Plants are a great source of medication in a herbal way. These extracts are used in the treatment of several diseases. The family Vitaceae consists of several species of plants that have many properties to cure many illnesses and disorders in mankind. Manufacturing and pricing of herbal pharmaceuticals can make them more favourable to be exploited in research and progress of new treatment approaches, permitting patients to connect to new medications which are faster and safer for relexification. This review reveals a species of cissus named Cissus quadragularis, about its medicinal uses and its utilisation in the medical field due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as tannin, alkaloid, and flavonoids, as it is used in the drug and cosmetic industry. This plant shows several properties like antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiulcer, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiglucocoid, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, and bone setter to cure fractures and female health, as it is used to regulate menstruation. Although the review shows therapeutic properties and uses of Cissus quadrangularis as a medicinal herb. It was concluded that the root and stem extracts of the plant C. quadrangularis have therapeutic potential and are acknowledged to possess wound healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity and are regularly used to quicken the process of bone fracture healing. The plant is considered a versatile medicinal plant in both the Ayurvedic and modern drug development fields for its valuable therapeutic uses.

: Cissus quadrangularis, a perennial plant from the Vitaceae family, is widely recognized for its extensive use in traditional medicine across tropical and subtropical regions. This review explores the phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of Cissus quadrangularis, focusing on its application in herbal formulations. The plant exhibits a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides, found in various parts such as the stem, leaves, fruits, and roots. These phytochemicals contribute to its broad pharmacological activities, which include anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bone-healing properties. : Significant attention is paid to the plant's potential in managing bone-related disorders such as osteoporosis and fractures, owing to its anabolic and mineral absorption-enhancing effects. Moreover, Cissus quadrangularis demonstrates promising anti-obesity effects, as evidenced by its ability to reduce body weight, waist circumference, and blood cholesterol levels. Its antiulcer activity is attributed to the enhancement of mucosal defense mechanisms and the reduction of gastric secretions. The review also highlights the plant's analgesic and antiinflammatory properties, showing substantial efficacy in various experimental models. Its antidiabetic potential is confirmed through studies on alloxan and streptozotocin-induced diabetic models. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of Cissus quadrangularis, facilitated by its secondary metabolites, supports its use in combating oxidative stress-related conditions. Furthermore, the plant's central nervous system activities, including anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects, are discussed. The antimicrobial and anti-helmintic properties of the plant underline its therapeutic versatility. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and potential synergistic effects of the plant's components, paving the way for its integration into modern pharmacological applications.

Cissus quadrangularis from the Vitaceae family is a widespread perennial climber prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. In Zimbabwe, the square stemmed (quad) plant is mostly found in open woodlots mostly climbing mopane trees. This plant has been extensively used in traditional medicine for various conditions but mostly as an anti-helminthic, hence the local name muvengahonye. The aim of this study was to confirm the metabolomic profile of pharmacological relevance, the acute oral toxicity profile, the anti-helminthic as well as the antibacterial activity of the plant. Phytochemical analysis was done using classical wet chemical tests. The OECD guideline 425 was used to evaluate the acute oral toxicity using Sprague Dawley rat models. The antibacterial activity was confirmed using the macrodilution broth test following CLSI guidelines with doxycycline as the control and the anthelminthic evaluation was conducted against Pheretima Posthuma earthworms with 20mg Albendazole as a standard. The metabolomics revealed the presence of significant pharmacologically active secondary metabolites including polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. The lyophilised extract demonstrated antibacterial activity comparable to doxycycline against gram positive Staphylococcus Aureus as well as gram negative Escherichia coli. The acute oral toxicity study confirmed that C. quadrangularis is nontoxic with an LD50 above 2000mg/kg. The anthelmintic activity demonstrated that the plant was effective in rendering both paralysis and death to the Indian earthworm (Pheretima Posthuma) with time frames comparable to albendazole. Our findings validate the use of the plant in traditional medicine as an effective and biologically safe anthelminthic treatment.

