Visual Schema Research Articles

Visual Schema Displacement Therapy versus Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy versus waitlist in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: results of a randomized clinical trial.

Visual Schema Displacement Therapy (VSDT) is a novel approach showing promise in mitigating distressing memories, akin to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). This study aimed to determine the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of VSDT in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), comparing it to EMDR therapy and a waitlist control condition (WLCC). It was hypothesized that the application of VSDT would be safe and PTSD symptoms significantly be reduced from both baseline to post-treatment and from baseline to follow-up in the VSDT and EMDR therapy conditions. Furthermore, we expected both treatments to be significantly more effective than the waitlist control. Moreover, we hypothesized that VSDT and EMDR therapy would be associated with significant improvements in symptoms of depression and general psychopathology. Forty-six adults with PTSD were randomly assigned to VSDT, EMDR therapy, or WLCC, receiving six 90-minute sessions. Assessments included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM)-5 (CAPS-5), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) before, during, and 3 months post-treatment. Bayesian analysis found no differences between VSDT and EMDR in PTSD symptom reduction but both outperformed WLCC. EMDR was superior to the WLCC in reducing symptoms of depression and general psychopathology. At 3-month follow-up, 58.3% of the participants in the VSDT condition no longer met the PTSD diagnostic criteria (41.2% EMDR therapy and 15.4% WLCC) with no difference between the two therapy conditions. Self-reported PTSD symptom reduction was significant in VSDT (d = 1.38) and EMDR (d = 1.40) but modest in WLCC (d = 0.39). Dropout rate was 19.3%, with no adverse events. This study supports VSDT's efficacy in treating PTSD, offering a valuable therapeutic option comparable to EMDR, with significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and no difference with EMDR or the control condition for depressive symptoms and general psychopathology, and no reported adverse events.

EYE-ECG: An RCT of the influence of student characteristics and expert eye-tracking videos with cued retrospective reporting on students' ECG interpretation skills.

Teaching of ECG interpretation frequently relies on visual schemas. However, subsequent student ECG interpretation skills are often poor. Expertise research shows that expert looking patterns frequently deviate from the steps taught in schema learning. The present study made a cardiology expert's gaze interpreting ECGs visible - through eye-tracking videos with cued retrospective reporting (CRR) - and investigated the potential as an additional expert-driven route to improve medical students' ECG interpretation skills. N=91 Medical students participated in the RCT of an ECG e-learning session aimed at medical students' ECG interpretation skills gain, either receiving the newly developed eye-tracking video with CRR audio commentary materials (n=47) or studying via four clinical cases only (n=44). Three outcome scores relating to different aspects of ECG interpretation skills were derived from pre-post MCQ ECG tests. The effect of the EYE-ECG training and additional characteristics (e.g., prior experience, interest) on student ECG interpretation skills were evaluated using t-tests and multivariate linear regression. A small, non-significant advantage of the EYE-ECG training signifying a tendency for greater knowledge gain was observed, compared to training as usual. In multivariate regression models, the predictive value of clinical case 1 was an unexpected finding warranting further exploration. Additional gains after an only 9-minute intervention using videos of expert's real-time gaze pattern in combination with hearing their thought processes during ECG interpretation is a promising finding. Furthermore, a number of specific performance characteristics enabling students to best benefit from ECG training were identified and possible modifications to the learning intervention suggested.

Semantics and Schema: A Visual Aesthetic Study of Aging Community Space

The viewing of community space by the elderly is the "involvement" of vision in the space. In the process of viewing, the “visual memory" of the elderly constructs a holistic "visual schema" for the attributes, structure, hierarchy and each part of the space and is used to "schema-proof" the physical space. Form a "scene schema representation”. Transform vision from "physical-cognitive" to "cultural-aesthetic". By analyzing the "reference" theory in aesthetics and empirical evidence of the elderly, this paper elucidates the logical correlation between the semantics of "aesthetic words" and the visual schema and explores the germinal law and stage characteristics of visual aesthetics in the aging community space.

