Vision Related Problems Research Articles

Impact of increased screen-time on ocular health of professional college students during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

Background: Digital Eye Strain (DES) or Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a group of eye and vision related problems that result from prolonged use of digital devices. The usage of digital devices has gone up across the globe, since the declaration of the lockdown due to COVID-19. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of digital eye strain (DES) due to increased screen time and to determine the factors associated with it, among undergraduate medical students during COVID-19. Methods: The study analyzed over 280 responses from undergraduate medical students having exposure to digital devices daily for a period more than 6 months during COVID 19 pandemic. A pre-validated questionnaire Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) which contains 16 symptoms associated with Digital Eye Strain (DES) was used to calculate the DES score. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms adds up to give a total score. A score ≥6 indicated the presence of DES. Data analysis was done using MS Excel and SPSS software. Results: Digital eye strain was found to be prevalent among 61% of the total respondents. It was seen that daily digital device usage increased to above 5 hours after commencement of pandemic (p=0·001). Headache was the most common symptom (83.92). DES has a female gender predominance (p=0.024). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of digital eye strain among undergraduate medical students during pandemic. Awareness should be created among students about impact of DES on ocular health. Measures to reduce DES are recommended.

Prevalence and Interrelationships of Screen Time, Visual Disorders, and Neck Pain Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study at Majmaah University.

Digital devices significantly contribute to vision-related problems. In addition, prolonged postural imbalance, owing to excessive use of digital devices, can lead to the tightening of head and neck muscles, resulting in neck pain, a common musculoskeletal discomfort that significantly affects individuals with poor vision. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and interrelationships of screen time, visual disorders, and neck pain among students at Majmaah University. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia, enrolling students aged 18 to 25 years. Exclusion criteria included neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. Demographic data and information on visual and neck pain symptoms were collected. The Neck Disability Index questionnaire was used to assess neck pain, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Among 263 participants, 53.6% were female. Nearsightedness (38.0%) and dry/itchy eyes (49.0%) were the most common visual disorders and symptoms, respectively. Visual disorders were prevalent in 62.0% of students, while neck pain was reported by 79.5%. Females and those studying for more than 5 h using electronic screens daily reported higher neck disability index scores. A significant association was found between >5 h of study duration [screen time] and neck disability (OR 3.703, 95% CI 1.500-9.144, p = 0.005). The study highlights a relationship between visual problems and neck pain among university students, emphasizing the need for addressing vision-related issues to reduce neck discomfort. High screen time could substantially increase the odds of developing neck disability. However, authors warrant cautious interpretation in the light of following limitations: cross-sectional study, small sample size, lack of statistical power, and self-reported data.

The Relationship Between Knowledge and Computer Vision Syndrome Prevention Behavior in Computer User Employees at Setco Group Pekanbaru

Background: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) refers to a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer use. The prevalence of CVS among office workers varies but is notably high. Studies indicate that the prevalence of CVS symptoms can range from 50% to 90% among regular computer users. CVS occurs due to poor computer use behaviors such as incorrect sitting position and lack of breaks while using the computer. Bad behavior in using computers is influenced by poor knowledge in using computers. Based on an initial survey, 70% of employees experienced CVS. Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge and CVS prevention behavior of computer user employees at Setco Group Pekanbaru. Methods: Observational analytic research with cross sectional design, data collection technique used total sampling with a sample size of 122 respondents. Data analysis was performed bivariate using the Spearman correlation test. Results: Based on the Spearman correlation test on knowledge of CVS prevention behavior, it was found that there was a relationship between CVS prevention knowledge and CVS prevention behavior with a positive direction and weak correlation strength (p-value 0.011) and r 0.229. Conclusion: There is a relationship between knowledge and CVS prevention behavior in employees who use computers.

Aggregation operators-based divergence measures for single-valued neutrosophic sets with their applications to pattern recognition