BackgroundCissus polyantha (C. polyantha) Glig and Bradt is a climbing plant of the Vitaceae family generally distributed in tropical regions and used in traditional African pharmacopoeia for the treatment of conjunctivitis, pain, inflammation, microbial diseases and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract from leafy stems of C. polyantha (AECP) in rats.MethodsIn acute toxicity, AECP was administered orally at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. Clinical signs, general behavior and mortality were assessed for 14 days. In subacute toxicity, AECP at 111, 222 and 444 mg/kg was administered orally for 28 days. Body weight, internal organ weight, water intake, food consumption, biochemical parameters, hematological profile and histological examinations were evaluated.ResultsAcute toxicity results showed no signs of poisoning and no mortality. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of AECP was therefore greater than 2000 mg/kg. In subacute toxicity, a significant increase in body weight, water and food consumption, liver weight and lymphocyte counts as well as a decrease in ALT activity and creatinine levels were recorded in rats of both sexes treated at 222 and/or 444 mg/kg. AECP caused a notable reduction in uric acid, total cholesterol and triglycerides at all doses tested. Histopathological analysis of rat kidneys shows slight mesengial hyperplasia at 444 mg/kg. However, all other parameters evaluated did not experience significant variation after AECP administration at all doses.ConclusionsIn acute toxicity, the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg, so AECP is of low toxicity. In subacute toxicity, only the dose of 444 mg/kg of AECP resulted in decreased body weight, water and food consumption, and increased liver weight, ALT activity, and lymphocyte counts. Doses below 444 mg/kg may therefore be safe.

Traditional medical systems, such as Ayurveda and Siddha, have long acknowledged the many medicinal uses of the succulent plant Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is a member of the Vitaceae family. Popularly known as "Harjor" or "Bone Setter," CQ has attracted the attention of scientists due to its powerful ability to reduce inflammation, act as an antioxidant, alleviate pain, and rebuild bone. Plants with a high concentration of bioactive components, such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, ketosteroids, and phenolic compounds, have a wide range of potential medicinal uses. It is a potential natural option for osteoporosis and bone injuries, as shown in preclinical and clinical research that it speeds up fracture healing, increases bone mineral density, and modulates osteoblastic activity. In addition to its effects on bone health, CQ shows promise in the treatment of metabolic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia by influencing insulin sensitivity, suppressing hunger, and lipid metabolism. Its multifunctional botanical properties are further supported by its gastroprotective, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective activities. Based on molecular research, CQ is thought to exert its therapeutic effects by lowering oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines and by influencing important cellular pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PPARγ. Integration into evidence-based medicine is hindered by the lack of extensive clinical validation and standardized formulations, notwithstanding the therapeutic potential. By outlining current findings and pointing out areas where more study is needed, this review offers a comprehensive overview of Cissus quadrangularis' phytochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal uses. The purpose of this paper is to encourage further research into this adaptable plant and its potential use in contemporary health and wellness programs.

Tetrastigma plants are widely utilized in traditional medicine (such as Tetrastigma. obtectum and Tetrastigma. serrulatum, two important commonly medicinal plants), primarily for their properties in promoting blood circulation, strengthening bones and tendons, and so on. However, the high diversity of species differentiation poses a challenge in accurately identifying the various Tetrastigma species without specialized taxonomic knowledge. To screen the candidate barcode sequences of Tetrastigma species, we first report the complete chloroplasts (CP) genomes of T. obtectum and T. serrulatum obtained via high throughput Illumina sequencing and compare them with fourteen previously sequenced species. Furthermore, we collected fresh leaf samples from T. obtectum and T. serrulatum (totally 37 samples) and evaluated the discriminatory efficacy of the nuclear DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) fragment through comparative analysis of sequence variations and secondary structures. Finally, to analyze the phylogenetic position of Tetrastigma species, we constructed a Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree using CP genome sequences of 46 species from seven genera within the Vitaceae family. The CP genomes of Tetrastigma exhibited a typical circular tetramerous structure, including a large single-copy region (LSC) (87,381-88,979bp), a small single-copy region (SSC) (18,649-19,339bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) (26,288-26,934bp). The guanine-cytosine content of the CP genomes is 37.35%-37.62%. The codon usage shows a significant preference for end with A/T. Then, the results of nucleotide diversity analysis showed that ten polymorphic hotspots (psbM-trnD-GUC, ndhF-rpl32, trnS-GCU-trnG-UCC, ycf1, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnS-UGA-psbZ, psbE-petL, matK-rps16, rpl16, and rpl22) could be the candidate DNA marker suitable for Tetrastigma species. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the ITS2 sequence could effectively discriminate T. obtectum and T. serrulatum, whereas the secondary structure cannot, proving that ITS2 can be used as an efficient barcode fragment to accurately identify the two species. The aim of this study was not only to determine the identification efficiency of the CP genome and ITS2 for T. obtectum and T. serrulatum but also to clarify the phylogenetic relationship and screen the candidate DNA marker suitable for Tetrastigma species, provide valuable data support for further accurate identification of the Tetrastigma genus.

