Vital Internal Organs Research Articles

Hydroxychloroquine monotherapy in sarcoidosis: Indications, efficacy, and side effects.

In sarcoidosis which is not threatening vital internal organs such as heart, central nervous system or lungs immunomodulatory treatment, such as hydroxychloroquine can be considered. Despite its common use, limited data are available regarding effectiveness and side effects as monotherapy in sarcoidosis. Recommendations on its usage are based on expert opinion as literature is scarce. This retrospective study examines real-world data about the indications, effectivity and side effects of hydroxychloroquine monotherapy in sarcoidosis patients with no damage to the vital internal organs. Successful treatment was defined as continuation after 24 weeks without step up therapy or worsening of symptoms. Sixty patients were eligible for the study. Starting dose was 400mg/day, lowered to 200mg/day after 3 months in most patients. The predominant treatment indications were musculoskeletal 45 (75%) and cutaneous involvement 13 (22%). Thirty-three patients (55%) continued treatment after 24 weeks. Twenty-four patients (40%) mentioned side effects, mainly gastrointestinal, leading to treatment discontinuation in eleven patients (18%). No severe side effects were seen. Continuation after 24 weeks was significantly higher in patients with cutaneous involvement compared to other indications 85% vs 47% respectively (p =0.02). Treatment with hydroxychloroquine monotherapy was satisfactory in 55% of patients, especially for cutaneous involvement. However, it poses considerable non-severe side-effects.

Antidiabetic potential of Selenium nanoparticles and plasma-rich platelets in diabetic mice

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread endocrine disorder, which is categorized as the fourth leading cause of global mortality. Allopathic medicine has yet to provide a satisfactory cure for this condition. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for innovative antidiabetic treatment approaches with enhanced management and minimum side effects and costs. The study investigated the synergistic antidiabetic potential of combining selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and plasma-rich platelets (PRP) in diabetic mice. Antidiabetic activity of the proposed combination (Se NPs and PRP) was evaluated from histopathological and biochemical perspectives. The experiment involved alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic mouse model. In the in vivo study, several biochemical parameters for assessing the antidiabetic effect of the novel combination of (Se NPs and PRP) were performed such as blood glucose levels, body weight, lipid profiles, and liver damage markers (AST and ALT). Scavenging antioxidant activity was assessed by evaluation levels of hepatic and renal GSH, MDA, SOD, and CAT activities. Complete histopathological examinations of vital internal organs were carried out. Results revealed that combining Se NPs and PRP presents a novel approach for better diabetes management and reduced complications associated with the disease. These findings have therapeutic implications for managing diabetes mellitus.

Effect of HYD Drugs on Hemolytic Anemia Induced by Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride

In conclusion, the conducted experiments showed that the histostructure of the vital internal organs of rats in the control and experimental groups was almost the same. At the same time, drug-related histomorphological changes in their histostructure were not noted. It should be noted separately that the study of the histostructure of the liver and kidney from the parenchymatous organs of the animals that received the studied tincture showed that some morphological signs indicating their functional activity appeared. Therefore, long-term administration of the antianemic compound - DOY tincture to the body does not cause chronic poisoning in animals and any negative reactions in the histostructure of vital internal organs and biochemical analyzes of peripheral blood.

African Vernacular Symbols of Black Intersex Children in Sinethemba Ngubane's Installations (2007-2016)

African Vernacular Symbols of Black Intersex Children in Sinethemba Ngubane's Installations (2007-2016)

3,4-Dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2-dioxide analogs act as potential AMPA receptor potentiators with antidepressant activity.

Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder, with ∼30% of patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression. Based on preclinical studies on ketamine, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation may be a promising therapeutic approach. In this study, we synthesized a series of novel 3,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2-dioxide analogs and analyzed their potential as AMPAR potentiators. Compounds 5aa and 7k exhibited high potentiation with little agonist activity in a high-throughput screen using a calcium influx assay in cultured hippocampal primary neurons. In rats, compound 7k had better pharmacokinetic properties and oral bioavailability (F=67.19%); it also exhibited an acceptable safety profile in vital internal organs based on hematoxylin and eosin staining. We found that 7k produced a rapid antidepressant-like effect in chronic restraint stress-induced mice 1h after intraperitoneal administration. Our study presented a series of novel AMPAR potentiators and identified 7k as a promising drug-like candidate against major depressive disorders.