Dialogic Drawing: A Method for Researching Abstract Phenomenon in Early Childhood

Abstract This article explores the theoretical, ethical, and practical opportunities and constraints considered in the methodological design and use of Dialogic Drawing, a participatory method for accessing qualitative data with young children. The method was designed to gather data about abstract phenomena from young children, as part of a larger study investigating the impact of discursive affordances in the first year of compulsory school in Western Australia. Methodological findings are reported from the application of Dialogic Drawing with 28 five-year-old children from diverse school-based semiotic landscapes in the Perth metropolitan area in Western Australia. Three strands of analysis are described and critiqued: drawn product, drawing process, and approach to drawing. Thematic analysis of drawn visual schema, dialog and embodied behaviours highlights the potential reach of Dialogic Drawing for interdisciplinary research significant to early childhood. The participating children revealed they perceive drawing as the child’s domain, endorsing Dialogic Drawing as a relevant and accessible method with capacity to gain untapped information significant to qualitative researchers seeking to elicit the authentic perspectives of children.

A Progressive Real-time Visualization Method for Earthquake Big Data

<p>As the volume of seismic observation time-series data grows larger, web-based visualization schemes suffer from longer system response times. Although big data visualization schemes based on sampling and filtering can greatly reduce the data scale and shorten transmission time, what it gains in speed it loses in information. Progressive visualization has become an increasingly popular scheme because it can quickly “see” some results without having to wait for all the data, thus enabling users to grasp a data-change trend quickly and perceive the rules behind it. In this paper, a Cloudberry-based progressive real-time visualization schema for earthquake big data (PVSEBD) is proposed for the first time. It greatly shortens the transmission time of each data slice, improves the user interaction experience, and meets the long-term, large-scale visualization needs of earthquake consultation business. Because the correctness of average aggregation function (AVG) in progressive visualization is often not guaranteed, this paper proposes an innovative AVG translation rule solution based on the accumulability of the COUNT and SUM aggregation functions. The experimental results showed that PVSEBD automatically adjusts the amount of data returned each time according to size and has a shorter response time for each interaction compared with the solution based on the web-based visualization toolkit Portable Progressive Parallel Processing Pipeline (P5).</p> <p> </p>

Modulating human memory for complex scenes with artificially generated images

Visual memory schemas (VMS) are two-dimensional memorability maps that capture the most memorable regions of a given scene, predicting with a high degree of consistency human observer’s memory for the same images. These maps are hypothesized to correlate with a mental framework of knowledge employed by humans to encode visual memories. In this study, we develop a generative model we term ‘MEMGAN’ constrained by extracted visual memory schemas that generates completely new complex scene images that vary based on their degree of predicted memorability. The generated populations of high and low memorability images are then evaluated for their memorability using a human observer experiment. We gather VMS maps for these generated images from participants in the memory experiment and compare these with the intended target VMS maps. Following the evaluation of observers’ memory performance through both VMS-defined memorability and hit rate, we find significantly superior memory performance by human observers for the highly memorable generated images compared to poorly memorable. Implementing and testing a construct from cognitive science allows us to generate images whose memorability we can manipulate at will, as well as providing a tool for further study of mental schemas in humans.

Formulating a multi-layered framework for automobile architecture

Product architecture is defined as allocation of components to functions and their interfaces. But what makes this formulation insufficient for automobile architecture is their multi-layered allocation of components and the visual aspect of the architecture. This paper suggests, through an empirical study of two-wheeler models being manufactured by a prominent manufacturer, a multi-tiered framework along with a visual template for two-wheeler architecture which includes their visual schema as well. This paper investigates and demonstrates that this framework and template satisfy the requirements of product architecture by using examples from the domain of motorcycle design. Further, this paper investigates the utility of this framework for platforming strategy, innovation, adoption of new technology and standardization.

A randomized controlled dismantling study of Visual Schema Displacement Therapy (VSDT) vs an abbreviated EMDR protocol vs a non-active control condition in individuals with disturbing memories