Vitis vinifera L., a significant fruit species within the Vitaceae family, is extensively cultivated globally and finds diverse applications across the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food sectors. Notably, grape seeds are abundant in oils, phenolic compounds, and essential minerals, which may confer various health benefits. To enhance the value and optimize the use of grape seeds, recognized as a significant byproduct in industrial applications, this research investigated and compared ten Iranian grape cultivars regarding their oil content and composition, phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties, mineral content, and proximate analysis. The seed oil content ranged from 4.03 to 18.01%. The primary fatty acids identified in these cultivars were linoleic acid (varied from 17.9 to 59.4%) and margaric acid (from 1.6 to 33.2%). The seed oils were found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which comprised between 17.9% and 62.1% of the total fatty acids, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were present in proportions of 3.7–16.8% and 20.9–78.4%, respectively. The analyzed cultivars exhibited variations in carbohydrate (19.23 to 25.37 g/100 DW), fat (10.24 to 13.72 g/100 DW), protein (9.62 to 14.63 g/100 DW), and fiber (38.41 to 42.87 g/100 DW) contents. Notable mineral elements such as potassium (3.82–8.34 mg/g DW), phosphorus (2.34–3.74 mg/g DW), calcium (1.05–2.31 mg/g DW), magnesium (0.23–1.42 mg/g DW), and iron (0.01–0.03 mg/g DW) were detected across the cultivars analyzed. The primary phenolic compounds identified included gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. Hosseini and Rashmiri cultivars were superior in terms of seed oil content and phenolic compounds, respectively. The significant variation observed among the different grape varieties concerning oil content and composition, phytochemical profiles, mineral content, and proximate composition indicates their potential as valuable sources of oil and nutritional components for application in food and cosmetic industries.

ABSTRACTOides decempunctatus is an insect that parasitizes plants in the grape family and causes significant damage to grape buds and leaves. This study successfully determined the mitochondrial genome sequence of O. decempunctatus and analyzed its gene structure and the phylogenetic relationships within the family Chrysomelidae. Using the Illumina HiSeq platform, the complete mitochondrial genome of O. decempunctatus was sequenced to examine its genomic structural characteristics and nucleotide composition. Based on the sequences of 13 protein‐coding genes and 2 rRNA genes, along with complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 Chrysomelidae species from GenBank, we selected two species from the subfamily Chrysomelinae, Chrysomela vigintipunctata and Chrysomela aeneicollis, as outgroups. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The mitochondrial genome of O. decempunctatus is 16,062 base pairs long, circular, and double‐stranded, containing 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, 13 PCGs, and a control region, with an arrangement monophyletic group. Notably, within the subfamily Chrysomelinae, the species Gastrolina depressa and Gastrolina thoracica clustered with the subfamily Galerucinae in both analyses, forming branches with high node support values. Furthermore, O. decempunctatus and G. depressa were found to be sister groups with high support in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. This study provides important foundational information for further research on the mitochondrial genomes of Chrysomelidae.