A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Liver Disease

Abstract: The liver is a vital internal organ of the human body that performs two primary functions: blood filtration and digestion. The inhalation of contaminated air, narcotics, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity all contribute to liver damage. The most common cause of death in the world, chronic liver disease kills a lot of people. A variety of factors that affect the liver contribute to the development of this disease. It causes liver encephalopathy, jaundice, aberrant nerve function, bloody coughing or vomiting, renal failure, liver failure, and many other symptoms. The diagnosis of this illness is very expensive and difficult. Medical experts struggle to identify the side effects of liver disease because people experience pain even while suffering from the disease. Because of advancements in machine learning technologies, early detection of liver disease is now possible. so that the dangerous illness can be rapidly and easily diagnosed. In healthcare, this will be more helpful. A medical expert system and a department can both be employed in a remote location. Early-stage prediction will prevent it from being too late and help save lives. There are various types of machine learning for the diagnosis of liver disease, such as Logistic Regression, KNN, random forest, and they differ in accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. According to the analysis's findings, the Logistic regression had the most accuracy. Additionally, the primary goal of the current work is to use clinical data for the prediction of liver disease. Through our analysis, we explore several ways to describe such data

Review on Transdermal Drug Delivery System

Transdermal drug delivery system is an essential part of novel drug distribution system. The topically administered medications in the form of patches which when applied to the skin deliver the drug .For operative TDDS the drug are easily able to penetrate the skin and easily reach the target site. TDDS avoids the first pass metabolism, less frequency of administration, reduction gastrointestinal side effects. Adverse effects are minimized due to steady and optimum blood concentration. It has greater bioavailability and efficacy of drug. The human skin is multi-layered organ composed of many histological layers. Skin is the largest organ in the body. Its major functions are protection of major or vital internal organs for the external influences, temperature regulations, control of water output and sensation. Polymer should be chemically non-reactive, should not decompose on storage, should be non-toxic, cost should not be high. E.g. - cellulose derivatives, zein, gelatin etc. Backing films play a vital role in the transdermal patch and the role of the film is to protect the active layer. Transdermal patches can be evaluated by interaction studies thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, in vitro study,moisture content, swelling index basic component of TDDS.

Understanding laterality disorders and the left-right organizer: Insights from zebrafish.

Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry-or laterality-can result in congenital organ malformations. Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a complete concordant reversal of internal organs that results in a low occurrence of clinical consequences. Situs ambiguous, which gives rise to Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX), is characterized by discordant development and arrangement of organs that is associated with a wide range of birth defects. The leading cause of health problems in HTX patients is a congenital heart malformation. Mutations identified in patients with laterality disorders implicate motile cilia in establishing LR asymmetry. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SIT and HTX are not fully understood. In several vertebrates, including mouse, frog and zebrafish, motile cilia located in a "left-right organizer" (LRO) trigger conserved signaling pathways that guide asymmetric organ development. Perturbation of LRO formation and/or function in animal models recapitulates organ malformations observed in SIT and HTX patients. This provides an opportunity to use these models to investigate the embryological origins of laterality disorders. The zebrafish embryo has emerged as an important model for investigating the earliest steps of LRO development. Here, we discuss clinical characteristics of human laterality disorders, and highlight experimental results from zebrafish that provide insights into LRO biology and advance our understanding of human laterality disorders.

Використання кінезотерапії в реабілітації дітей із ДЦП

В роботі подані результати використання тренажерних пристроїв Гросса і МОТОmed gracile12 в реабілітації дітей із різними формами дитячого церебрального паралічу (ДЦП), формуванні й розвитку основних рухових навичок, підвищенні фізичної підготовленості та витривалості. Відновлювальне лікування дитини з ДЦП проводилось з урахуванням індивідуальних можливостей і потреб. У реабілітаційній програмі використовували метод чергування занять на тренажерах. Терапія базувалася на ігрових формах. Реабілітація адаптувалась до індивідуального рівня розвитку дитини, робився акцент на її сильні сторони та потреби. Використовувалися поєднані режими пасивного, активного й комбінованого тренування. Завдяки впровадженню методики використання тренажерних пристроїв Гросса і МОТОmed gracile12 в комплексну реабілітацію дітей із ДЦП збільшився загальний рівень рухової активності та маніпулятивної діяльності, досягнуті результати зберігалися тривалий час.

