Visual Display Terminal Syndrome Research Articles

Visual display terminal syndrome and its associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ever since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, students have been spending an increasingly longer time staring at electrical devices to take online courses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the virtual class environment on eye and musculoskeletal problems in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 365 university students were enrolled in this study. They completed an online survey to examine the effects of online learning on eye and musculoskeletal health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaires consisted of four sections: demographic and general information, environmental and work factors, device-related factors, and visual display terminal syndrome (VDTS). Participants have been taking online classes of 14.5 hours per week during the COVID-19 pandemic. They reported the mean daily usage of digital devices of 4.8±2.2 hours before the pandemic but this increased to 8.1±2.9 during the pandemic. Eye fatigue and neck, shoulder, and back pain have also been reported. The mean VDTS score was significantly influenced by gender, obesity, daily exercise, regular breaks, wear of blue light-blocking glasses, daily hours of electronic device use, and illumination of room. The results of this study showed that university students taking online classes suffered more from VDTS, especially in eye fatigue and neck, lower back, and shoulder pain during COVID-19 pandemic than prior. This study suggests that it is necessary to take breaks in online classes and regularly provide appropriate eye exercise and physical activity to prevent VDTS.

ROLE OF AYURVED OCULAR THERAPIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LIFESTYLE DISORDERS RELATED TO VISUAL DISPLAY TERMINALS

The frequency of lifestyle disorders among Indians has reached alarming proportions in the present era, with the development of the economy and the growing westernization of the way of life. Computers are one of the most astonishing technological achievements and a significant contribution to human life. Our lives have become simpler as a result of the use of these technologies, both at home and at the office. Visual display terminals have become an integral aspect of today's life. A collection of ocular and extra-ocular symptoms known as “visual display terminals syndrome” is brought on by extended usage of computers and other digital devices. Asthenopic symptoms of the eyes, blurred vision, diplopia, dry eyes, sluggish concentrating, and musculoskeletal symptoms including shoulder and neck pain are all connected to it. These symptoms are associated with Vata-Pittapradhana and are somewhat comparable to those of Shushkakshipaka(~dry eye syndrome), a Sarvagata Netra Roga(~diseases afflicting all the parts of the eye.). The Chakshuendriya'sAtiyoga(constantly staring at the computer), Hinayoga(~working in a dimly lit environment without blinking), and Mithyayoga(~seeing very small fonts against a bright light) are all practices of the Chakshuendriya (~eye). The amount of time spent in front of a digital device screen, the working distance from the gadget to the eyes, and the frequency of use are some of the various considerations. For the eyes, AcharyaVagbatta recommended surface Dosha shamak (~pacification) and rejuvenating treatments. Ayurveda offers a comprehensive treatment to stop VDTS's (visual display terminal syndrome) extraocular and ocular issues. Through our text, Kriyakalpa therapeutic techniques, such as Netra-parisheka (~procedure for eye irrigation), Anjana (~collyrium), Nasya (~nasal installation), Tarpana (~eye nour-ishment), Padabhyanga(~foot massage), Nidra (~sleep), proper dietary regimen, Numerous eye exercises, and Yogic practices are also beneficial to the prevention of VDTS.

Relationship between Visual Display Terminal Syndrome and Sleep Quality in Nursing Students

Purpose: This study analyzes the relationship between visual display terminal syndrome (VDT) and sleep quality in nursing students in Korea. Methods: The study enrolled 141 nursing students from one university in Korea. The VDT syndrome and sleep quality levels were analyzed by structured questionnaires. The data were measured using t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient by SPSS 26.0 program. Results: A significant and positive correlation was obtained between visual display terminal syndrome and sleep quality. Conclusion: Our results indicate the necessity to prevent VDT syndrome and poor sleep quality in nursing students.