In bunch grapes (Vitis spp.), flower sex is controlled by a ~ 200-kilobase sex-determining region (SDR) that contains genes involved in floral development. Here, we show that this region evolved from an ancient, highly conserved locus across angiosperms. Comparative genomic analysis of 56 plant genomes identifies homologous regions in all flowering plants but not in non-flowering lineages, suggesting a conserved role in floral function. Within the grape family (Vitaceae), we assemble and phase SDR haplotypes from six species, plus Leea coccinea as an outgroup, and find strong structural conservation, with size variation largely attributable to repetitive elements. Among the dioecious genera, Vitis and Muscadinia exhibit suppressed recombination in the SDR and share candidate sex-determining genes, whereas in Tetrastigma, the region appears to remain recombining, pointing to an alternative mechanism of sex determination. Altogether, our results suggest that dioecy emerged in grapes from a deeply conserved, collinear genomic region composed of multiple genes involved in floral development, morphology, and sexual fertility.

This study aimed to assess the acute toxicity of Rhoicissus revoilii Planch tuber extracts. This plant from the Vitaceae family is used to treat various pathologies and as a pesticide in the Comoros. From dried tuber powder previously treated with hexane, a methanolic extract (ME) was obtained with a yield of 20.33%. Phytochemical screening of the powder revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, coumarins, triterpenes and steroids. The toxicity of ME was assessed in mice and cold-blooded animals. In mice, symptoms of intoxication by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral routes mainly included decreased motor activity, muzzle itching, diarrhoea, and increased respiratory rate. The LD50 (24 h) of ME in mice was estimated to be between 21.29 and 22.3 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) by the i.p. route. By the oral route, it was estimated to be between 273 and 275 mg/kg b.w. When administered by these two routes, ME caused dose-dependent histopathological lesions in the liver, lungs and kidneys. The LC50s were estimated to be 7.491 μg/ml, 8.055 μg/ml and 685 μg/ml, respectively, for alvins, legless frog tadpoles and mosquito larvae at stage three of development.

Cissus quadrangularis, commonly known as veldt grape, is an underutilized medicinal plant belonging to the Vitaceae family, widely found in tropical regions of India with diverse populations. The plant is also known for its rich phytochemical profile, including ketosteroids and flavonoids that enhance osteoblast activity and accelerate fracture healing. Also, this genus is unique in having a high degree of drought tolerance due to its facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway. The CAM pathway in C. quadrangularis enhances its ability to sustain metabolic activity under drought stress, contributing to its survival and medicinal value in resource-limited ecosystems. The genetic variability among various veldt grape ecotypes plays a crucial role in determining the concentration of bioactive compounds and other physiological traits. This review aims to understand the relationship through morphological and molecular aspects of this plant and its application in pharmacology, with other potential therapeutic applications. C. quadrangularis, being an under-utilized medicinal crop with enormous pharmaceutical significance, lacks knowledge of its genetic wealth poses a major barrier to commercial cultivation all over India. Hence, the morphological and molecular markers are a perfect approach to conserving this valuable plant's genetic resources and crop improvement.

Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb) (A. latifolia) belongs to the Grape family and subfamily of Vitoideae, and it has several pharmacological activities. This study aims to review the future perspective of the pharmacological potentiality of A. latifolia due to its distinct chemical constituents and functions. In vitro and in vivo study data were compiled from reputable sources, including PubMed, Springer Link, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Studies have revealed that the extract of A. latifolia lowered inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin (PGs) and kinin synthesis. It has also demonstrated antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial protein synthesis. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties of this plant by lowering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the DPPH assay and FRAP assay. However, several studies also suggest that it showed cytotoxicity, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activity. This review underscores that A. latifolia has pharmacological promise using different cell lines, cell assays, and animal models.

Abstract Ampelopsis is a genus of the grape family Vitaceae, discontinuously distributed in the temperate to subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere but mostly diversified in East Asia. Previous phylogenetic studies on Ampelopsis have mainly been based on a few chloroplast markers, resulting in unresolved phylogenetic relationships for the East Asian taxa. Here, we carried out a phylogenetic reconstruction of Ampelopsis and intrageneric reticulate evolution analyses for the first time based on extensive single or low‐copy nuclear and chloroplast genomic data obtained by the Hyb‐Seq approach. Both nuclear and chloroplast genomic data strongly support the monophyly of Ampelopsis with its sequential division into several lineages corresponding to their biogeographic distribution from North America including Mexico, Europe to West Asia, and East Asia, respectively. The East Asian Ampelopsis is largely grouped into two major clades but characterized by extensive topological conflicts among individual nuclear gene trees. The plastid tree also showed high incongruence to the nuclear trees. Gene tree estimation error and gene flow were identified as the major source of phylogenetic conflicts within the East Asian lineage, which most likely resulted from recent and rapid divergence. Our results emphasize that rapid divergence accompanied by gene introgression played a significant role in the complex diversification pattern of Ampelopsis and the pattern may be present in many other plant lineages in East Asia.

