Visual Criteria Research Articles

Can bile excretion on Gd-EOB-MRI be used as a visual criterion for the hepatobiliary phase?

To determine whether visually observed biliary excretion of gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) can be used to assess contrast adequacy of hepatobiliary phase (HBP) images. Images of 121 patients undergoing Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were used. Adequate HBP images were defined as a quantitative liver-spleen contrast ratio (Q-LSC) ≥ 1.5. Visual evaluation was performed to determine if an adequate HBP image could be obtained based on the presence or absence of bile excretion. Common bile duct-paravertebral contrast (CPC) was used to assess the degree of bile excretion, the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade was used to assess liver reserve, and the Q-LSC was used to assess HBP image contrast. The results were used to quantitatively evaluate the relationships of the degree of bile excretion with HBP image contrast and liver reserve. The cases correctly determined by visual evaluation via bile excretion were 80 (66.1%) at HBP 10min after injection and 89 (73.6%) at HBP 20min after injection. Among cases with Q-LSC ≥ 1.5 indicating bile excretion, there were 33 cases at HBP 10min after injection and 86 cases at HBP 20min after injection. Furthermore, among cases with Q-LSC < 1.5, indicating no bile excretion, there were 47 cases at HBP 10min after injection and 3 cases at HBP 20min after injection. Visually observed biliary excretion of Gd-EOB-DTPA is not a criterion for adequate HBP image contrast.

In vitro comparative quality evaluation of different brands of Amlodipine Tablets Commercially available in Jimma Town, South-western Ethiopia.

The incidence of hypertension in persons 25 years of age and older is estimated to be 46% in Africa, where it is still very common. This concerning rate could be explained by the pharmaceutical markets' accessibility to poor quality antihypertensive drugs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the quality different brands of Amlodipine Tablets Commercially available in Jimma Town, South-western Ethiopia. The quality control test was conducted from August 30, 2019 to February 27, 2020 at Jimma University in the Laboratory of Drug Quality Control (JuLaDQ). The laboratory test was carried out in accordance with WHO inspection guidelines and United States Pharmacopeia. A statistically significant was considered when P<0.05. For further comparison of the in-vitro dissolution profiles of amlodipine tablets, model-independent model-dependent parameters and statistical Dunnetts tests for ensuring bioequivalence were used to further compare the in-vitro dissolution profiles. With the exception of brand AMD-5 (1/10), the remaining nine (n = 9) brands were within WHO visual inspection criteria. The quality control parameters such as friability, weight variation, identity, assay, and dissolution test were within the United States Pharmacopeia. The model independent parameters (f1, and f2) confirmed that, all generic products were bio-equivalence, and interchangeable with comparator product. The model dependent approaches revealed the Weibull model (AMD-10), the Zero order (AMD-3), and the Korsemeyer-Peppas models were the most effective predictions for the release of the pharmaceutical substance from the dosage form. The Korsemeyer-Peppas model (r2 ≥0.9695) was the best descriptive model for determining the amlodipine drug kinetics from the point of view of all brands examined. The evaluated amlodipine brand tablets were in line with quality standards. The model independent methods confirmed that the generic brand tablets were interchangeable in clinical practice. The tested products follow more than two drug release kinetics. The study revealed a manifest discrepancy in the dissolution profiles' releases. Therefore, it is strongly advised to use appropriately designed dissolution profile evaluation methods with various pH values in the dissolution media, as well as to do comprehensive visual inspections. This will make it easier to do a thorough investigation of any potential quality issues that might be related to various generic products available in the pharmaceutical market.