Histopathological changes in the internal organs of female striped gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of salt water

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of climate induced salinity on histoarchitecture of liver, kidney and ovary tissue of female striped gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed tothree sub-lethal concentrations (3, 6 and 9 ppt) of crude salt along with a control group (0 ppt) for a periodof 30 days. The 96-h LC50 value of crude salt for striped gourami was previously estimated as 11.107 ppt. Toconduct the experiment 12 plastic tanks each having 70L water holding capacity were used for the fourtreatments with three replications for each. Water exchange was done on every 10th day and crude salt wasused to maintain desired salinity. Several histopathological changes were observed in fish liver, kidney andovary exposed to different concentrations of salinity. Increasing necrosis, hemorrhage, hepatic rupture,melano-macrophage cells, degenerated cell and vacuums in the liver tissue were found in salt water treatedgroups. Similarly, a number of changes such as, vacuole, cellular degeneration, hemorrhage, disintegratedglomeruli, destructed renal tubule and extensive vacuolein were observed in the kidney tissue of salt watertreated groups. Degenerated oocyte, inter-follicular space, disrupted oocytes, etc. were observed in ovarywith increasing concentration of salinity and time of exposures. Physiological and metabolic dysfunctionsmight have happened to female stripped gourami due to changes in vital internal organs like liver, kidney andovary. Therefore, the present research further suggested that climate induced salinity intrusion is capable ofstressing freshwater fishes resulting in deformities of liver, kidney and ovary.

Hypothesis on the glucose production’s communication model between thebrain and other internal organs, especially the stomach and liver

After reviewing the research results for six months, from September 2019 through February 2020, the author identified a probable internal communication model between the nervous system and certain vital internal organs, specifically the stomach and liver regarding postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) production. The author used a continuous glucose monitor device to collect 50,000 glucose data during the past 665 days. He focused on studying the relationships among different food nutritional contents, cooking methods, food material’s physical phases, and different characteristics and variants from his glucose waveform patterns. In this study, he focused on the three major meal groups based on food nutritional ingredients, meal’s preparation, and cooking methods of eggs, squash, and cabbage to create soup-based (liquid) meal and pan-fried (solid) meal. The PPG waveforms from these three meal groups demonstrated that soup-based liquid food produced a much lower glucose value than the pan-fried solid food. Although both liquid and solid meals have similar identical nutritional ingredients, he questions why did this occur? His hypothesis is that his PPG differences are due to specific physical phase of his finished meal either “liquid” or “solid”, which is his ready-to-eat meal’s final physical “phase” that determines his PPG characteristics and waveforms. The author utilized his GH-Method: math-physical medicine (MPM) approach to explore a T2D patient’s glucose production situation from a scientific view of the brain and nervous system’s functionalities. If this specific approach and above interpretation are accurate, we can then “trick” our brain into producing a “lesser” amount of glucose after food intake without altering or sacrificing the needed food nutritional balance. As a result, T2D patients can simply change their cooking method in order to lower both of their peak PPG values and their average PPG levels.

Hypothesis on the Glucose Production’s Communication Model Between the Brain and Other Internal Organs, Especially the Stomach and Liver

After reviewing the research results for six months, from September 2019 through February 2020, the author identified a probable internal communication model between the nervous system and certain vital internal organs, specifically the stomach and liver regarding postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) production. The author used a continuous glucose monitor device to collect 50,000 glucose data during the past 665 days. He focused on studying the relationships among different food nutritional contents, cooking methods, food material’s physical phases, and different characteristics and variants from his glucose waveform patterns. In this study, he focused on the three major meal groups based on food nutritional ingredients, meal’s preparation, and cooking methods of eggs, squash, and cabbage to create soup-based (liquid) meal and pan-fried (solid) meal. The PPG waveforms from these three meal groups demonstrated that soup-based liquid food produced a much lower glucose value than the pan-fried solid food. Although both liquid and solid meals have similar identical nutritional ingredients, he questions why did this occur? His hypothesis is that his PPG differences are due to specific physical phase of his finished meal either “liquid” or “solid”, which is his ready-to-eat meal’s final physical “phase” that determines his PPG characteristics and waveforms. The author utilized his GH-Method: math-physical medicine (MPM) approach to explore a T2D patient’s glucose production situation from a scientific view of the brain and nervous system’s functionalities. If this specific approach and above interpretation are accurate, we can then “trick” our brain into producing a “lesser” amount of glucose after food intake without altering or sacrificing the needed food nutritional balance. As a result, T2D patients can simply change their cooking method in order to lower both of their peak PPG values and their average PPG levels.

Dietary supplementation of Sargassum latifolium modulates thermo-respiratory response, inflammation, and oxidative stress in bacterial endotoxin-challenged male Barki sheep.