ABSTRACT Background: Visual Schema Displacement Therapy (VSDT) is a novel therapy for the treatment of fears and trauma-related mental health problems including PTSD. VSDT proved to be effective in reducing emotionality of aversive memories in healthy individuals in two previous randomized controlled trials and outperformed both a non-active control condition (CC) and an abbreviated version of EMDR therapy, a well-established first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Objectives: In an effort to enhance the understanding concerning the efficacy of VSDT, and to determine its active components, a dismantling study was conducted in individuals with disturbing memories in which the effects of VSDT were tested against EMDR therapy, a non-active CC and three different VSDT-protocols, each excluding or altering a hypothesized active component. Method: Participants (N = 144) were asked to recall an emotional aversive event and were randomly assigned to one of these six interventions, each lasting 8 minutes. Emotional disturbance and vividness of participants’ memories were rated before and after the intervention and at one and four-week follow-up. Results: Replicatory Bayesian analyses supported hypotheses in which VSDT was superior to the CC and the EMDR condition in reducing emotionality, both directly after the intervention and at one week follow-up. However, at four-week follow-up, VSDT proved equal to EMDR while both treatments were superior to the CC. Concerning vividness the data also showed support for hypotheses predicting VSDT being equal to EMDR and both being superior to the CC in vividness reduction. Further analyses specifying differences between the abbreviated VSDT protocols detected no differences between these conditions. Conclusion: It remains unclear how VSDT yields its positive effects. Because VSDT appears to be unique and effective in decreasing emotionality of aversive memories, replication of the results in clinical samples is needed.

Basket-Bearers and Gold-Wearers:

Processions in the Greek East were organised according to a clear visual schema, which helped to impose order and provide meaning. This demarcation was primarily enacted materially, with ritual roles frequently defined by the carrying of objects or accoutrements. This article focuses on the diversity and local particularities of roles terminating in -phoros during the Hellenistic and imperial periods, as evidenced by the epigraphic record. It explores how intrinsic these material dimensions were to the processional experience in the Greek world, probing what they contributed to the aesthetics of procession and how they were ‘read’, both by participants and observers.

Fusion and Visualization of Bridge Deck Nondestructive Evaluation Data via Machine Learning

To maintain infrastructure safety and integrity, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies are often used for detection of subsurface defects and for holistic condition assessment of structures. While the rapid advances in data collection and the diversity of available sensing technologies provide new opportunities, the ability to efficiently process data and combine heterogeneous data sources to make robust decisions remains a challenge. Heterogeneous NDE measurements often conflict with one another and methods to visualize integrated results are often developed ad hoc. In this work, we present a framework to support fusion of multiple NDE techniques in order to improve both detection and quantification accuracy while also improving the visualization of NDE results. For data sources with waveform representations, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to extract salient features and facilitate fusion with scalar-valued NDE measurements. The description of a signal in terms of its salient features using a wavelet transform allows for capturing the significance of the original data, while suppressing measurement noise. The complete set of measurements is then fused using nonparametric machine learning so as to relax the need for Bayesian assumptions regarding statistical distributions. A novel visualization schema based on classifier confidence intervals is then employed to support holistic visualization and decision making. To validate the capabilities of the proposed methodology, an experimental prototype system was created and tested from NDE measurements of laboratory-scale bridge decks at Turner-Fairbank highway research center (TFHRC). The laboratory decks exhibit various types of artificial defects and several non-destructive tests have already been carried out by research center technicians to characterize the mechanical properties of the materials and the existing damages. The behaviors of several different data fusion approaches are compared here. Based on the presented analyses, it is demonstrated that fusion via support vector machines provided the most robust and consistent data fusion and defect detection capabilities.

Critical Parameter Identification for Safety Events in Commercial Aviation Using Machine Learning

In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the application of data science techniques that leverage aviation data collected from commercial airline operations to improve safety. This paper presents the application of machine learning to improve the understanding of risk factors during flight and their causal chains. With increasing complexity and volume of operations, rapid accumulation and analysis of this safety-related data has the potential to maintain and even lower the low global accident rates in aviation. This paper presents the development of an analytical methodology called Safety Analysis of Flight Events (SAFE) that synthesizes data cleaning, correlation analysis, classification-based supervised learning, and data visualization schema to streamline the isolation of critical parameters and the elimination of tangential factors for safety events in aviation. The SAFE methodology outlines a robust and repeatable framework that is applicable across heterogeneous data sets containing multiple aircraft, airport of operations, and phases of flight. It is demonstrated on Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) data from a commercial airline through use cases related to three safety events, namely Tire Speed Event, Roll Event, and Landing Distance Event. The application of the SAFE methodology yields a ranked list of critical parameters in line with subject-matter expert conceptions of these events for all three use cases. The work concludes by raising important issues about the compatibility levels of machine learning and human conceptualization of incidents and their precursors, and provides initial guidance for their reconciliation.