Modification of Ceritinib Crystal Morphology via Spherical Crystallization

The formulation process for some drugs can be challenging, due to their unfavorable physical and mechanical properties and poor water solubility. Powder technology has made a significant impact in regard to the modification of the particles in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to produce high-quality granules. Spherical particles are preferred over other shapes, due to their high tap and bulk density, reduced dustiness, better flowability, strong anti-caking properties, and better mechanical performance during tableting. The present study investigates the possibility of obtaining spherical crystals of ceritinib, a drug used for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer, which belongs to BCS class IV drugs and has a platy crystal structure. Ceritinib spheres were prepared by spherical agglomeration, in a ternary system, and quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, with the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone, as well as a combination of these two methods. With the combined method of spherical crystallization, crystals with the most favorable morphology and the narrowest distribution of particle sizes were obtained, which was the reason for further optimization. The influence of different impeller geometries and mixing rates on the morphology of the obtained crystals was examined and the optimal conditions for the process were selected. Using empirical correlations and a visual criterion, the process was scaled up from a 0.1 L to a 1 L batch crystallizer. The obtained crystals were characterized by light and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of a bridging liquid and/or a polymer additive did not change the internal structure of the ceritinib crystals, which was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction.

Early Visual Outcome of Surgically Treated Anterior and Middle Skull Base Meningiomas: A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study

Background: Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors. Visual deterioration is the first symptom for most patients with anterior and middle fossa meningiomas. The main aim of surgery is the total removal of the tumor, resulting in improvement or preservation of preoperative visual status. Objective: To assess a 30-day visual outcome after surgical treatment of anterior and middle skull base Meningiomas. Methods: Institution-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized and operated patients from September 1, 2020, to August 31, 2020. Early postoperative visual outcome and associated factors affecting visual outcome were determined using the WHO visual criteria. Bivariate and multivariate correlation analysis was performed to identify associated variables. The p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 43 patients enrolled, the majority 40(93%) were females and 27(62.8%) of the patients were under the age of 45. The commonest presenting symptoms were headache and visual impairment in 41(95.3%) and 33(78.7%) of patients respectively. Postoperative visual improvement was found in 21(48.8%) of patients whereas 18(41.9%) of patients had a similar course and 4(9%) of the patients deteriorated. Age, duration of visual deterioration, peri-operative visual status, tumor size, optic canal extension, and Simpson grading of resection were found to have a significant association with visual outcome. Conclusion: Postoperative visual improvement was found in 21(48.8%) of patients, which is comparable with most studies. The postoperative visual outcome is favorably affected by a shorter duration of visual deterioration before surgery, better preoperative visual status, and tumor size less than 4cm.

A Comprehensive Method for Example-Based Color Transfer with Holistic-Local Balancing and Unit-Wise Riemannian Information Gradient Acceleration.

Color transfer, an essential technique in image editing, has recently received significant attention. However, achieving a balance between holistic color style transfer and local detail refinement remains a challenging task. This paper proposes an innovative color transfer method, named BHL, which stands for Balanced consideration of both Holistic transformation and Local refinement. The BHL method employs a statistical framework to address the challenge of achieving a balance between holistic color transfer and the preservation of fine details during the color transfer process. Holistic color transformation is achieved using optimal transport theory within the generalized Gaussian modeling framework. The local refinement module adjusts color and texture details on a per-pixel basis using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). To address the high computational complexity inherent in complex statistical modeling, a parameter estimation method called the unit-wise Riemannian information gradient (uRIG) method is introduced. The uRIG method significantly reduces the computational burden through the second-order acceleration effect of the Fisher information metric. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the BHL method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in both visual quality and objective evaluation criteria, even under stringent time constraints. Remarkably, the BHL method processes high-resolution images in an average of 4.874 s, achieving the fastest processing time compared to the baselines. The BHL method represents a significant advancement in the field of color transfer, offering a balanced approach that combines holistic transformation and local refinement while maintaining efficiency and high visual quality.

Post-marketing quality surveillance of selected antibacterial agents marketed in porous borders; the case of Ethiopia-Sudan-Eritrea border.