Changes in the visual display terminal syndrome of college students in online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the experience rate and level of symptoms of visual display terminal syndrome in college students attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from February 22 to June 8, 2021 at three measurement points. A total of 117 college students were administered a visual display terminal syndrome survey just before online classes (T1), one month after the start of online classes (T2), and three months after the start of online classes (T3). The collected data were analyzed by frequency and percentage, paired t-test, McNemar test, and repeated measures analysis of variance using the IBM SPSS 25.0 program. Results: The intensity of college students’ visual display terminal syndrome during online classes increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1. The rate of experiencing back discomfort or pain increased abruptly at T2 compared to T1. The intensity of college students’ eye related symptoms and skin related symptoms increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1, while the intensity of college students’ psychological symptoms, general body discomfort, and musculoskeletal symptoms increased at T3 compared to T1. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that self-care programs are needed to prevent visual display terminal syndrome in college students who are in long-term online classes.

Quality Evaluation of Visual Display Terminal Syndrome Videos Shared on YouTube.

Visual display terminal syndrome is a health problem that occurs when an individual looks at a visual display terminal for a long time. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of YouTube videos on visual display terminal syndrome. YouTube was searched using the keywords "visual display terminal syndrome" and "a prolonged user of a computer or smartphone" on October 16, 2019. A total of 45 videos were evaluated using DISCERN and the Journal of the American Medical Association scoring systems. The variables extracted from the videos were the uploading agency; content; presentation format; days since upload; the number of views, likes, dislikes, and comments; and the video power index. The mean DISCERN and Journal of the American Medical Association scores were 35.64 and 3.08 points, respectively, indicating that the information on visual display terminal syndrome in YouTube videos was inaccurate and unreliable. The major reason for the low quality of the videos was that the sources of information presented in the videos were not provided. The DISCERN and Journal of the American Medical Association scores showed significant differences in the uploading agency and presentation format variables. Nurses must be familiar with evaluating the quality of videos presenting health information. Guidelines informing patients that YouTube might provide misinformation about health need to be developed.

Ocular and Systemic Effects of Antioxidative Supplement Use in Young and Healthy Adults: Real-World Cross-Sectional Data.

Randomized controlled studies have shown that antioxidative supplements are effective in suppressing the progression of age-related macular degeneration and visual display terminal syndrome. However, effects of their general use in the real-world and by young and healthy individuals have not been well documented. We analyzed 27 participants who were under 35 years of age and had no diagnosed diseases. Mean functional visual acuity (FVA) score and visual maintenance ratio, which represent quick recognition of a target, both measured using FVA system, were better (both p < 0.01) in subjects who had had regular antioxidative supplement intake for more than 2 months (11 participants) compared with those who had not. Systemic data, i.e., total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, which correspond to chronic low-grade inflammation, were lower (all p < 0.05) in the former. Overall, hs-CRP levels had a correlation with total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and a trend of correlation with HbA1c (p = 0.054) levels. Thus, current real-world data showed that young, healthy participants who had a regular intake of antioxidative supplements had better visual acuity and systemic levels of metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. This study will help promote future research into the effects of general antioxidative supplement use.

The Effects of Consumer-grade Virtual Reality Headsets on Adult Visual Function

ABSTRACT Introduction Consumer-grade virtual reality (VR) headset is being used with increasing frequency nowadays, however, the effect on visual function is not clear. Objectives We here investigate whether using VR headset changes adults’ visual function and take into account the possible factors. Methods We compared the uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low contrast visual acuity (LCVA), glare visual acuity (GVA), refractive error (RE), amplitude of accommodation (ACC), and pupil diameter (PD) before and after using VR headset 10 mintues at a time twice per day for 2 successive weeks in 40 volunteers with a mean age of 28.6 years. Differences in these 8 parameters before vs. after VR headset use were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results In our study, we found that the amplitude of accommodation had significantly increased by 0.53 (F = 5.673; P = .006) after using, while visual acuity, refractive error and pupil diameter did not show statistically significant changes (P > .05). Correlation test showed that there was no significant correlation between any two parameters on visual function. Conclusion It is discovered that using a consumer-grade VR headset 10 minutes at a time twice daily for 2 weeks improved the amplitude of accommodation of adults dramatically, while neither visual acuity nor refractive error was affected. Abbreviations VR: visual reality; UDVA: uncorrected distant visual acuity; UNVA: uncorrected near visual acuity; BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; LCVA: low contrast visual acuity; GVA: glare visual acuity; RE: refractive error; ACC: amplitude of accommodation; PD: pupil diameter; 3D: three-dimensional; VDTS: visual display terminal syndrome; FOV: field of view; SEQ: spherical equivalent diopter.