Endotoxemia is mainly caused by translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the bloodstream. This in turn enhances systemic inflammation and inappropriate production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative injury of vital internal organs and other dangerous effects that can be life-threatening. Here, we evaluated/compared the modulatory effects of consuming two different doses (2% and 4% of the diet) of brown seaweeds (Sargassum latifolium) for 40 consecutive days on thermo-respiratory response, inflammation, and oxidative stress in Barki male sheep (Ovis aries) challenged twice with bacterial LPS (1.25 μg/kg body weight, injected intravenously on days 28 and 35 of the experimental period). The results showed that the diet containing Sargassum latifolium (especially at 4%) modulated significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) the increase in the thermo-respiratory response (skin and rectal temperatures, and respiration rate) and the obtained systemic inflammation (blood leukocytosis, the elevation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the increase in serum proinflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein-70 concentrations) in the LPS-challenged sheep. In addition, it improved significantly (P < 0.001, especially at 4%) the total antioxidant capacity of the blood of LPS-challenged sheep by increasing the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Moreover, it decreased the blood markers of tissue damage (malondialdehyde concentration and the activities of alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) in the LPS-challenged sheep. In conclusion, the diet containing 4% Sargassum latifolium may have potential impact in protecting the ruminant livestock from the serious effects of endotoxemia through improving the animals' antioxidant defense system and regulating their inflammatory and thermo-respiratory responses.

Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Bone Scaffolds Optimization.

Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS AND PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM IN MICE

This study was conducted to compare between two types of opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum) in concerning their pathogenicity after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice. A total of twenty four male albino mice were used in this study which divided equally into 3 groups, The first and second groups were inoculated with 0.2ml of 1x 107spores/ml of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum intraperitonially respectively, while the third group was inoculated with normal saline which served as control group. All animals were monitored for 2 weeks after infection. The blood samples were collected by heart puncture after 18 days post infection to isolate of serum that used for biochemical analysis of liver and kidney functions. After that, all animals were sacrificed. Some internal organs of infected groups (liver, kidney, intestine, heart, spleen and lung) were taken to study the histopathological changes. It was found that there was severe histopathological changes in studied organs of infected mice particularly liver, kidney, spleen and intestine which corresponding with significant variation (p&lt;0.01) in enzyme activities of liver and kidney like (Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Urea and Creatinine). Also, It was found that P. chrysogenum had more impact on these enzymes (15.65 ± 0.78, 135.23 ± 8.75 and 0.928 ± 0.02 respectively) than A. fumigatus (21.70 ± 1.04, 57.91 ± 5.99 and 0.587 ± 0.03 respectively). Therefore, the present study indicated that fungi present in the environment can induce severe inflammation reach to tissue damage in most vital internal organs So, further studies should be performed to determine the specific virulence factors and active components, which are responsible for pathogenesis of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum in spite of the fact that P. chrysogenum can produce antibiotic.

Morphological changes in the internal organs of mice with a simulated ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

One of the serious complications of in vitro fertilization, threatening the health and life of patients, is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Since the study of the morphology of the internal organs in a woman with this syndrome is complicated, and sometimes impossible, the creation of an experimental model of this pathology using laboratory animals is relevant.Objective of the study is to evaluate the morphofunctional changes in the internal organs of mice with simulated ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, by stimulating the superovulation of animals ovaries by exogenous gonadotropic hormones in high doses.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on females of hybrid mice (СBA×C57BL) weighing 18–20 g. To simulate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, 8 animals were intraperitoneally injected with 20 IU of mare serum gonadotropin, after 48 h – 7.5 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. The control group consisted of 8 animals at the estrus stage, which corresponded to spontaneous ovulation. For the histological study, the fragments of animal organs were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, carried out through alcohols of increasing concentration and embedded in paraffin, histological sections were made, which were clarified in xylene and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results. Unlike intact mice, the parenchyma of the internal organs of which correspond to the morphological norm, persistent disorders of angiopathogenic and histoarchitectonics, microcirculation disorders that lead to hyperemia, ischemia, transudation and accumulation of fluid in tissues and interstitial lumen, inflammation of organs are develop in the inner organs of mice with simulated ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.Conclusion. Unlike intact mice the parenchyma of the internal organs of which corresponds to the morphological norm, vital internal organs of mice with modeled ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are involved in the pathological process. Animal studies indicate the need for preventive measures to reduce the frequency of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome for women, in particular, prudent prescribing doses of gonadotropic hormones in controlled ovarian stimulation of ovulation, since ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome leads to pathological processes of internal organs, significantly disrupting their function, sometimes irreversibly.