The presence of poor-quality medicines is becoming a public health threat in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. Antibiotics are among the most common anti-infective medicines that are highly prone to this problem. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of selected antibacterials that are marketed in Setit Humera and West Gondar Zones, North West Ethiopia, which are located on the Ethiopian side of the Ethiopia-Sudan-Eritrea border. Seventy-one samples of the four antibacterial medicines (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Amoxycillin, and Amoxycillin clavullanate combination) were collected from six sites in Setit Humera and West Gondar Zones, North West Ethiopia. A mystery shopping system was used for sample collection. Visual inspections and confirmation of the registration status were carried out using the joint WHO/FIP/USP checklist and the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority's (EFDA's) Electronic Regulatory Information System (eRIS), respectively. Then Pharmacopeial methods (USP, BP) were employed to assess the physicochemical quality parameters. During the period of our data collection, the application status for registration in the eRIS system was checked. From 71 samples, 25.35% (18/71) were not registered, and 15.49% (11/71) were registered, but the license period had expired. Some samples (12.06% (17/71)) did not meet the visual inspection criteria. The physicochemical evaluation showed that all the samples studied met the quality specifications for the identification and hardness tests. However, concerning assay, dissolution, uniformity of dosage units, disintegration, and friability test parameters, 27.49% (23/71), 16.9% (12/71), and 14.08% (10/71), 2.82% (2/71) and 8.57% (3/35) of samples were found to be substandard, respectively. Overall, 56.33% (40/71) of the samples tested were of poor quality, failing to meet any one or more of the assessed parameters in this study. The study indicated that poor-quality antibacterial medicines are circulating in the study sites. Therefore, even if the area was affected by conflict at the time of the study, the regulatory bodies should focus on enforcing the necessary measures by collaborating with the regional and national regulatory medicine agencies to ensure that the antibacterial medicines available meet the required mandatory minimum standards.

Correlation of Macular Ganglion Cell Layer + Inner Plexiform Layer (GCL + IPL) and Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (cRNFL) Thickness in Glaucoma Suspects and Glaucomatous Eyes.

The study aimed to correlate macular ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) thickness and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL) thickness and to determine the validity of GCL + IPL in the evaluation of glaucoma across different stages using the area under the curve (AUC) analysis in comparison to cRNFL. The charts of 260 adult glaucoma suspect and glaucoma patients having macular ganglion cell analysis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the cRNFL and automated visual field (AVF) were reviewed. GCL + IPL thickness (average, minimum and sectoral) and sectoral cRNFL thickness were obtained. Glaucomatous eyes were further classified into stages based on the Hodapp-Anderson-Parrish Visual Field Criteria of Glaucoma Severity. AUC analysis was used to compare GCL + IPL parameters with cRNFL in glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients. A total of 122 eyes were included in the study and were grouped into glaucoma suspects (n = 43), early or mild glaucoma (n = 40), and moderate-to-severe glaucoma (n = 39). Both GCL + IPL and cRNFL thickness parameters showed a significant decline with greater glaucoma severity. In the determination of visual field defects across all glaucoma stages, the highest AUC was obtained by minimum GCL + IPL (AUC = 0.859) with cut-off value at ≤70 µm. Average GCL + IPL had the highest AUC (0.835) in detecting progression from glaucoma suspect to mild glaucoma, while the inferior sector of the cRNFL had the highest AUC (0.937) in discerning mild from moderate-to-severe glaucoma. The results of this study highlight the significance of macular ganglion cell analysis in the screening, detection and staging of glaucoma. Compared to cRNFL, macular ganglion analysis may be more beneficial in glaucoma screening and detecting progression from glaucoma suspect to mild glaucoma.

Evaluating an Excel-based tool for interpreting functional analyses: A functional analysis decision support system.

When applied to functional analysis results, structured visual inspection criteria have resulted in improvements in the levels of agreement between raters as well as earlier identification of the function of challenging behavior. However, multistep criteria can be difficult to apply in real time, which could be a barrier to widespread adoption in practice. This study evaluated a Microsoft-Excel-based functional analysis decision support system (FADSS), which could aid behavior analysts with interpreting functional analysis results. Final overall agreement between the FADSS and post hoc visual inspection was high at 95%. Final overall agreement between the post hoc results generated by FADSS and ongoing results generated by FADSS was acceptable at 81%, representing a 50% increase in efficiency. These results indicate that FADSS could aid behavior analysts when interpreting functional analysis results in real time.

