Vital Substances Research Articles

Role of Pranavaha Srota Dushti in Tamaka Shwasa

In Ayurveda, “Srotas” refers to the channels or pathways within the human body through which substances flow. These channels are responsible for the movement of various elements such as nutrients, waste products, Dosha, and other vital substances. The concept of Srotas is fundamental in Ayurvedic medicine, as the proper functioning of these channels is essential for maintaining health and preventing disease. Pranavaha Srotas essentially means channels carrying the vital life force known as Prana. Dushti, referring to vitiation or dysfunction, thereby describes conditions where these channels are obstructed or malfunctioning, preventing Prana from adequately reaching all areas of the body. The resultant energy blockages can lead to numerous disorders, notably respiratory conditions. Dushti occurs from several factors like environmental toxins, inappropriate diet, or lifestyle habits, manifesting symptoms like breathlessness, diminished body energy levels, coughs, or colds. Tamaka Shwasa, an Ayurvedic correlate for Bronchial Asthma, is characterized by Kapha and Vata imbalance. Ayurvedic texts describe it as a very chronic, recurrent condition marked by symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and difficulty breathing, with the condition generally worsen during dawn and dusk. The treatment approach typically involves pacifying aggravated Dosha i.e Vata and Kapha, strengthening the patient’s immunity, and adopting dietary and lifestyle modifications. These two conditions, Pranavaha Srotas Dushti and Tamaka Shwasa, are often seen as interconnected in Ayurveda’s understanding of respiratory health. Both signify an imbalance in the body’s energy (Prana) flow due to physical or environmental factors, leading to respiratory conditions. Further exploration and consolidation of Ayurvedic knowledge with modern medicine’s advancements may pave the way for more integrative health-care strategies, providing a comprehensive approach to managing respiratory health.

Influence of erosion control afforestation on some soil parameters in two watersheds in Southwest Bulgaria

Soil is limited resource with vital role in maintenance of variety ecosystems. One of the greatest treat for soils is soil erosion. This natural hazard is widely spread in the terrestrial world, and the territory of Bulgaria is also affected.  Important role for soil protection has a forest vegetation and afforestation is widely used for erosion control activity. The main benefits of afforestation are reduction of water runoff, erosion and sedimentation year-round, which is important for the areas located around the reservoirs and their basins. They also decrease the migration of vital substances for soils and sedimentation yield.  The main goal of the study is to establish the influence of erosion control afforestation to the main soil characteristics in the territory of two watershed situated in Southwest Bulgaria. Soil samples and dead leaf cover were analyzed as well as some characteristics of afforestation and topographic charac-teristics. It was established high water resistance of the soil aggregates under the planted forests and low resistance in the controls. The amounts of content of org. carbon and total nitrogen varying with slope and exposure. The differences between parameters of soils under afforestation and in control samples is established which shows an important influence of forest to the soil characteristics.

GelMA-based hydrogel biomaterial scaffold: A versatile platform for regenerative endodontics.

Endodontic therapy, while generally successful, is primarily limited to mature teeth, hence the pressing need to explore regenerative approaches. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have emerged as pivotal biomaterials, promising a bright future for dental pulp regeneration. Despite advancements in tissue engineering and biomaterials, achieving true pulp tissue regeneration remains a formidable task. GelMA stands out for its injectability, rapid gelation, and excellent biocompatibility, serving as the cornerstone of scaffold materials. In the pursuit of dental pulp regeneration, GelMA holds significant potential, facilitating the delivery of stem cells, growth factors, and other vital substances crucial for tissue repair. Presently, in the field of dental pulp regeneration, researchers have been diligently utilizing GelMA hydrogels as engineering scaffolds to transport various effective substances to promote pulp regeneration. However, existing research is relatively scattered and lacks comprehensive reviews and summaries. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to elucidate the application of GelMA hydrogels as regenerative scaffolds in this field, thereby providing clear direction for future researchers. Additionally, this article provides a comprehensive discussion on the synthesis, characterization, and application of GelMA hydrogels in root canal therapy regeneration. Furthermore, it offers new application strategies and profound insights into future challenges, such as optimizing GelMA formulations to mimic the complex microenvironment of pulp tissue and enhancing its integration with host tissues.

Fat-soluble Vitamins and Lung Cancer: Where We Are?

Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) are vital substances for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body. In recent years, scholars have explored the relationship between fat-soluble vitamins and the wasting disease - lung cancer. In this paper, we review recent studies on fat-soluble vitamins and lung cancer to clarify the relevance and molecular mechanisms of various vitamins in lung cancer, and whether the levels of fat-soluble vitamins in the body and vitamin supplementation affect the development of lung cancer. Our review could facilitate the discovery of biomarkers, potential therapeutic targets in lung cancer, and anti-tumor adjuvant drugs, in addition to highlighting other new ideas in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.

Molecular Dynamic, Hirshfeld Surface, Computational Quantum and Spectroscopic analysis of 4-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldehyde

aims: Computational Quantum and Spectroscopic analysis of 4-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldehyde Background: Known also as 4-Hydroxynaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (4H1NA) is a crucial precursor of many coordinating agents. A commercial compound called 4-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (4H1NA) can be used to make a number of different sensors. In the development of many chemosensors, they operate effectively as a functionalized fluorescent backbone. Objectives: Molecular Dynamic, Hirshfeld Surface, Computational Quantum analysis of Naphthalde-hyde. Methods: The methods employed in the analysis of the compound involve the DFT calculations, using the DFT method and B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) basis set with respect to its FTIR, NMR, and UV-Visible spectrum. The NMR chemical shifts of carbon and protons in CDCl3 were determined by the GIAO method. For the molecule of reference, HOMO-LUMO and Donor-Acceptor interactions were also taken into consideration. Investigations also looked into E.L.F., Fukui activity, and non-linear optical properties. Results: The investigation of compounds at their atomic level was analyzed using computational methods so that chemical, medicinal, and environmental research make use of them to make the molecule more in an improved form with distinguished properties. Strong interaction has been produced as a result of electron transfer from the oxygen atoms lone pair LP (2) to the anti-bonding orbital *(C3-C5) with a significant stabilization energy of 42.61kcal/mol. The attributes of the NLO molecule were calculated and found to be superior to those of the urea molecule, with linear and first-order hyperpolarizability situations. Our findings imply that the reference molecule can be a heavier contender for NLO as a surface material and could be considered a vital substance for medical purposes in the drug industry due to its maximum electrophilicity index. Conclusion: A commercial compound called 4-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (4H1NA) can be used to make several different sensors. The compound has good structural and optical properties. They can be employed for a variety of optical limiting applications because of their unusual optical characteristic, which exhibits third-order non-linear behavior.

The Types of Organic Compound in Living Body

Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. carbon atoms provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of organic compounds. All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the universe) that can be described as living have a crucial dependence on organic compounds Foodstuffs—namely, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates—are organic compounds, as are such vital substances as hemoglobin, chlorophyll, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins. Other materials that add to the comfort, health, or convenience of humans are composed of organic compounds, including clothing made of cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fibres; common fuels, such as wood, coal, petroleum, and natural gas; components of protective coatings, such as varnishes, paints, lacquers, and enamels; antibiotics and synthetic drugs; natural and synthetic rubber; dyes; plastics; and pesticides.

Recent research progress on modified activated carbon from biomass for the treatment of wastewater: A critical review

AbstractWater is one of the most vital substances on the planet that supports and sustains life. One of the most crucial challenges of our time is water. It is a basic need for all living beings. Worldwide, a large amount of wastewater is produced daily from home and industrial sources, creating problems such a water shortage and environmental degradation. Water that has already been utilized is called wastewater. It has been observed that the wastewater released varies in composition according to the kind of industry and the municipal sources. Microorganisms, heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, emerging contaminants, and potentially dangerous wastes are all present in it. Among the most effective methods for removing these contaminants in recent times is the adsorption phenomenon. The presence of various contaminants in wastewater can be efficiently reduced by the simple, efficient, and affordable process of adsorption. Selection of suitable adsorbent is the crucial technique in this operation of adsorption. A versatile adsorbent is activated carbon (AC). Their maximum surface reactivity, large surface area, and microporous form are what give them their adsorptive capabilities. To enable recovery and filter, eliminate, or change the toxic components from gases and liquid solutions, they are used to purify, decolorize, deodorize, dechlorinate, separate, and concentrate. As a result, a variety of industries are interested in AC for the process of adsorption. This review paper briefs the characteristics of AC and their preparation techniques. It discusses the numerous approaches for modifying the surface of AC with significant adsorption capability. It also emphasizes the usage of AC with the elimination of different toxins found in waste water.