A Study on Evaluation of Various Tongue Patterns in North Indian Population and a Working Classification System for These Tongue Print Patterns

INTRODUCTION: Tongue is a vital internal organ enclosed within the oral cavity and is well protected from the external environment. The color, shape, and surface features are characteristic of every individual, and this serves as a tool for identification. The search for a new personal identification method secure has led to the use of the tongue print as a method of biometric verification.AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To analyze the shape, margins, texture of tongue prints and compare these between males and females. Also, formulate a working classification system for these tongue prints.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were asked to protrude tongue in relaxed position. After this tongue images were captured using Nikon digital camera to evaluate the shape, texture, margins, and papillations of tongue patterns.RESULT: The most common pattern seen in males and females was Patternless, with majority of subjects showing scalloped lateral margins, prominent papillations with short and broad tongue. Mostly female patients had pointed tip of tongue. Also, we in this paper have formulated a working classification system for easily categorizing the tongue print patterns in individuals.CONCLUSION: The human tongue is unique and delivers relevant information about shape, size, color, texture, margins and is suitable for forensic case identification.

Tongue replica for personal identification: A digital photographic study

The tongue is a vital internal organ well encased within the oral cavity and protected from the environment. The morphology and surface features are characteristics of every individual, and these traits can be used for forensic identification. Aims: To examine and classify variations in morphological characteristics of the tongue as observed on digital photographs and to assess the usefulness of tongue replica for personal identification in forensic science. Settings and Design: A study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, M.R. Ambedkar Dental College, Bangalore, for a period of 3 months. Materials and Methods: In total, 100 (50 male and 50 female) study participants with an age range of 21 − 40 years were included in the study. The tongue was subjected to visual examination following which digital photographs of the dorsal surface of the tongue were taken to evaluate different morphological characteristics of the tongue. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test. Results: The predominant shape of the tongue in both males and females was U-shape, V-shaped tongue with a sharp tip was observed in more number of females compared to males. Scalloped borders were more common in females compared to men. Single fissures were more common in females, and multiple fissures were more common in males. Conclusions: Variations in morphology and surface features of the tongue may constitute distinctiveness, which can be adopted by dentists as a chairside technique on a regular basis. This could serve as a database and a guide for personal identification. The lingual photographic image can enhance personal identification along with other techniques in forensic science.

James Neil Gilliam, MD-the career arc of a patient-oriented translational clinical investigation changemaker in rheumatologic skin disease.

James Neil Gilliam, MD, was an American academic physician who was trained in internal medicine, dermatology, dermatopathology and rheumatology. This "quadruple-threat" profile of postgraduate medical training provided him with a rather unique perspective on genetically-complex, environmentally-impacted human autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus (LE). Both the skin and vital internal organs can be damaged by LE autoimmunity. And, LE is clinically-expressed quite variably from one individual to another making prognosis difficult. As such it can be very challenging to know what the optimal treatment approach might be for new patients presenting with this potentially-fatal disorder. Dr. Gilliam's major career focus was to better understand the complex relationships that exist between the clinical expression of LE in the skin and vital internal organs. In the late 1970s, Dr. Gilliam first described a new clinical form of LE skin disease that he designated as "subacute cutaneous LE." Subacute cutaneous LE would subsequently serve as the linchpin for a new classification scheme for LE skin disease that would later become known as the "Gilliam classification" of LE skin disease. In addition, he was among the first to apply modern immunologic insight to the classification of cutaneous LE. This work was carried out in the Divisions of Dermatology and Rheumatology and the Department of Dermatology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas, Texas (UT Southwestern) starting in 1972. Dr. Gilliam served as the Founding Chairman of the Department of Dermatology at UT Southwestern in 1982, 2 years before his untimely death. Dr. Gilliam's clinical research accomplishments were matched by his ability to identify and encourage like-minded young people. A high percentage of his trainees went on to successful academic research careers and leadership positions in American Dermatology. Dr. Gilliam's untimely death from cancer deprived several generations of dermatologists and rheumatologists the benefit of his warm support and insightful guidance. In addition, American Dermatology and Rheumatology leadership organizations were deprived of his strong leadership skills.

PR Toxin - Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicological Potential, Prevention and Control Measures: Overview and Challenges.

Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penicillium genera, particularly Penicillium roqueforti is of great economic importance, and well known for its crucial role in the manufacturing of Roquefort and Gorgonzola cheese. The mycotoxicosis effect of this mold is due to secretion of several metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (-OH) to aldehyde group (-CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences, diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.