Using computational learning for non-melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis near-infrared hyperspectral signature classification

BackgroundThe early detection of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) is essential to ensure patients receive the most effective treatment. Diagnostic screening tools for NMSC are crucial due to high confusion rates with other types of skin lesions, such as Actinic Keratosis. Nevertheless, current means of diagnosing and screening patients rely on either visual criteria, that are often conditioned by subjectivity and experience, or highly invasive, slow, and costly methods, such as histological diagnoses. From this, the objectives of the present study are to test if classification accuracies improve in the Near-Infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, as opposed to previous research in shorter wavelengths. MethodsThis study utilizes near-infrared hyperspectral imaging, within the range of 900.6 and 1454.8 nm. Images were captured for a total of 125 patients, including 66 patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma, 42 with cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and 17 with Actinic Keratosis, to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy skin lesions. A combination of hybrid convolutional neural networks (for feature extraction) and support vector machine algorithms (as a final activation layer) was employed for analysis. In addition, we test whether transfer learning is feasible from networks trained on shorter wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. ResultsThe implemented method achieved a general accuracy of over 80 %, with some tasks reaching over 90 %. F1 scores were also found to generally be over the optimal threshold of 0.8. The best results were obtained when detecting Actinic Keratosis, however differentiation between the two types of malignant lesions was often noted to be more difficult. These results demonstrate the potential of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging combined with advanced machine learning techniques in distinguishing NMSC from other skin lesions. Transfer learning was unsuccessful in improving the training of these algorithms. ConclusionsWe have shown that the Near-Infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is highly useful for the identification and study of non-melanoma type skin lesions. While the results are promising, further research is required to develop more robust algorithms that can minimize the impact of noise in these datasets before clinical application is feasible.

Long-term visual outcomes and fluid compartment changes in limited-early versus early response to anti-VEGF treatment for diabetic macular edema

ObjectiveThis study assessed best visual acuity (BVA) and central subfield thickness (CST) outcomes for LER (limited early responder) and ER (early responder) patients at 24 and 36 months. DesignRetrospective chart review ParticipantsOne-hundred and twelve patients characterized at 3 months after their first anti-VEGF injections as either LER if they met the anatomic criteria (aLER = CST reductions ≤ 10%), visual criteria (vLER = ETDRS letter gains < 5 letter), or both (cLER). All other patients were classified as ER (aER/vER/cER). MethodsVariables collected include CST and ETDRS letters at baseline, 3, 24, and 36 months following injections, comorbidities, smoking status, demographics, baseline systemic factors, and the type and quantity of anti-VEGF injections. Analyses were performed using Welch's t-test, multivariable linear and multivariable logistic regression. ResultsBVA changes from 3 months were significant between cLER versus cER and vLER versus vER groups (p < 0.05). There was a greater decrease in mean BVA from 3 months to 36 months in the cER group compared to the cLER group. Alternatively, mean BVA decreased in the vER cohort, while the vLER cohort slightly increased. CST changes from 3 months were statistically significant (p < 0.01) between all LER and ER groups with LER groups showing greater reductions compared to ER counterparts. BVA and CST changes from baseline to 24 and 36 months were not significant after controlling for baseline differences between LER and ER groups. ConclusionResults highlight the value of long-term anti-VEGF treatment and the need to further explore options that may lead to continued BVA improvements beyond 3 months.

Vowel nasalization does not cue ambisyllabicity in American English nasals: Evidence from nasometrya).

Using visual spectrographic examination of vowel nasalization to diagnose the syllabic affiliation of phonologically ambisyllabic nasal consonants (e.g., gamma), Durvasula and Huang [(2017). Lang. Sci. 62, 17-36] argued that anticipatory vowel nasalization in these words patterns with word-medial codas. Using nasometry, the current study finds that anticipatory nasalization before monomorphemic and multimorphemic (scammer) ambisyllabic nasals differ from word-medial coda (gamble) and word-final nasals (scam), but not from other intervocalic nasals. Additionally, vowel nasalization is sensitive to the manner of the preceding phoneme. These findings demonstrate that quantifying anticipatory nasalization using nasometry differs from visual spectrographic criteria.