Lakum fruit (Cayratia trifolia L. Domin) contains secondary metabolite compounds that have antioxidant properties. C trifolia belongs to the Vitaceae family, known as tropical grapes that have a sweet and itchy taste. This study aims to determine the potential of C. trifolia fruit methanol fraction as an antioxidant based on the parameters of malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase enzymes, SGOT enzymes, SGPT enzymes, kidney and liver histology. The study used 24 male Swiss mice which were divided into 6 treatments, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (vitamin E), and C. trifolia methanol fraction 115; 230; 460 mg/kgBW. Physical stress induction was given in the form of fasting and swimming for 5 days. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and descriptive analysis for histological parameters. The results showed that the methanol fraction of 115 mg/kg BW decreased the best levels of malondialdehyde serum (38 µM), SGOT (34.7 U/L) and SGPT (34.6 U/L) compared to other doses. Doses of 115 mg/kgBW also provided the best levels of the superoxide dismutase enzymes (1.73 U/L) almost equal to vitamin E as positive control. Observations of kidney and liver histology showed a decrease in damage to hepatocytes and renal glomerulus in the 115 mg/kgBW C. trifolia methanol fraction. This research contributes to the development of C. trifolia as a natural antioxidant.

Plants go through two distinct stages in their vegetative phase, with the juvenile stage being characterised by a lack of maturity to respond to flowering induction stimuli and the adult stage marked by the presence of this capacity. Phase transition has been extensively analysed in herbaceous species such as Arabidopsis and maize, where the sequential activity of miR156 and miR172 in the control of the juvenile to adult phase transition has been determined. Contrarily, little is known about most woody perennial crops, where phase transition appears to be dissociated, with a first transition from juvenile to adult vegetative state in the first year and a subsequent induction to flower in later years under flowering-inductive environmental conditions. A particular aspect of grapevine vegetative phase transition is that it is marked by the differentiation of tendrils, a modified sterile reproductive organ adapted to climbing, which is continuously generated with different patterns in different Vitis species. When the grapevine plant reaches flowering inductive condition in later years, it produces inflorescences in place of some tendrils. As a first step to understanding the regulation of phase change in grapevine, we have performed a detailed gene expression analysis of the juvenile-to-adult phase transition during the development of grapevine plantlets grown from seeds. The RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that miR156 was significantly repressed in the grapevine’s adult phase, where the appearance of tendrils acts as a marker of the transition. Consistent with the results reported in other species, we observed the activation of several SPL genes, known to be targets of miR156, providing evidence for the conservation of the miR156-SPLs regulatory module in grapevine. However, no variation was detected in the expression of miR172 and TPS genes were found downregulated, two key determinants in the transition to flowering in other species. This could be explained considering that grapevines do not flower during the first years of growth. Interestingly, we were able to observe the overexpression of several genes known to be involved in the establishment of flower meristem identity, which in the case of grapes had also been detected along tendril development, consistent with the proposed common ontogenetic origin of tendrils and inflorescences in the Vitaceae family.