EVALUATION OF CAROTINE CONTENT IN COMBINED FEEDS

Further increase in the productivity of agricultural animals and poultry is based on the use of compound feed balanced in terms of nutrients, vitamin, amino acid and mineral composition that meet zootechnical requirements. Protein-vitamin and mineral-feed additives play a special role in the production of complete feed, the lack of which in the feed ration leads to a significant disruption of metabolic processes in the body of farm animals and poultry. Production of balanced feeds allows to increase efficiency the use of compound feed when fattening consumers, therefore the main task of the development of feed production is to solve problems related to the filling of vital substances in the composition of compound feed produced. The basis for increasing the productivity of animal husbandry is related to the use of compound feed, which is balanced in terms of vitamin, mineral, amino acid and other constituent components that are necessary in the composition of the produced products. Protein-vitamin and mineral-feed additives play a special role in the production of complete feed, the lack of which in the feed ration leads to a significant disruption of metabolic processes in the body of farm animals and poultry.

Promotion of Ca2+ Accumulation in Roots by Exogenous Brassinosteroids as a Key Mechanism for Their Enhancement of Plant Salt Tolerance: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Brassinosteroids (BRs), the sixth major phytohormone, can regulate plant salt tolerance. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of BRs on plant salt tolerance, generating a large amount of research data. However, a meta-analysis on regulating plant salt tolerance by BRs has not been reported. Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 132 studies to elucidate the most critical physiological mechanisms by which BRs regulate salt tolerance in plants from a higher dimension and analyze the best ways to apply BRs. The results showed that exogenous BRs significantly increased germination, plant height, root length, and biomass (total dry weight was the largest) of plants under salt stress. There was no significant difference between seed soaking and foliar spraying. However, the medium method (germination stage) and stem application (seedling stage) may be more effective in improving plant salt tolerance. BRs only inhibit germination in Solanaceae. BRs (2 μM), seed soaking for 12 h, and simultaneous treatment with salt stress had the highest germination rate. At the seedling stage, the activity of Brassinolide (C28H48O6) was higher than that of Homobrassinolide (C29H50O6), and post-treatment, BRs (0.02 μM) was the best solution. BRs are unsuitable for use in the germination stage when Sodium chloride is below 100 mM, and the effect is also weakest in the seedling stage. Exogenous BRs promoted photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activity increased the accumulation of osmoregulatory and antioxidant substances and reduced the content of harmful substances and Na+, thus reducing cell damage and improving plant salt tolerance. BRs induced the most soluble protein, chlorophyll a, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, Glutathione peroxidase, and root-Ca2+, with BRs causing Ca2+ signals in roots probably constituting the most important reason for improving salt tolerance. BRs first promoted the accumulation of Ca2+ in roots, which increased the content of the above vital substances and enzyme activities through the Ca2+ signaling pathway, improving plant salt tolerance.

Pollutants in aquatic system: a frontier perspective of emerging threat and strategies to solve the crisis for safe drinking water.

Water is an indispensable natural resource and is the most vital substance for the existence of life on earth. However, due to anthropogenic activities, it is being polluted at an alarming rate which has led to serious concern about water shortage across the world. Moreover, toxic contaminants released into water bodies from various industrial and domestic activities negatively affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms and cause serious diseases such as cancer, renal problems, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and nausea in humans. Therefore, water treatments that can eliminate toxins are very crucial. Unfortunately, pollution treatment remains a difficulty when four broad considerations are taken into account: effectiveness, reusability, environmental friendliness, and affordability. In this situation, protecting water from contamination or creating affordable remedial techniqueshas become a serious issue. Although traditional wastewater treatment technologies have existed since antiquity, they are both expensive and inefficient. Nowadays, advanced sustainable technical approaches are being created to replace traditional wastewater treatment processes. The present study reviews the sources, toxicity, and possible remediation techniques of the water contaminants.