간호대학생의 스마트폰 중독 정도에 따른 VDT증후군 자각증상과 수면의 질 및 신체활동량

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate visual display terminal (VDT) Syndrome, syndrome, sleep quality and physical activity level according to smartphone addiction level in nursing students. Methods: The study subjects were 211 nursing students who gave informed consent. The VDT syndrome symptoms, sleep quality, physical activity, smartphone addiction level were measured by structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using x2 test, Fisher’s exact test, one way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient by IBM SPSS 20.0 program. Results: The average score of smartphone addiction was 35.89 and the high risk group of smartphone addiction was 11.9%, potential risk group was 17.5% and normal group was 70.6%. Smartphone addiction level was significantly associated with gender, grade point, satisfaction with college life, smartphone fare, smartphone using time, smartphone using period, daily using time. In the high risk group, VDT syndrome score was higher, and sleep quality was lower than normal group. Physical activity had no significant difference according to smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction level was significantly positive correlation with VDT syndrome and sleep quality score, and negative correlation with physical activity. Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to develop a smartphone addiction management program with concrete measures to prevent VDT syndrome and poor sleep quality and multidisciplinary approach for controlling smartphone addiction in nursing students.

Comparison of The VDT Occupation and VDT-related Hobby Groups in terms of Patients’Subjective Symptoms of VDT Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health conditions of occupation group and hobby group related to visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome. The VDT occupation group was mainly composed of the worker in banks, telephone companies, and general offices. The VDT-related hobby group was composed of high school students, and Internet cafe users. A questionnaire survey was conducted to classify the subjects according to hours of computer usage. The results indicated that the occupation group represented a higher level of subjective symptoms than VDT-related hobby group. In the VDT occupation group, ‘Poor body condition’, ‘Feeling uncomfortable or pain in the neck’‘, Feeling uncomfortable or pain in the back’‘, Feeling stressed out’, and‘ Feeling uncomfortable or pain in the shoulder’ items indicated a high level of subjective symptoms. In the VDT-related hobby group, ‘Feeling uncomfortable or pain in the neck’, and‘ Feeling uncomfortable or pain in the back’ items indicated a high level of subjective symptoms. According to the hours of computer usage, 4-6 hours and 6 hours or more groups represented a higher level of subjective symptoms than 2-4 hours group. These findings suggest that Visual display terminal (VDT) work effects the individual's health conditions.

Efficacy on visual display terminal syndrome treated with jingjin therapy of Zhuang medicine

To observe the efficacy and explore the effect mechanism on visual display terminal syndrome treated with jingjin therapy of Zhuang medicine. Sixty-five patients of visual fatigue induced by the visual display terminal operation were treated with jingjin trigeminy therapy of Zhuang medicine, e.g. massage manipulation, acupuncture and cupping; acting on the specific stimulating areas in Zhuang medicine, relevant with orbit, temple, forehead, ear and Baihui (GV 20). Each treatment lasted 40 min, once every two or three days. Totally, 10 to 14 treatments were required. The scores of visual symptoms and the ocular hemodynamics before and after treatment were observed, and clinical effect were evaluated in the two groups. After treatment, the scores of visual symptoms were reduced apparently as compared with those before treatment (all P<0.05). The total effective rate was 84.6% (55/65). The peak systolic velocity (PSV), the end diastolic velocity (EDV) in anterior ciliary artery (ACA) and the central retinal artery (CRA) were improved obviously, indicating the significant differences before and after treatment (all P<0.05). The jingjin therapy of Zhuang medicine alleviates the visual symptoms in patients of visual fatigue and improves visual quality. The effects are related to the improvement of ocular microcirculation.

