and vitamin C. In this study the resultsshowed that the main content of the water extract of Psidiumguajava fruit have better bond as inhibitor on tyrosinase thanCitrus sinensis and vitamin C which can be seen fromMoldock score of Psidiumguajava (-107.806) and Citrussinensis (-76,9593); it meanslower the energyand morestable binding. The IC50 on water extract of guava fruit(psidiumguajava) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) were0.26 mM and 31.07 mM, respectively. The hydrogen bonds of2, 6-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl-4-0--D- glucopyranosilbenzophenone with 5amino acid of tyrosinase were Gly 200,Pro 201 , Gly 196, Phe 197, and Asn 205, while limonen,linalool binding 3 amino acids were Gly 200, Phe 197, andAsn 205. Finally, 3D MVD visualization between maincontent of guava and sweet orange water extract can beconcluded that interaction of guava fruit (psidiumguajava)water extract against tyrosinase was more harmonious andstabil than vitamin C and main content of sweet orange(Citrus sinensis) water extract.Keywords: Psidium guajava, Citrus sinensis, tyrosinase, vitamin Cand docking molecule

Effects of melatonin, vitamin Cand E alone or in combination on lead-induced injury in liver and kidney organs of rats

Effects of melatonin, vitamin Cand E alone or in combination on lead-induced injury in liver and kidney organs of rats

Dietary vitamin C and E modulates oxidative stress induced‐kidney and lens injury in diabetic aged male rats through modulating glucose homeostasis and antioxidant systems

Diabetes induces oxidative stress in aged human and rat, although daily supplementation of vitamins C and E (VCE) can be beneficial to aged diabetic rats by reducing free radical production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether dietary VCE supplementation relieves oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic in aged rats. Thirty aged rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was used as a control. The second group was made diabetic using a single dose of intraperitoneal STZ. VCE-supplemented feed was given to aged diabetic rats constituting the third group. On the 21st day of the experiment, blood, lens and kidney samples were taken from all animals. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in lens and kidney, reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations in kidney were lower in the diabetic group than in the control whereas plasma glucose, urea and creatinine, and kidney and lens peroxidation (LP) levels were higher in the diabetic group than in the control. However, kidney and lens LP levels, and plasma glucose, urea and creatinine values were decreased by VCE supplementation. Lens and kidney GSH-Px activity, kidney GSH, vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations and erythrocyte counts were increased by VCE treatment. Kidney weights, vitamin A, haemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte and platelets values were not changed by diabetes and/or VCE supplementation. VCE ameliorated also diabetes-induced histopathological changes in kidney. In conclusion, we observed that VCE supplementation is beneficial towards kidney and lens of aged diabetic rats by modulating oxidative and antioxidant systems.

Effect of vitamins C and E on antioxidant status of breast-cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generated by antineoplastic agents are prime suspects for the toxic side-effects of acute or chronic chemotherapy. The present study was undertaken to test whether vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation protect against some of the harmful effects of commonly used anticancer drugs in breast-cancer patients. In a randomized 5-month study, the activity of various antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) and the levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione were measured in forty untreated breast-cancer patients (stage II) and compared with those of healthy controls. The degree of DNA damage was also assessed in the peripheral lymphocytes of the patients by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. The untreated patients were then randomly assigned to either treatment with chemotherapy alone (5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m(2) i.v. day 1, doxorubicin 50 mg/m(2) i.v. day 1 and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2) i.v. day 1, every 3 weeks for six cycles) or to the same chemotherapy regimen supplemented with VCE (vitamin C 500 mg tablet and vitamin E 400 mg gelatin capsule). On completion of the treatments, both the groups were studied again for the levels of the markers measured prior to treatment. The untreated group showed significantly lower levels of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0·001) and reduced glutathione (P < 0·001), and more extensive lipid peroxidation (P < 0·001) and DNA damage than healthy controls. Similar but less pronounced patterns were observed in the patients receiving chemotherapy alone. The group of patients receiving VCE supplementation had all the marker levels moving towards normal values. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase, and the levels of reduced glutathione were significantly increased (P < 0·01) while, the levels of malondialdehyde and DNA damage were significantly (P < 0·01) reduced in the VCE supplemented group relative to those of patients receiving chemotherapy alone as well as relative to the pretreatment levels. Co-administration of VCE restored antioxidant status, lowered by the presence of breast-cancer and chemotherapy. DNA damage was also reduced by VCE. The results suggest that VCE should be useful in protecting against chemotherapy-related side-effects and a randomized control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of VCE in breast-cancer patients using clinical outcomes would be appropriate.