Optimum feeding of schemes of beluga (Huso huso L.) at the early stages of ontogenesis in the conditions of industrial aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production industry. The priority direction of freshwater aquaculture is sturgeon breeding. One of the significant stages of the technological cycle of industrial rearing of sturgeons is the maintenance of juveniles during the transition to exogenous nutrition. In industrial fish farming, based on keeping fish under fully controlled aquatic conditions, the use of natural feed is becoming increasingly limited.Despite the use of artificial compound feed, balanced in terms of the main nutrients, only live food serves as a supplier of all biologically active substances, contains proteins that include all essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes and other vital substances, and also helps to increase the activity of all digestive enzymes, causing the overall activity of the body. The article describes the experience of growing beluga (Huso huso L.) in the pools installed in the RAS “Educational and Scientific Complex of Pilot Aquaculture Production” LLP (Uralsk, Kazakhstan).The results of an experiment to determine the optimal feeding schemes for the sturgeon in the early stages of ontogenesis are presented. It has been established that feeding only аrtemia nauplii and decapsulated аrtemia cysts leads to a mass departure of larvae, and analysis of their stomach contents showed that there was no food in them. To facilitate the transition from feeding live food to artificial food, it is optimal to combine different types of live food with pelleted food. The addition of brine shrimp and bloodworms to the diet of dry granulated food contributes to the greatest increase in the growth rate and survival of larvae and juvenile beluga.

A mirror universe in the novel “The Handwriting of Leonardo” by Dina Rubina

The article analyzes the construction of a mirror universe in the structure of the art world in the novel “The Handwriting of Leonardo” by D. Rubina. The mirror here acts as a universal world substance, a vital substance, manifesting itself in a variety of forms and determining the storyline and the fate of the characters. This thesis statement has determined the aim of the article – to identify, systematize and define the roles and functions of the mirror in the novel; the focus is not on the spatial and temporal level of the text, but on the level of character and image. At the initial stage of the research, following Y. Levin, we conceptualized the data of our lexical-statistical analysis, identifying “semiotic potencies of the mirror” in the novel: the mirror as a space-forming element, the mirror as a key-cipher to Anna Nesterenko’s inner world, the mirror as a central detail-symbol of the novel. The next step was to create a coherent conceptual description of the mirror continuum in D. Rubina’s novel. As a result of the research, we have come to the conclusion that the construction of the novel’s mirror universe and the new role-functions by the mirror substance takes place step-by-step. The mirror in D. Rubina’s “The Handwriting of Leonardo” is not just a stable motif, but one of the semantic and symbolic principles that are reflected in the emblematic structure of the work. This is the basis on which the author constructs the configuration of her world.

Rhizosphere Microorganisms with Different Strategies and Mechanisms to Enhance Plant Growth in the Occurrence of Different Environmental Stress Factors

Every minute, the world’s population grows, and in order to feed them, crop output and agricultural productivity must be improved by adding crucial microorganisms that boost plant yields in various ways through nitrogen fixation, the secretion of both plant growth regulators and 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate deaminase, as well as some antimicrobial agents. Numerous endophytic bacteria have recently been used to increase plant yields, and agricultural production in addition to reducing salt stresses. Many scientists have made an effort to clarify and comprehend the processes by which bacteria promote plant growth and production. A vital substance known as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase is produced by several bacteria, plants, and fungi to decrease ethylene levels in a plant grown under different environmental stress. The gaseous hormone ethylene (C2H4) is synthesized in plant tissues from the precursor ACC, and it has numerous biochemical roles in plants, such as cells differentiation and tissue development, seedling, root hair, leaf, and flower growth and development in addition to fruit ripening and formation of anthocyanin and volatile compounds. Thus, this critical enzyme had influential roles in plants during their positive interaction with bacteria which increase plant growth due to auxin production and protect plants against different environmental stress like drought, high salts, wilting, high level of heavy metals, contaminants with pesticides, and microbial pathogen infections. Different bacterial genera are highly ACC deaminase-producer, and these bacteria support plant growth and agricultural process. In conclusion, bacteria can replace chemicals in a variety of environmentally benign methods to boost soil fertility and plant productivity. However, much research is required to determine the efficacy of these bacteria before suggesting their use on a broad scale in the field.