Data-driven visualization schema of a materials informatics curriculum: Convergence of materials science and information science

AbstractIn addition to student assessment, curriculum assessment is a critical element to any pedagogy. It helps the educator assess the teaching of concepts, determine what may be lacking, and make changes for continual improvement. Meaningful assessment can be complicated when disciplines converge or when new approaches are implemented. To facilitate this, we present a network-based visualization schema to represent a materials informatics curriculum that combines materials science and data science concepts. We analyze the curriculum using network representations and relevant concepts from graph theory. This reveals established connections, linkages between materials science and data science, and the extent to which different concepts are connected. We also describe how some materials science topics are introduced from a data perspective, and present an illustrative case study from the curriculum.

Review: Montage and the Metropolis: Architecture, Modernity, and the Representation of Space, by Martino Stierli

Martino Stierli Montage and the Metropolis: Architecture, Modernity, and the Representation of Space New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2018, 320 pp., 72 color and 85 b/w illus. $60 (cloth), ISBN 9780300221312 Both instrumental technique and potentially radical political critique, montage occupies a crucial place within architectural culture. From August Schmarsow to Manfredo Tafuri, Le Corbusier to Colin Rowe, a wide array of architects, theorists, and historians have used montage while seeking to comprehend and reshape modern urban space. El Lissitzky's 1924–25 Wolkenbugel (Cloud Hanger) is a paradigmatic example (Figure 1). The term montage refers generally to a technique involving the synthetic spatial and temporal arrangement of image fragments, whether from still photography or moving pictures. It is difficult to pin down, however: while constructed primarily from photographic fragments, montage imbricates multiple media, as evidenced by its centrality to cinematic discourse. Its importance to the formation of modernism is indisputable, and alongside collage and assemblage, montage remains a paradigmatic type of modern image making charged with the symbolic representation of twentieth-century experience. Figure 1 El Lissitzky, Wolkenbugel, 1924–25, photomontage. In Montage and the Metropolis , Martino Stierli demonstrates that montage served as twentieth-century modernity's “symbolic form.” Echoing Erwin Panofsky, Stierli argues for montage as the visual schema par excellence through which the mobile and fragmented heterogeneity of modernist production supersedes the monocular spatial continuity of Renaissance art. As such, it is a cultural technique capable of representing the traumas inflicted on the metropolitan subject by modernity and of reconciling that subject to the modern world. In his introductory chapter, Stierli defines montage according to five characteristics. The first three concern montage's formal properties and their relationship to a viewing subject. First, montage produces representations through the spatial or temporal juxtaposition of fragmentary images; meaning is produced through the active participation of the viewer who apprehends them. Second, montage operates spatially, ordering the disordered world upon the image surface. Third, it presupposes a mobile observer whose embodied perception generates a polyfocal and antiperspectival view of …

Zobaczyć Drohobycz (i…)

But which Drogobych? There are many of them. Certainly it is not the town which now belongs to Ukraine. One may easily go there for a tourist trip. What is at stake in this game – the game of aspects, views, and images – is not the Drogobych that is actually accessible, but the one that is probably gone forever no longer to be found. In that Drogobych, of the cinnamon shops, Schulz was born and lived. Can we still have any access to it? The safest and the shortest way to Drogobych runs through Cinnamon Shops. Schulz’s drawings and graphic works, where the town is always the setting, may be of some help, too. But there is also another way, through collecting documents and meticulous reconstructing of the place (and time). It is taken by these travelers who are passionate collectors of postcards and photos. Each town has its visual conventions beyond which it is hard to reach. The more often towns and cities are photographed – Paris is a good example – the more prevalent and permanent visual schemas become. The spectator must abandon them to see the place with an unprejudiced eye. Also the official photos of Drogobych from the early 20th century show some kind of excess of the visible. Yet it is enough to change perspective, reduce the distance or enlarge the background and suddenly the official locations may reveal their private atmosphere.