In vineyards, downy mildew of grapes, caused by the oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola, can cause significant economic losses when left unmanaged. P. viticola is a species complex, made up of at least four clades, or cryptic species, causing disease on at least eight plant species within the family Vitaceae. In the United States, clades aestivalis, riparia, and vinifera have been found in the Great Lakes region on cultivated grapes. Within this study, a multiplexed TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay system capable of differentiating among these three taxa was developed using a mitochondrial gene order difference unique to Plasmopara species (cox1-atp1). The assay is needed to clearly differentiate among the closely related species as research investigates relationships between the clades and their varying hosts as well as fungicide resistance development. The multiplexed assay was validated using a panel of target and nontarget samples of varying types, including leaves, Tough-Spots stickers, and air sampling rods. The assay was also transferred to and optimized on a digital PCR (dPCR) platform. Air sampling rods and artificially inoculated mixed samples were tested using both qPCR and the dPCR assays to gauge the utility of each. The multiplexed assays for each clade showed varying sensitivity of 10 to 1,000 fg of DNA and efficiency of 70 to 85% in qPCR. The dPCR sensitivity was the same, except for clade riparia, which showed a potential tenfold increase in sensitivity. These results suggest that the dPCR can serve as a more sensitive option than qPCR when trying to diagnose plant pathogens, but it is dependent on the assay. This assay system provides detection of the pathogen and classification of P. viticola clades, allowing discrimination in areas growing multiple cultivated or wild grape species. This will continue to be relevant as wild hosts can potentially harbor different P. viticola clades and downy mildew is intensely managed in commercial vineyards.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum in the family Vitaceae, is a rare and endangered medicinal plant endemic in China (Ji et al. 2021). In October 2024, leaf anthracnose was observed in Lishui city (118°96'E, 28°13'N), Zhejiang, affecting T. hemsleyanum plantings over an area of 5.3 × 103 m2. Disease incidence ranged from approximately 30 to 60%. Early symptoms were small circular or irregular brown spots of foliage, gradually expanding in size, then coalescing to form large irregular dark brown spots with grayish white centers causing leaves to senesce and resulting in plant death in severe cases. Leaf pieces (5×5 mm) from nine symptomatic leaves were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s, 2.5% NaClO for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water three times, dried, placed on potato dextrose agar medium, and cultured in darkness at 28°C for 5 days. Five isolates (THP10 to THP14) were obtained by the hyphal-tip method from the nine leaves. The colonies were olivaceous to dark gray with white margins and cottony mycelium; reverse sides had black centers. Conidia were single, colorless, cylindrical, 13.37 to 17.89 × 3.91 to 5.73 μm (average 15.42 × 5.11 μm; n=50). The morphological characteristics of the isolates overlapped with those of Colletotrichum species within the C. gloeosporioides complex, including C. fiucticola (Weir et al. 2012). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase (CHS)，calmodulin (CAL), actin (ACT), and beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2) genes were amplified using ITS1/ITS4, GDF/GDR, CHS-79F/CHS-345R, CL1C/CL2C, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and T1/Bt2b primer sets, respectively (Weir et al. 2012). Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession Nos. ITS: PQ571715 - PQ571719; GAPDH: PQ593912 - PQ593916; CHS: PQ593906 - PQ593910; CAL: PQ593900 - PQ593904; ACT: PQ593894 - PQ593898; TUB2: PQ593918 - PQ593922. BLASTn analysis of THP10 sequences had highest matches to the type strain of C. fructicola ICMP 18581 with ITS sequences 100% identical (JX010165; 549/549 bp), GAPDH sequences 99% identical (JX010033; 267/269 bp), CHS sequences 100.00% identical (JX009866; 274/274 bp), CAL sequences 100% identical (JX009676; 731/731 bp), ACT sequences 99% identical (JX009501; 270/272 bp), and TUB2 sequences 100% identical (JX010405; 699/699 bp). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with the combined sequences data sets using MEGA 11, and the five isolates clustered with C. fructicola (Weir et al. 2012). To test pathogenicity, five isolates of C. fructicola were evaluated, leaves on three healthy 6-month-old potted T. hemsleyanum seedlings were wounded with sterile needles and inoculated with 5 mm diameter mycelial plugs. Sterile PDA plugs served as controls. After inoculation, the plants were incubated at 28°C, 85% relative humidity, with a 12 h photoperiod. The experiment was repeated three times. Symptoms similar to those from the field were observed 21 days after inoculation, whereas control leaves remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from the symptomatic leaves and identified by morphology and ITS, GAPDH, CHS, CAL, ACT, TUB2 genes, completing Koch's postulates. No pathogens were isolated from the control plants. C. fructicola has been reported to cause anthracnose in many medicinal plants (Hou et al. 2024; Kang et al. 2023). This is the first report of C. fructicola causing leaf anthracnose on T. hemsleyanum in China. The accurate identification of the pathogen will provide a basis for the prevention and control of leaf anthracnose on T. hemsleyanum in the future.