Stalked by the Malignant Father's Spirit: A Case of Patricide among the Yagwoia (PNG)

ABSTRACTAmong the Yagwoia (PNG), the dynamics of fatherhood is a process of man's transmission to and incorporation of his vital substance by his progeny. In this way, the father becomes replaced principally by his son(s). This process, referred to as the incorporation and replacement of the father's ‘bone’, has multiple actualisations whose concrete reality and significance can only be adequately understood through individual‐biographical life‐situations and trajectories. Even if not expressed through overt conflict, the dynamics of the incorporation of the father's ‘bone’ is fundamentally conflictual. It is frequently experienced by man as a violent loss of and disinvestment from his generative bodily core, especially in the sphere of prestations and financial provisioning for his children. In this context, the father's handling of his son's bride‐price shells/money has central importance. However, it is the entirety of the father's comportment to his son and daughter that effectively generates this continuous and irreversible process of the self‐transmission of his vital substance. If he is greedy, selfish and ungiving, then all the same – his ‘bone’ transmission will be merely keyed in and acted out in an increasingly overt negative mode, and the son's comportment to him will be equally bad. No matter what kind of father a man may be, his son's incorporation of his father's osseous strength is unstoppable. Thus, a son not only threatens and intimidates, but also may beat up and occasionally kill his father. This paper deals with one such extreme case of son's replacement and incorporation of his father's vital core.

‘Stalked by the Malignant Father's Spirit: A Case of Patricide among the Yagwoia (PNG)’ by Jadran Mimica

ABSTRACTJadran Mimica presents the ‘life‐world’ of Yagwoia people of Papua New Guinea as a unique variant of the Jungian Ouroboric archetype, a primal pattern or symbol derived from the ancient Greek ‘tail devourer’ (the serpent that eats its own tail), found in many cultures and individual unconscious phantasies. Treated in terms of ‘ouroboric dialectics’, relations between Yagwoia father and son are hostile, even patricidal, because the son's very existence derives from the father's ‘continuous and irreversible’ transfer to him of his limited supply of vital substance or ‘paternal bone’. Sons replace fathers in ways that fathers may experience as ‘violent loss of … generative bodily core’, a process that Mimica asserts ‘can only be adequately understood through individual‐biographical life‐situations and trajectories’. In bypassing anthropology's classical terrain, or treating Yagwoia life‐ways as contingent upon the ‘ouroboric cosmic Self’ – a ‘wholly pre‐genital gestalt of self‐generation’ – Mimica distorts the role of collective rites of passage and affinal exchange to counter, inhibit, and redirect the primary narcissism intrinsic to human beings. In a small scale society like the Yagwoia, whose survival and well‐being depend upon the integration of nearly all its members, the main ‘work of culture’ is to recruit socially adept adults from each new crop of infants by helping them to overcome – not to repeat or magnify – existential problems of growing up that afflict everyone but that no one can resolve, or even fully understand, on their own. The ‘ouroboric (self‐copulating^eating) phallus’ is one image or ‘mythologeme’ of infantile narcissism. Based upon my own fieldwork among Gimi‐speakers in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, I suggest that such myths serve as templates for rites of exchange intended to thwart the calamity myths envisage – not to facilitate or intensify it.

Making the Physical Real in the Psychical: How Intoxicants Intervened in the Formation of the Biological Subject in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract This paper explores the formative role of substances of intoxication in the social and scientific establishment of the biological subject in late nineteenth-century Germany. Sourcing the emergence of substances of intoxication as “vital substances” from Brunonianism, this narrative traces their initial significance for Romantic physiology, followed by their rejection from neo-mechanical scientific physiology. Emphasis is placed on late nineteenth-century psychological research on the effects of intoxicants on the mind as the site of a dynamic encounter between theories of the mind and the body, particularly through Kraepelin’s concept of intoxication as model psychosis, and his related research. The biological subject, here, is anti-vitalistic, and, yet, conceptually distinct from neo-mechanism.

Recent Development of Advanced Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Organelle-Targeted Cell Imaging.

Fluorescent molecular probes are very powerful tools that have been generally applied in cell imaging in the research fields of biology, pathology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and medical science. In the last couple of decades, numerous molecular probes endowed with high specificity to particular organelles have been designed to illustrate intracellular images in more detail at the subcellular level. Nowadays, the development of cell biology has enabled the investigation process to go deeply into cells, even at the molecular level. Therefore, probes that can sketch a particular organelle's location while responding to certain parameters to evaluate intracellular bioprocesses are under urgent demand. It is significant to understand the basic ideas of organelle properties, as well as the vital substances related to each unique organelle, for the design of probes with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we summarize representative multifunctional fluorescent molecular probes developed in the last decade. We focus on probes that can specially target nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums, and lysosomes. In each section, we first briefly introduce the significance and properties of different organelles. We then discuss how probes are designed to make them highly organelle-specific. Finally, we also consider how probes are constructed to endow them with additional functions to recognize particular physical/chemical signals of targeted organelles. Moreover, a perspective on the challenges in future applications of highly specific molecular probes in cell imaging is also proposed. We hope that this review can provide researchers with additional conceptual information about developing probes for cell imaging, assisting scientists interested in molecular biology, cell biology, and biochemistry to accelerate their scientific studies.