Vitamins C and E treatment combined with exercise modulates oxidative stress markers in blood of patients with fibromyalgia: A controlled clinical pilot study

We aimed to investigate effects of vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation with exercise (EX) on antioxidant vitamin and lipid peroxidation (LP) levels in blood of patients with fibromyalgia (FM). A controlled study was performed on blood samples from 32 female FM patients and 30 age-matched controls. The patients were divided into three groups namely EX (n = 10), VCE (n = 11), and EX plus VCE (n = 11) after taking basal blood samples. After 12 weeks of EX and VCE supplementation, blood samples were taken once more from the patients. LP levels in plasma and erythrocytes were higher in the patients at baseline than those in controls, whereas LP levels were lower in the VCE and EX groups at the end of 12 weeks than those at baseline. Plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E and reduced glutathione were lower in the patients than those in controls and their concentrations were increased by VCE and EX. Glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes was increased by VCE supplementation, with or without EX. Concentrations of β-carotene in the groups did not change with treatment. Despite the measured effects on anti-oxidative mechanisms, FM symptoms were not improved by the treatments. In conclusion, VCE with EX may protect against FM-induced oxidative stress by up-regulation of an antioxidant redox system in the plasma and erythrocytes of patients with FM. Such protective effects of VCE in the patients seemed to be greater in combination with EX than EX alone.

Effects of Vitamins C and E Combination on Element Levels in Blood of Smoker and Nonsmoker Radiology X-Ray Technicians

X-ray radiation is detrimental to human cells and may lead to development of life-threatening diseases. Cigarette paper and cigarette smoke contain toxic elements, whereas vitamins C and E (VCE) may have regulator effects on the elements. We investigated effects of VCE administration on X-ray-induced element changes in blood of smoker and nonsmoker X-ray technicians. Twenty technicians and 30 healthy age-matched control subjects were used in the study. Ten of the X-ray technicians and 15 of the control were smokers. Blood serum samples were taken from the control. Oral vitamins C (500 mg) and E (150 mg) were supplemented daily to the smoker and nonsmoker X-ray technicians for 5 weeks. Serum samples were taken from the X-ray technicians before and after 5 weeks. Copper, zinc, selenium, aluminum, iron, magnesium, and calcium levels were investigated in control and X-ray technicians, both smokers and nonsmokers. Copper, zinc, and selenium levels were lower in the total X-ray group and smoker X-ray group than in control and nonsmoker X-ray group, although iron, magnesium, and calcium levels were higher in X-ray group than in control. The copper, zinc, selenium, and aluminum levels were higher in the VCE treatment group than those in X-ray group, although magnesium and calcium levels were decreased by the treatment. The serum zinc, copper, selenium, and magnesium levels were lower in smoker control group when compared to nonsmoker control group. The serum zinc levels were lower in smoker X-ray group than nonsmoker X-ray group, although iron level was higher in smoker X-ray group than in nonsmoker X-ray group. VCE prevents the smoke and X-ray-induced selenium, zinc, magnesium, and copper decrease to strengthen the antioxidant trace element levels in the serum of the technicians.

Protective Effects of Erdosteine and Vitamins C and E Combination on Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Lung Oxidative Stress and Plasma Copper and Zinc Levels in a Rat Hind Limb Model

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of erdosteine and vitamins C and E (VCE) on the lungs after performing hind limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) by assessing oxidative stress, plasma copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) analysis. The animals were divided randomly into four groups as nine rats each as follows: control, I/R, I/R plus erdosteine, and I/R plus VCE combination. I/R period for 60 min was performed on the both hind limbs of all the rats in the groups of I/R, erdosteine with I/R, VCE with I/R allowing 120 min of reperfusion. The animals received orally erdosteine one time in a day and 3 days before I/R in the erdosteine group. In the VCE group, the animals VCE combination received one time in a day and 3 days before I/R, although placebo was given to control and I/R group animals. Lung lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities were increased, although lung glutathione (GSH) and plasma Zn levels decreased in I/R group in lung tissue compared with the control group. Serum MDA level, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased in I/R group compared with the control. Lung MDA and plasma Zn levels and lung SOD activity were decreased by erdosteine administration, whereas lung GSH levels after I/R increased. The plasma Zn levels and lung SOD activity were decreased by VCE administration, although the plasma Cu and lung GSH levels increased after I/R. In conclusion, erdosteine has an antioxidant role on the values in the rat model, and it has more protective affect than in VCE in attenuating I/R-induced lung injury in rats.

Protective Effects of Moderate Exercise With Dietary Vitamin C and E on Blood Antioxidative Defense Mechanism in Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Daily moderate exercise and supplementation of vitamins C and E (VCE) can be beneficial in diabetes by ameliorating the effects of free radical production. The present study sought to analyze the effect of moderate exercise accompanying VCE supplementation on lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidative systems in the blood of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty female Wistar rats were randomly divided 4 groups. The 1st and 2nd groups served as the control and diabetic groups, respectively. The 3rd group was the diabetic-exercise group. The 4th group, also diabetic-exercise rats, received VCE-supplemented feed. Animals in the exercised groups were moderately exercised on a treadmill 5 days a week for 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced on Day 0 of the exercise. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples were taken from all animals on Day 20. Glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels in plasma and RBCs, and vitamins A, E, and beta-carotene in plasma were lower in diabetic rats than in control animals, whereas there was a significant increase in platelet counts in both plasma and RBC LP levels. The decreased antioxidant enzymes and vitamins, and the increased LP levels and WBC counts, did improve through exercise only, although their levels were mostly increased by exercise + VCE supplementation. There were no significant changes in the hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the 4 groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrate an increase in LP in the blood of diabetic animals whereas there was a decrease in the antioxidant vitamins and enzymes. However, dietary VCE with moderate exercise may strengthen the antioxidant defense system by decreasing reactive oxygen species.