Comparison of Two Clinical Approaches FDI Vs Cars Visual Criteria for Secondary Caries Evaluation in Permanent Posterior Teeth

Background: Secondary caries arise at the contact of a natural tooth and a prosthetic repair. The present investigation employed two clinical methodologies, namely Caries associated with restoration or sealants (CARS) and the International Dental Federation (FDI), to evaluate and manage secondary caries in permanent posterior teeth. Objective: The goal of this research is to compare the diagnostic efficacy of FDI and CARS visual criteria for assessing secondary caries in permanent posterior teeth, to identify the more reliable and effective clinical approach for improved treatment planning and patient outcomes. Method: This was conducted at the School of Dentistry Pakistan institute of medical sciences Islamabad, after approval from the ethical committee. The sample size is 160 patients. In this study, two clinical criteria being assessed included one representing the FDI system which includes the marginal staining, marginal adaptation, and caries’ recurrence, while another one was Caries associated with restoration or sealants (CARS) based on ICCMS (International Caries Classification and Management System) for evaluation and treatment of secondary caries. Results: A total 650 restorations were assessed, with a mean age of 30.83 years (SD±2.68). While comparing, there was a strong correlation to the presence of caries lesions (Rho=0.64), and for Marginal adaptation, it was (Rho= -0.45), which depicts a weak inverse correlation. There was a moderate correlation between the two criteria (Rho=0.64,) The majority of CARS visual criteria decisions recommended no treatment in comparison to FDI criteria Conclusion: It is concluded that the FDI system is a more aggressive approach, suggesting a higher number of restoration replacements than the CARS which is less invasive. As a result, the method used to assess secondary caries may result in more or less invasive suggestions for treatment.

LGG-18. BEVACIZUMAB: GOOD FOR EYES AND MRI’S! A NATIONAL UK ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF BEVACIZUMAB THERAPY IN PAEDIATRIC LOW-GRADE GLIOMA (PLGG)

Abstract INTRODUCTION Bevacizumab (BEV) is increasingly used for PLGGs in varying manners despite limited evidence. The potential for BEV to preserve or rescue vision in OPGs has not yet been explored. We performed a nationwide UK evaluation of BEV use for PLGG to provide large cohort safety &amp; efficacy (radiological &amp; visual) data. METHODS A retrospective UK multi-centre analysis of patients treated with BEV for PLGG 2009-2020. Clinical patient, tumour, treatment and toxicity data were analysed from medical records. Age-adjusted LOGMAR visual acuity and radiological MRI assessments (RANO) were reviewed from initiation of BEV until latest follow-up. Standardized radiological &amp; visual criteria assessed efficacy and clinical–radiological correlation. RESULTS 88 PLGG patients from 11 PTCs received BEV either 3rd-line with irinotecan (85%) or alongside 1st/2nd line chemotherapy (15%) at median age 6 years (0.65-17). Median duration from diagnosis to BEV was 38 months. PLGGs included:15% Non-OPGs, 85% OPGs. Cohort OS 92% at median follow-up 34 months(3-106). Toxicity was limited and minimal. 8% stopped BEV for CTCAE grade 2+ toxicities, &amp; 3 patients had SAEs (2 intracranial haemorrhages, 1 thrombosis) after stopping BEV without obvious alternative cause. Overall radiological response (SD/PR/CR) was 88%; median duration to best response 3 months. Overall visual response (stable/improved) was 72%; median duration to best response 3-6 months. Superior visual outcomes were seen in NF1-OPGs (p=0.02). Concordance between visual and radiological responses was 36%; 48% using best eye only visual responses. 65% patients with treatment response had tumour progression (all-cause) within 8 months of BEV cessation. Visual responses endured significantly longer than radiological responses (p0.03). CONCLUSIONS BEV is a generally safe and effective treatment for PLGG. Most patients demonstrated on-treatment radiological and visual response. Preservation of response after BEV was limited, though visual responses endured better than radiological responses. BEV may have a unique role as a sight-saving strategy in OPG.