A Single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) has recently been explored as a comprehensive tool to assess uncertain information due to varied human cognition. This notion stretches the domain of application of the classical fuzzy set and its extended versions. Various comparison measures based on SVNSs like distance measure, similarity measure, and, divergence measure have practical significance in the study of clustering analysis, pattern recognition, machine learning, and computer vision-related problems. Existing measures have some drawbacks in terms of precision and exclusion of information and produce unreasonable results in categorization problems. In this paper, we propose a generic method to define new divergence measures based on common aggregation operators and discuss some algebraic properties of the proposed divergence measures. To further appreciate the proposed divergence measures, their application to pattern recognition has been investigated in conjunction with the prominent existing comparison measures based on SVNSs. The comparative assessment sensitivity analysis of the proposed measures establishes their edge over the existing ones because of appropriate classification results.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Interventional Package on Computer Vision Syndrome among Computer Users at Selected Institutions, Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Background : Computer vision syndrome or digital eye strain as a group of eye and vision related problems that result from prolonged use of computer. Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment. It is estimated that nearly 60 million people suffer from CVS globally, and that new cases occur each year. However, interventional package on computer vision syndrome will help computer users to enhance knowledge and prevention of Computer vision syndrome. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of interventional package on computer vision syndrome among computer users. Methodology : An experimental research design to assess the effectiveness interventional package on computer vision syndrome among computer users. Simple random sampling was used to select 100 samples and equally divided into control and experimental group. Self reported checklist was used to collect data. Result: The analysis of the study revealed In survey had done among 150 subjects, the maximum number of subjects 93 (62%) had mild level, 34 (22.66%) subjects had moderate and 4 ( 2.66%) subjects had severe level of computer vision syndrome and 19 (12.66%) subjects had no computer vision syndrome. The majority of subjects belonged to 20-30 years of age. 42% belonged to female category. 47.33% were bachelor degree. 58.66% were having 1-5 year of experience and 90% were belongs to Hindu religion.. In experimental group the pre test mean score was 9.18 with standard deviation of 2.134 and post test mean score was 7.16 with standard deviation of 2.044 and mean difference was 2.02. The obtained ‘t’ value (14.28) was significance at p <0.0007 level. Gender and educational qualification have significant association with the level of computer vision syndrome. Conclusion: The result showed that there was significant decrease level of computer vision syndrome among computer users in experimental group after administration of interventional package. Keywords: Computer vision syndrome, Interventional package, Ophthalmic exercise

Visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for determining the prevalence of computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional smart-survey-based study.

The American Optometric Association defines computer vision syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, as "a group of eye- and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use". We aimed to create a well-structured, valid, and reliable questionnaire to determine the prevalence of CVS, and to analyze the visual, ocular surface, and extraocular sequelae of CVS using a novel and smart self-assessment questionnaire. This multicenter, observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based, online study included 6853 complete online responses of medical students from 15 universities. All participants responded to the updated, online, fourth version of the CVS questionnaire (CVS-F4), which has high validity and reliability. CVS was diagnosed according to five basic diagnostic criteria (5DC) derived from the CVS-F4. Respondents who fulfilled the 5DC were considered CVS cases. The 5DC were then converted into a novel five-question self-assessment questionnaire designated as the CVS-Smart. Of 10 000 invited medical students, 8006 responded to the CVS-F4 survey (80% response rate), while 6853 of the 8006 respondents provided complete online responses (85.6% completion rate). The overall CVS prevalence was 58.78% (n = 4028) among the study respondents; CVS prevalence was higher among women (65.87%) than among men (48.06%). Within the CVS group, the most common visual, ocular surface, and extraocular complaints were eye strain, dry eye, and neck/shoulder/back pain in 74.50% (n = 3001), 58.27% (n = 2347), and 80.52% (n = 3244) of CVS cases, respectively. Notably, 75.92% (3058/4028) of CVS cases were involved in the Mandated Computer System Use Program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the two most statistically significant diagnostic criteria of the 5DC were ≥2 symptoms/attacks per month over the last 12 months (odds ratio [OR] = 204177.2; P <0.0001) and symptoms/attacks associated with screen use (OR = 16047.34; P <0.0001). The CVS-Smart demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.860, Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.805, with perfect content and construct validity. A CVS-Smart score of 7-10 points indicated the presence of CVS. The visual, ocular surface, and extraocular diagnostic criteria for CVS constituted the basic components of CVS-Smart. CVS-Smart is a novel, valid, reliable, subjective instrument for determining CVS diagnosis and prevalence and may provide a tool for rapid periodic assessment and prognostication. Individuals with positive CVS-Smart results should consider modifying their lifestyles and screen styles and seeking the help of ophthalmologists and/or optometrists. Higher institutional authorities should consider revising the Mandated Computer System Use Program to avoid the long-term consequences of CVS among university students. Further research must compare CVS-Smart with other available metrics for CVS, such as the CVS questionnaire, to determine its test-retest reliability and to justify its widespread use.

Screen Time at 6 Years Old and Visual Function in Early Adolescence.