Nano-Liquid Chromatography with a New Monolithic Column for the Analysis of Coenzyme Q10 in Pistachio Samples.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vital substance found throughout body. It helps convert food into energy and is eaten small amounts in foods. CoQ10 has gained great interest in recent years as a potential candidate for the treatment of various diseases. The content of CoQ10 in food samples is a crucial quality index for foods. Therefore, the development of sensitive separation and quantification method for determining the amount of CoQ10 in various samples, especially in foods, is an important issue, especially for food nutrition. In this study, a new, miniaturized monolithic column was developed and applied for the determination of CoQ10 in pistachio samples by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). The monolithic column with a 50 µm i.d. was prepared by in situ polymerization using laurylmethacrylate (LMA) as the main monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the crosslinker. Methanol (MeOH) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) were used as porogenic solvents. The final monolithic column was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatographic analyses. The monolithic column with a 50 µm i.d. was applied to the analysis of CoQ10 in pistachio samples in nano-LC. This analytical method was validated by means of sensitivity, linearity, precision, recovery, and repeatability. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.05 and 0.48 µg/kg, respectively. The developed method using the monolithic column was optimized to achieve very sensitive analyses of CoQ10 content in the food samples. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of CoQ10 in pistachio samples.

Nutritional medicine in digestive system W.S.R. to liver health

The first and fore most aim of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of an individuals as well as cure of diseases. Healthy status can be maintained with proper diet and treatment if any disease occurs. The pitta dosha, a fiery mind-body aspect linked to metabolism, is known to reside in the liver, which is known as its "seat" or "home”. Liver aids in the digestion, metabolization, absorption and production of vital substances in body every day. jatharagni which stimulated by samanaVata digests food which is taken in proper quantity and in proper time. The "Agni" relates to the mechanics of digestion and metabolism; normal agni function maintains normal physiology and hence good health; agni vitiation results in dieses. Jatharagni and Paachak Pitta's efficiency are essential for Pachan. Aam is the Apakva Ahara Rasa created by the effects of Mandagni on food consumed. Many diseases have it as their underlying cause. Every material on earth has medicinal properties, according to Ayurveda, if used correctly. Our food has the potential to act as medicine for an effective treatment. Many food ingredients, such as saindhavlavan (table salt). Aardrak (ginger), Rason (garlic) Haridra(turmeric) etc. are used on a daily basis to improve the taste and flavour of meals and enhance the proper metabolism, and inc. the absorption of nutrients of food.

CLEAN DRINKING WATER AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

Water is one of the most important and vital substance on earth. Without water, there would be no life on this planet (earth). Around 20% of the human population planet has access to quality drinking water. Pakistan is listed 6 th highly populated country on the earth having about 207.81 million individuals. Punjab is the most populated province of Pakistan with 110 million people. Contamination of drinking water is the most burning issue of the country. Industrialization, increase in population, intermixing of sewer in pipelines of drinking water and improper utilization of water compromise the quality and decrease the quantity of water. The physical, chemical and biological parameters of water have great detrimental effects on health. Water borne diseases in Pakistan are typhoid, diarrhea, cholera etc. The impact of poor sanitation and hygiene also have adverse effect on tourism, thereby affecting the economy of the country. Government Departments and Agencies are actively working through different interventions like chlorination to ensure facility of clean and quality drinking water to people. Chlorination is a process which is adopted to inactivate pathogens in water. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) and Punjab Food Authority (PFA) conduct sampling and testing of the bottled water companies on periodical basis. Government of Punjab has established Aab-e-Pak Authority under Punjab Aab-e-Pak Act, 2019 for the provision of clean, safe and quality drinking water. Punjab Water Act, 2019, a comprehensive law on the subject has been passed but not implemented. Pakistan is also facing water insufficiency, water quality deterioration and demolition of freshwater resources. The world best practices regarding clean drinking water have also been analyzed. Keeping this in view, the short term, medium term and long term plans have been devised for the provision of clean and quality drinking water and improved sanitation facilities to the masses.