Feasibility of endoscopic techniques in assessing the radicality of chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer

Introduction. The standard of treatment of rectal cancer is a combined or complex technique in the form of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery or observation, with proven radicalization of CRT. Currently, the most adequate methods of evaluating the results of CRT are endoscopic diagnostics. The most reliable visual criteria for endoscopic examination of absence or presence of residual tumor are: complete response (flat white scar, telangiectasia), partially complete response (uneven mucosa, small nodules on mucosa, superficial ulceration, slight persistent erythema of scar) and incomplete response (visible tumor).Aim. The study is to assess sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic method in assessment of radicality of neoadjuvant CRT in patients with rectal cancer.Materials and methods. A retrospective study of 75 patients with verified rectal cancer after CRT was carried out. Inclusion criteria: histologically verified rectal cancer (adenocarcinoma); endoscopic picture of clinical response of rectal cancer to CRT; absence of established distant metastases at the moment of examination. Exclusion criteria: morphological types of tumors other than adenocarcinoma of the colorectal type; patients with primary-multiple diseases.Results. A retrospective study was conducted in 75 patients with a verified diagnosis of rectal cancer who underwent CRT at the first stage of treatment. All patients underwent endoscopic examination with evaluation of the degree of tumor regression, taking material for cytological and histological examination. In 57 (76,4 %) out of 75 patients on the basis of visual endoscopic picture the absence of residual tumor was stated, in 18 patients visual endoscopic signs were considered as presence of residual tumor. The results of morphological study in the first group of patients confirmed the absence of tumor in 51 cases (92.7 %). In the second group, in the presence of visual signs of residual tumor, morphological confirmation was obtained in 14 out of 18 patients (77.8 %). Morphological verification of residual tumor was obtained in 26.6 % of patients in the total group.Conclusion. Endoscopic and histologic data can be decisive in the evaluation of the degree of radicality of neoadjuvant CRT.

A computerized tool for the systematic visual quality assessment of infant multiple-breath washout measurements.

Multiple-breath washout (MBW) is a sensitive method for assessing lung volumes and ventilation inhomogeneity in infants, but remains prone to artefacts (e.g., sighs). There is a lack of tools for systematic retrospective analysis of existing datasets, and unlike N2-MBW in older children, there are few specific quality control (QC) criteria for artefacts in infant SF6-MBW. We aimed to develop a computer-based tool for systematic evaluation of visual QC criteria of SF6-MBW measurements and to investigate interrater agreement and effects on MBW outcomes among three independent examiners. We developed a software package for visualization of raw Spiroware (Eco Medics AG, Switzerland) and signal processed WBreath (ndd Medizintechnik AG, Switzerland) SF6-MBW signal traces. Interrater agreement among three independent examiners (two experienced, one novice) who systematically reviewed 400 MBW trials for visual artefacts and the decision to accept/reject the washin and washout were assessed. Our tool visualizes MBW signals and provides the user with (i) display options (e.g., zoom), (ii) options for a systematic QC assessment [e.g., decision to accept or reject, identification of artefacts (leak, sigh, irregular breathing pattern, breath hold), and comments], and (iii) additional information (e.g., automatic identification of sighs). Reviewer agreement was good using pre-defined QC criteria (κ 0.637-0.725). Differences in the decision to accept/reject had no substantial effect on MBW outcomes. Our visual quality control tool supports a systematic retrospective analysis of existing data sets. Based on predefined QC criteria, even inexperienced users can achieve comparable MBW results.