Moderate Exercise Combined with Dietary Vitamins C and E Counteracts Oxidative Stress in the Kidney and Lens of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rat

Oxidative stress has a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced cataract formation and nephropathy. Daily moderate exercise and vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation can be beneficial to diabetes due to reducing blood glucose and free radical production. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of moderate exercise with vitamin VCE on lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidative systems in the kidneys and lens of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty female Wistar rats were used. They were randomly divided into four groups. The first and second groups were used as control and diabetic groups. The third group was the diabetic-exercise group. VCE-supplemented feed was given to diabetic-exercise rats constituting the fourth group. Animals in the exercised groups were moderately exercised daily on a treadmill for three weeks (five days a week). Diabetes was induced on day zero of exercise. Body weights in the four groups were recorded weekly. Lens and kidney samples were taken from all animals on day 20. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E, and beta-carotene levels in kidney and lens, albumin in plasma, and body weight were significantly lower in the diabetic group than in the control group, whereas there was a significant increase in LP of kidney and lens as well as plasma glucose, urea, and creatinine levels in the diabetic group. The decrease in antioxidant enzymes, vitamins, and albumin and the increase in LP and glucose levels in diabetic rats were significantly improved with exercise and VCE supplementation. In the diabetic animals, the decreased beta-carotene and vitamins A levels in kidney did not improve through exercise only, although their levels were increased by exercise plus VCE supplementation. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that lipid peroxidation increases in the lens and kidney of diabetic animals and this could be due to decreases in antioxidant vitamins and enzymes. However, dietary VCE with moderate exercise may strengthen the antioxidant defense system through the reduction of ROS and blood glucose levels. The VCE supplementations with exercise may play a role in preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy and cataract formation in diabetic animals.

Moderate exercise with a dietary vitamin C and E combination protects against streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to the blood and improves fetal outcomes in pregnant rats.

A considerable amount of clinical and experimental evidence now exists suggesting that many biochemical pathways strictly associated with diabetes increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, daily moderate exercise and vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation can be beneficial to diabetes due to reducing blood glucose and free radical production. In the present study, we investigated the effect of VCE and moderate exercise on lipid peroxidation (MDA) and scavenging enzyme activity in the blood of STZ-induced diabetic pregnant rats. Fifty female Wistar rats were used and were randomly divided into five groups. The first and second were used as the control and pregnant control groups, respectively. The third group was the pregnant diabetic group. The fourth group was the diabetic-pregnant-exercise group. VCE-supplemented feed was given to pregnant-diabetic-exercise rats constituting the fifth group. Animals in the exercised groups were moderately exercised daily on a treadmill (16.1 m/min, 45 min/d) for three weeks (five days a week). Diabetes was induced on day zero of the study. Body weights in the five groups were recorded weekly. Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples were taken from all animals on day 20. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma and RBCs, glucose, vitamins A, E and beta-carotene in plasma, the number of fetuses, and body weight were lower in pregnant diabetic rats than in control animals, whereas there was a significant increase in platelet counts and plasma and RBC MDA levels. The decreased antioxidant enzymes did not improve through exercise only. However, the decreased vitamins, and increased MDA, glucose levels and white blood cell (WBC) counts were improved either by exercise or exercise plus VCE supplementation. There were no significant changes in the RBC counts and hemoglobin values in the five groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that there is an increase in MDA in the blood of diabetic pregnant animals, whereas there is a decrease in the number of fetuses, antioxidant vitamins and enzymes. However, dietary VCE with moderate exercise may strengthen the antioxidant defense system due to reducing ROS. They may play a role in preventing diabetes-related diseases of pregnant subjects.

The prevention of liver lipoid degeneration (ceroidosis) and microcytic anaemia in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson fed rancid diets: a preliminary report

Abstract. Feeding a rancid diet deficient in Vitamins C and E to 13 g rainbow trout resulted in growth depression, microcytic anaemia and liver lipoid degeneration. Trout fed the rancid diet containing Vitamins CandE grew as well as control fish fed a non‐rancid diet and did not develop microcytic anaemia or liver lipoid degeneration, The symptoms that developed in deficient fish are typical of those resulting from Vitamin E but not Vitamin C deficiency. The results suggest that Vitamin E is important in preventing growth depression, microcytic anaemia and liver lipoid degeneration in rainbow trout fed rancid diets.