Effects of "Visual Schema Displacement Therapy" (VSDT), an abbreviated EMDR protocol and a control condition on emotionality and vividness of aversive memories: Two critical analogue studies

Background and objectivesVisual Schema Displacement Therapy (VSDT) is a novel therapy which has been described as a treatment for stress and dysfunction caused by a traumatic event. Although its developers claim this therapy is quicker and more beneficial than other forms of trauma therapy, its effectiveness has not been tested. MethodsWe compared the efficacy of VSDT to an abbreviated EMDR protocol and a non-active control condition (CC) in two studies. In Study 1 participants (N = 30) were asked to recall three negative emotional memories under three conditions: VSDT, EMDR, and a CC, each lasting 8 min. Emotional disturbance and vividness of the memories were rated before and after the (within group) conditions. The experiment was replicated using a between group study. In Study 2 participants (N = 75) were assigned to one of the three conditions, and a follow-up after 6–8 days was added. ResultsIn both studies VSDT and EMDR were superior to the CC in reducing emotional disturbance, and VSDT was superior to EMDR. VSDT and EMDR outperformed the CC in terms of reducing vividness. LimitationResults need to be replicated in clinical samples. ConclusionsIt is unclear how VSDT yields positive effects, but irrespective of its causal mechanisms, VSDT warrants clinical exploration.

Abstract 569: A comprehensive immunoscore to predict immunotherapy responses based on multivariate genomic/transcriptomic features

Abstract In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown great promise in treating various cancer types; however, only a fraction of patients respond to this type of immunotherapy. Currently, PD-L1 ligand expression and microsatellite-instability (MSI) status are FDA-approved biomarkers to guide selected checkpoint-based immunotherapy; however, due to the complexity of tumor-immune interactions, it is unlikely that any single biomarker will be able to comprehensively predict clinical outcomes across the gamut of immunotherapeutics. Many genomic and cellular features have been shown to contribute to the effectiveness of immunotherapy, including tumor mutational burden (TMB), tumor T cell infiltrate, HLA gene expression, and Treg /myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltrates. Here we have built a machine learning model trained on multiple features derived from whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) data. The resulting patient-specific “immunoscore” describes the likelihood that a patient will respond to a specified immunotherapy. Additionally, we have developed a novel visualization schema, which summarizes the full model immunoscore, as well as the weight and impact of each genomic and transcriptomic feature. In this study, we assessed WES and WTS data from two melanoma cohorts, the first treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy and the second with anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy. First, we extracted genomic/transcriptomic features around five functional groups: antigen presentation, tumor lymphocyte infiltration, checkpoint gene signatures, interferon-gamma gene signatures, and Treg/MDSC gene signatures. Next, random forest classification was performed to identify significant features and weight the relative importance of each. A final immunoscore was calculated as the patient-specific probability of immunotherapy response, scaled from zero (0% likelihood of response) to ten (100% likelihood of response). We noted that the highest-weighted feature for anti-PD1 response came from the antigen presentation feature group, while the highest-weighted feature for anti-CTLA4 response came from the tumor lymphocyte infiltration feature group, which is consistent with the underlying mechanistic difference between the two checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, our immunoscore has shown significantly better performance compared to any single feature based on 3-fold cross validation (p<0.05). In summary, we have built a machine learning model to predict patient responses to immunotherapies based on WES and WTS data and show that integrating multiple established biomarkers delivers superior performance compared to any individual biomarker. Moreover, our framework can be extended to include novel genomic/transcriptomic features that are identified as mediating immunotherapy response. Citation Format: Mengchi Wang, Aaron Wise, Han Kang, Vitor F. Onuchic, Ali Kuraishy, Sven Bilke, Kristina M. Kruglyak, Shile Zhang. A comprehensive immunoscore to predict immunotherapy responses based on multivariate genomic/transcriptomic features [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 569.

Genome U-Plot: a whole genome visualization.

The ability to produce and analyze whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from samples with structural variations (SV) generated the need to visualize such abnormalities in simplified plots. Conventional two-dimensional representations of WGS data frequently use either circular or linear layouts. There are several diverse advantages regarding both these representations, but their major disadvantage is that they do not use the two-dimensional space very efficiently. We propose a layout, termed the Genome U-Plot, which spreads the chromosomes on a two-dimensional surface and essentially quadruples the spatial resolution. We present the Genome U-Plot for producing clear and intuitive graphs that allows researchers to generate novel insights and hypotheses by visualizing SVs such as deletions, amplifications, and chromoanagenesis events. The main features of the Genome U-Plot are its layered layout, its high spatial resolution and its improved aesthetic qualities. We compare conventional visualization schemas with the Genome U-Plot using visualization metrics such as number of line crossings and crossing angle resolution measures. Based on our metrics, we improve the readability of the resulting graph by at least 2-fold, making apparent important features and making it easy to identify important genomic changes. A whole genome visualization tool with high spatial resolution and improved aesthetic qualities. An implementation and documentation of the Genome U-Plot is publicly available at https://github.com/gaitat/GenomeUPlot. vasmatzis.george@mayo.edu. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Primary care challenges of an obscure case of \u201cAlice in Wonderland\u201d syndrome in a patient with severe malaria in a resource-constrained setting: a case report