How do young identify plants? Using the drawing method to explore early ethnobotanical knowledge in Madagascar

Abstract In small‐scale societies, people learn to identify plant species during childhood. Plant recognition is an important baseline knowledge, immediately useful to avoid intoxication risk due to wrong identification. Plant recognition is the basis of other ethnobotanical knowledge essential for safeguarding biocultural diversity. However, despite many studies on folk classification, we still have a narrow understanding of the criteria locally used for species identification; the gap being even larger regarding children's plant identification criteria. Here, we study the criteria used by Betsileo children and adolescents to identify wild edible plant (WEP) species using a child‐adapted method including drawings and follow‐up interviews. We worked with 80 teenagers (from 12 to 17 years old; 51 girls, and 29 boys). Our results suggest that teenagers use a large spectrum of visual criteria to identify plants and that these criteria match with botanical and ecological knowledge documented in the literature and herbarium vouchers. We found that 35% of the identification criteria used were non‐morphological (e.g. phenology, biotic interactions), suggesting deep ecological knowledge. On average, teenagers use more than nine distinct criteria per plant, which allows them to identify most plant species with a very high level of precision. The precision level of plant representation increases with age for boys, but remains constant for girls, suggesting different dynamics in plant identification knowledge acquisition. We also found that boys and girls use different identification criteria: girls focus on morphological criteria while boys also incorporate ecological criteria, such as landscape features and biotic interactions, in their spectrum of identification keys. Our results highlight the complexity of teenagers' plant knowledge and the importance of the ecological context and gender in plant identification's knowledge acquisition. This knowledge acquired very early in childhood, constitutes the foundation of future interactions with nature and should be at the heart of environmental humanities studies and knowledge co‐production projects to tackle socio‐ecological concerns. Hence, we urge further research to explore innovative methods that complement traditional ethnoecological tools and capture complex sensory aspects of folk children's taxonomy to better understand human‐plant interactions and knowledge. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Prognostic value of visual IMPeTUs criteria and metabolic tumor burden at baseline [18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

Background2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography combined with low-dose computed tomography (PET/CT) can be used at diagnosis to identify myeloma-defining events and also provides prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of baseline [18F]FDG PET/CT visual IMPeTUs (Italian myeloma criteria for PET Use)-based parameters and/or total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) in a single-center population of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) eligible for transplantation.MethodsPatients with MM who underwent a baseline [18F]FDG PET/CT were retrospectively selected from a large internal database of the University Hospital of Liege (Liege, Belgium). Initially, all PET/CT images were visually analyzed using IMPeTUs criteria, followed by delineation of TMTV using a semi-automatic lesion delineation workflow, including [18F]FDG-positive MM focal lesions (FL) with an absolute SUV threshold set at 4.0. In a first step, to ensure PET/CT scans accurate reporting, the agreement between two nuclear medicine physicians with distinct experience was assessed. In the second step, univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine the prognostic significance of [18F]FDG PET/CT parameters on progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively.ResultsA total of 40 patients with NDMM were included in the study. The observers agreement in the analysis [18F]FDG PET/CT images was substantial for the presence of spine FL, extra spine FL, at least one fracture and paramedullary disease (Cohen’s kappa 0.79, 0.87, 0.75 and 0.64, respectively). For the presence of skull FL and extramedullary disease the agreement was moderate (Cohen’s kappa 0.56 and 0.53, respectively). Among [18F]FDG PET/CT parameters, a high number of delineated volumes of interest (VOI) using the SUV4.0 threshold was the only independent prognostic factor associated with PFS [HR (95% CI): 1.03 (1.004–1.05), P = 0.019] while a high number of FL (n > 10; F group 4) was the only independent prognostic factor associated with OS [HR (95% CI): 19.10 (1.90–191.95), P = 0.01].ConclusionOur work confirms the reproducibility IMPeTUs criteria. Furthermore, it demonstrates that a high number of FL (n > 10; IMPeTUs F group 4), reflecting a high [18F]FDG-avid tumor burden, is an independent prognostic factor for OS. The prognostic value of the TMTV delineated using a SUV4.0 threshold was not significant. Nevertheless, the count of delineated [18F]FDG-avid lesions VOI using a SUV4.0 threshold was an independent prognostic factor for PFS.