여자 청소년들의 휴대전화 사용행태와 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험

본 연구는 여자 청소년들의 휴대전화 사용행태와 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험을 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료 수집은 2013년 5월 6일부터 6월 3일까지 중학교 및 고등학교에 재학 중인 여학생들을 대상으로 VDT 증후군 자각증상 조사표를 이용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계 및 Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test 등으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 대상자들의 96.3%가 휴대전화를 사용하고 있었으며 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상을 하나 이상 경험한 비율은 87.7%였으며, 증상경험 점수는 <TEX>$.39{\pm}.41$</TEX>점이었다. 눈 관련 증상을 가장 많이 경험하였으며, 근골격계 증상의 정도가 가장 심하였다. 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험은 휴대전화 사용자세, 사용시간, 사용 중 휴식여부에 따라 차이가 있었다. 따라서 휴대전화 사용 시 바른 자세로 사용하고, 사용 중에는 휴식 시간을 갖는 것이 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험 완화에 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 여자 청소년들이 자신의 휴대전화 이용 상태를 객관적으로 점검할 수 있도록 휴대전화 이용 상태 진단 도구의 개발과 주기적인 점검 기회를 제공할 필요가 있으며, 휴대전화 중독 위험집단에게는 중재 프로그램 또는 예방교육이 필요한 것으로 보인다. The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between mobile phone use and visual display terminal syndrome symptom experience in female students from middle school and high school. The convenience sample consisted of 349 female students in four schools. The data were collected from May to June in 2013 using VDTS Subjective Symptom Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data using SPSS 21.0. Almost all (96.3%) female students use mobile phone. Among them, 87.7% of the subjects experienced more than one VDTS symptom and the average score was <TEX>$.39{\pm}.41$</TEX> in VDTS symptom experience. Eye related symptom was most experienced and musculoskeletal symptom was the highest in severity among five subdomain of VDTS symptoms. There were significant differences in VDTS symptom scores in accordance with posture, hours of use, and break type during mobile phone use. These findings suggest that the education program for adolescents would be necessary, and the development of checklist would be useful for adolescents to check themselves.

Subjective Symptom of Visual Display Terminal Syndrome and State Anxiety in Adolescent Smartphone Users

The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine smartphone addiction, visual display terminal syndrome (VDTS) related symptoms, and state anxiety among adolescents, and 2) to identify the relationship among these variables. Data were collected via selfadministrated questionnaire survey from May to June, 2013. The survey was carried out with 540 voluntary participants at 13 to 24 years old from middle schools, high schools, and universities in Korea. The presence and severity of smartphone addiction, VDTS symptoms, and state anxiety were measured using Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, VDTS Questionnaire, and State Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Data were analyzed by Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The mean score of smartphone addiction for all students was 2.17 ± 0.51. The mean scores of smartphone addiction depending on school grade were 2.12 ± 0.53, 2.03 ± 0.48, and 2.42 ± 0.43 for middle school, high school, and college students, respectively. Subjects who experienced minor level of VDTS symptoms had a score of 0.49 ± 0.49 for VDTS symptoms. The score was increased when the level of addiction was higher. There were significant differences in VDTS subjective symptoms among smartphone addiction groups (p<.001). High-risk group of smartphone addiction had the highest scores in every subdomain of VDTS symptoms. Differences were also found in state anxiety among the three groups with smartphone addiction. The findings of this study showed that approximately one out of three adolescents might be classified into problematic smartphone users. Therefore, it is important to educate problematic smartphone users about smartphone addiction and VDTS symptoms to prevent further addiction and aggravation of anxiety.

Related Factors to Visual Display Terminal Syndrome of Hospital Employees Using Lalonde Health Field Model

The purpose of this study was analyzed the factors related to visual display terminal syndrome of hospital employees using lalonde health field model. This study model adopted four categories, which were human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. The data was collected for 5 days form sept. 3 to 7, 2012. Among a total of 134 cases of questionaries, only 127 cases were used. To data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA using PASW statistics 18.0.<BR> In the factors related to visual display terminal syndrome, human biology were ages, showed statistically significant difference, environment category were department, tenure, VDT-related work days per week, VDT-related work hours per day showed statistically significant difference, lifestyle category were regular meals showed statistically significant difference.<BR> The results indicate a need to develop programs that effectively prevent the visual display terminal syndrome of hospital employees.