Background“Alice in Wonderland” syndrome (AIWS) is a rare neurological abnormality characterized by distortions of visual perceptions, body schema and experience of time. AIWS has been reported in patients with various infections such as infectious mononucleosis, H1N1 influenza, Cytomegalovirus encephalitis, and typhoid encephalopathy. However, AIWS occurring in a patient with severe malaria is less familiar and could pose serious primary care challenges in a low-income context.Case presentationA 9-year-old male of black African ethnicity was brought by his parents to our primary care hospital because for 2 days he had been experiencing intermittent sudden perceptions of his parents’ heads and objects around him either “shrinking” or “expanding”. The visual perceptions were usually brief and resolved spontaneously. One week prior to the onset of the visual problem, he had developed an intermittent high grade fever that was associated with other severe constitutional symptoms. Based on the historical and clinical data that were acquired, severe malaria was suspected and this was confirmed by hyperparasitaemia on blood film analysis. The patient was treated with quinine for 10 days. Apart from a single episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizures that was observed on the first day of treatment, the overall clinical progress was good. The visual illusions completely resolved and no further abnormalities were recorded during 3 months of follow-up.ConclusionSymptoms of AIWS usually resolve spontaneously or after treatment of an underlying cause. In our case, the successful treatment of severe malaria coincided with a complete regression of AIWS whose aetiology was poorly-elucidated given the resource constraints. In any case, the good outcome of our patient aligns with previous reports on acute AIWS that highlight a limited need for excessive investigation and treatment modalities which are, in passing, predominantly unaffordable in resource-limited primary care settings.

In the Vestibule of Another World

Expressing the real is an arduous job. During her travels in South Carolina during the 1870s, the African American preacher Charlotte S. Riley was asked on two different occasions to confirm that she was “a real woman.” The first time, following one of her sermons, a white stranger approached and began inspecting her. When asked why he did so, the stranger replied that he was investigating whether she was “a real woman or an angel.” Apparently satisfied that she was not an apparition, he declared that “The world is coming to an end, for I never seen this before, but I see it to-night.” The second time, a woman from the congregation that she had just addressed approached to explain that her white employer instructed her to “look at your fingers and see is you a real woman” (Riley 66). Riley describes both incidents without commentary in her 1902 memoir, and it is impossible to know precisely what provoked these questions about her ontological status, but both speculations upon her body suggest something about her work and its cultural context: a female former slave often in poor health who could engage large audiences, she cut an improbable figure, and the question of not who but what she was, her interrogators apparently believed, could be worked out by examining her physical person. These moments show how easily a fascination with her sermon became a fixation on her body and how potentially limiting her audience’s expectations could be. For these strangers, Riley’s body seemed an unlikely source for such a voice, leading to their fixation on her flesh. Skin, as in Frantz Fanon’s famous visual schema, becomes the site of racialized subjectivity, where the black self is fixed by the white other’s gaze “the same way you fix a preparation with dye” (89). The strangers’ disbelief belongs to a much larger history of the representational burden placed upon black cultural production and the bodies of its producers—the burden to both appear representative and express authenticity.

3D MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION BASED ON THE UNITY GAME ENGINE – ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES

Abstract. 3D City modelling is increasingly popular and becoming valuable tools in managing big cities. Urban and energy planning, landscape, noise-sewage modelling, underground mapping and navigation are among the applications/fields which really depend on 3D modelling for their effectiveness operations. Several research areas and implementation projects had been carried out to provide the most reliable 3D data format for sharing and functionalities as well as visualization platform and analysis. For instance, BIMTAS company has recently completed a project to estimate potential solar energy on 3D buildings for the whole Istanbul and now focussing on 3D utility underground mapping for a pilot case study. The research and implementation standard on 3D City Model domain (3D data sharing and visualization schema) is based on CityGML schema version 2.0. However, there are some limitations and issues in implementation phase for large dataset. Most of the limitations were due to the visualization, database integration and analysis platform (Unity3D game engine) as highlighted in this paper.