Cross-Sectional Associations between Nutrient Intake and Tooth Decay in Older Australian Men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project

Poor nutrition is a risk factor for dental decay in younger people. However, except for sugar, it is unclear if this is true in older age groups. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible associations between overall dietary intake of nutrients and diet quality and the presence of dental decay in community-dwelling older men. A cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinal study with a standardized validated diet history assessment and comprehensive oral health examination in 520 community-dwelling men (mean age: 84 years) participating in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Nutrient reference values were used to determine if individual micronutrients and macronutrients were meeting recommendations. Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) were attained for fat and carbohydrate intakes and were incorporated into a dichotomous variable to determine if the participants were consuming a high fat-low carbohydrate diet. Diagnosis of coronal caries was based on visual criteria and inspection and was completed on each of the five coronal surfaces. Root surface caries was textual changes across four root surfaces. This diagnosis was used to categorize participants by the presence and severity of coronal and root caries. The adjusted logistic regression showed not meeting the recommended intakes for thiamin (odds ratio [OR]: 2.32 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–4.67), and zinc (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.71–6.48) were associated with presence of severe root decay. Adjusted analysis also showed that participants who were outside the recommended AMDR for fat (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.98) and those who consumed a high fat and low carbohydrate diet (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.91) were less likely to have coronal tooth decay. Our study shows associations between micronutrients and macronutrients and coronal and root surface decay. Although this study cannot prescribe causality or be generalized to all older adults, diet has a possible association with dental decay in older men.

A Hybrid Approach Combining Shape-Based and Docking Methods to Identify Novel Potential P2X7 Antagonists from Natural Product Databases.

P2X7 is an ATP-activated purinergic receptor implicated in pro-inflammatory responses. It is associated with the development of several diseases, including inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. Although several P2X7 receptor antagonists have recently been reported in the literature, none of them is approved for clinical use. However, the structure of the known antagonists can serve as a scaffold for discovering effective compounds in clinical therapy. This study aimed to propose an improved virtual screening methodology for the identification of novel potential P2X7 receptor antagonists from natural products through the combination of shape-based and docking approaches. First, a shape-based screening was performed based on the structure of JNJ-47965567, a P2X7 antagonist, using two natural product compound databases, MEGx (~5.8 × 103 compounds) and NATx (~32 × 103 compounds). Then, the compounds selected by the proposed shape-based model, with Shape-Tanimoto score values ranging between 0.624 and 0.799, were filtered for drug-like properties. Finally, the compounds that met the drug-like filter criteria were docked into the P2X7 allosteric binding site, using the docking programs GOLD and DockThor. The docking poses with the best score values were submitted to careful visual inspection of the P2X7 allosteric binding site. Based on our established visual inspection criteria, four compounds from the MEGx database and four from the NATx database were finally selected as potential P2X7 receptor antagonists. The selected compounds are structurally different from known P2X7 antagonists, have drug-like properties, and are predicted to interact with key P2X7 allosteric binding pocket residues, including F88, F92, F95, F103, M105, F108, Y295, Y298, and I310. Therefore, the combination of shape-based screening and docking approaches proposed in our study has proven useful in selecting potential novel P2X7 antagonist candidates from natural-product-derived compounds databases. This approach could also be useful for selecting potential inhibitors/antagonists of other receptors and/or biological targets.

Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Modeling (GLMM) of Functional Analysis Graphical Construction Elements on Visual Analysis

Multielement designs are the quintessential design tactic to evaluate outcomes of a functional analysis in applied behavior analysis. Protecting the credibility of the data collection, graphing, and visual analysis processes from a functional analysis increases the likelihood that optimal intervention decisions are made for individuals. Time-series graphs and visual analysis are the most prevalent method used to interpret functional analysis data. The current project included two principal aims. First, we tested whether the graphical construction manipulation of the x-to-y axes ratio (i.e., data points per x- axis to y-axis ratio [DPPXYR]) influenced visual analyst’s detection of a function on 32 multielement design graphs displaying functional analyses. Second, we investigated the alignment between board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs; N = 59) visual analysis with the modified visual inspection criteria (Roane et al., Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46, 130-146, 2013). We found that the crossed GLMM that included random slopes, random intercepts, and did not include an interaction effect (AIC = 1406.1, BIC = 1478.2) performed optimally. Second, alignment between BCBAs decisions and the MVI appeared to be low across data sets. We also leveraged current best practices in Open Science for raw data and analysis transparency.