Mankind has known the grape, Vitis vinifera, since ancient times. It is a common fruit with high nutritional content. This well-known grape species originated in western Asia and Southern Europe and are members of the Vitis genus within the Vitaceae family. Although grapes are mostly used to make wine, juice, dried fruit, and fresh fruit, they are also used to treat a variety of illnesses, including piles, hepatopathy, chronic bronchitis, iron deficiency anemia, and dyspepsia, because of their medicinal qualities. Grapes, or Vitis vinifera, are phenolic-rich fruits that are high in nutrients, minerals, and edible fibers. They also have a variety of biological activities that promote health. One of the most popular fruits in the world is Vitis vinifera, which is high in polyphenols and antioxidants. The Vitis vinifera grape is utilized in herbal medicine, its seeds and leaves are used as dietary supplements. This review covers the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, medicinal applications, and traditional usage of Vitis vinifera (grapes) and their active ingredient.

Background: Cyphostemma cyphopetalum is a herbaceous climber species within the Vitaceae family, found in various tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. It has a history of traditional use in Ethiopia for treating various health issues in humans and livestock, includ-ing snake bites, rabies, and eczema. Despite its reported ethnomedicinal uses, there is a lack of sufficient scientific literature regarding the isolation and characterization of its bioactive chem-ical compounds. Objective: The objective of this work was to isolate bioactive compounds from the leaves of Cyphostemma cyphopetalum, characterize their chemical structures using FTIR and NMR spec-troscopy, and evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Methods: Isolation was done using column chromatographic separation techniques. Spectro-scopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, were used for functional group identification and structural elucidation. Moreover, the paper disc dif-fusion bioassay method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Results: Three fractions were successfully isolated using chloroform with dichloromethane and chloroform with ethyl acetate as eluting solvents and silica gel as a stationary phase. After careful interpretation of the experimental results and comparison with the literature, the isolated fractions were constituted mainly by stigmasterol (fraction 1), β-sitosterol (fraction 2), and trans-resveratrol (fraction 3). The antibacterial activities of each isolated fraction were tested against Ralstonia solanacearum, a gram-negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterial pathogen. : Comparatively, the highest mean inhibitory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by fraction 2, which was followed by 6.25 ± 0.05 mm inhibition activity recorded for fraction 1 against R. solanacearum, while fraction 3 did not exhibit any bacterial activity against both the strains. Conclusion: We have successfully isolated and characterized three compounds (1-3) from leaves of C. cyphopetalum and evaluated their antibacterial activity. A maximum mean inhibi-tory value of 10.03 ± 0.13 mm was exhibited by compound 2 against R. solanacearum.

Nekemias is a small genus of the grape family, with nine species discontinuously distributed in temperate to subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere but mostly in East Asia. Previous phylogenetic studies on Nekemias have mainly been based on a few chloroplast markers, and the phylogenetic framework and systematic relationships are still highly contested. We carried out a systematic framework reconstruction of Nekemias and intra-generic reticulate evolutionary analyses based on extensive single-copy nuclear and chloroplast genomic data obtained by the Hyb-Seq approach, combining genome skimming and target enrichment. Both nuclear and chloroplast genomic data strongly support the monophyly of Nekemias with its division into two major lineages from East Asia and North America, respectively. There are strong and extensive topological conflicts among nuclear gene trees and between nuclear and chloroplast topologies within the genus, especially within the East Asian clade. Rapid radiation through predominant incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) throughout the evolutionary history of the East Asian taxa is supported to explain the relatively high species diversity of Nekemias in East Asia. This study highlights the important role of short periods of rapid evolutionary radiations accompanied by ILS as a mechanism for the complex and fast species diversifications in the grape family as well as potentially in many other plant lineages in East Asia and beyond.