Excessive screen time has been linked to adverse health outcomes in children, including vision-related problems such as myopia. However, very few studies have evaluated the effect of moderate screen exposure on the development of visual functions. This study aimed to examine the association between screen time during middle childhood and color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and short-range visual acuity in 12-year-old children (n = 305) from the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France) for the whole sample and for boys and girls separately. Visual functions were assessed using the Freiburg Acuity and Contrast Test and an adapted version of the Cambridge Color Test. Screen exposure was documented using a parent self-report questionnaire. Regression models showed that screen exposure at 6 years of age was significantly associated with higher contrast sensitivity across the entire sample at 12 years of age. However, when controlling for covariates, this association remained statistically significant in girls only. Sex-stratified analyses also showed that moderate screen exposure was linked to improved tritan-axis color vision in boys only. These findings suggest that moderate screen exposure in middle childhood is not harmful to visual function development and as such, provide new insights into the impact of digital technology on children's visual health and development.

Evaluation of Effect of E-Learning on the Curriculum during the COVID-19 Era at a Private Dental College of Wardha District, Maharashtra: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The purpose of the study is to illustrate the preferential levels of e-learning and to highlight the effect of e-learning in comparison to the traditional method of learning among students to ultimately improve academic performance. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the expectations and effects of e-learning on the dental education among students and staff members at a private dental college of Wardha district, Maharashtra. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 499 students to assess the perception of undergraduate students, interns, and faculty members of a private dental college of Wardha district, Maharashtra, on the impact of e-learning on the understanding of lectures during the COVID-19 period. For data collection, an online questionnaire using Google Forms was prepared. For further understanding of the data, 21 questions were divided into three sections. The first section collects data regarding demographic details such as age, sex, and professional status. The second section had questions regarding the choice of e-learning tools and feasibility, whereas the third section had questions to understand the impact of e-learning on mental and physical health as well as effect on curriculum. Statistical Analysis Used: For statistical analysis, SPSS version 24 was used. Analysis of statistics by Chi-square test was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: All faculty members, interns, PGs, and UGs agreed that their screen time increased during COVID-19 as online classes were the primary source of learning. During this era, out of all, 67.89% of faculties, 62.96% of interns, 54.95% of UGs, and 60.67% of PGs encountered vision-related problems such as headache, burning sensation, and dryness of eyes. Faculty members experienced back and neck pain. Almost all participants agreed that they felt isolated using e-lectures. Further, when they were asked about their preferred mode for learning, live/offline mode was preferred over e-learning by 100% of faculty members, 93.63% of interns, 86.08% of UGs, and 88.89% of PGs. Furthermore, all participants showed their strong disagreement for using e-learning as their primary source of learning. Conclusions: During COVID-19, e-learning helped us to provide education across the country; however, its use as primary learning media should be judiciously carried out as it may affect the mental and physical health of the patient in long term.

A Study to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office Employees in selected companies of Mehsana district

Introduction: Computer Vision Syndrome, also referred to as digital eye strain, describes a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader and cell phone use. At greatest risk for developing CVS are those persons who spend two or more continuous hours at a computer or using a digital screen device every day. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees. Design: A quantitative approach using pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design. Participants: 100 Office employees were selected using non probability convenient sampling technique in selected companies of Mehsana district. Interventions: Structured teaching programme was given to the Office employees. Tool: Self Structured Questionnaire was used to assess the level of Knowledge on Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees. Results: In this study overall the highest percentage in the demographic data including the Age group 40% (31-40 years), Gender 78% (Male), General education status 44% (Graduation in computer science), Total number of years of working on computer 33% (&gt;8.1 years), Working department of company 28 % (Other), Type of computer work 27% (Graphic), Total number of hours working on computer per day 46% (9-12 hours), Total number of hours continuously working on computer per day 66% (≥6 hours), Use anti-reflective coating eyeglasses 100% (No), Use spectacles 65% (No) and Knowledge regarding computer vision syndrome 62% (No). The post¬test Knowledge mean score (16.7) higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (10.29). The calculated “t” value (18.79) was greater than the table value (2.00) at 0.05 level of significance. The structured teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge of Office employees regarding Computer Vision Syndrome. Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that structured teaching programme helps in improving knowledge regarding Computer Vision Syndrome among Office employees.

Vision impairment is common in non-hospitalised patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Vision-related problems can be part of longstanding sequelae after COVID-19 and hamper the return to work and daily activities. Knowledge about symptoms, visual, and oculomotor dysfunctions is however scarce, particularly for non-hospitalised patients. Clinically applicable tools are needed as support in the assessment and determination of intervention needs. Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate vision-related symptoms, assess visual and oculomotor function, and to test the clinical assessment of saccadic eye movements and sensitivity to visual motion in non-hospitalised post-COVID-19 outpatients. The patients (n = 38) in this observational cohort study were recruited from a post-COVID-19 clinic and had been referred for neurocognitive assessment. Methods Patients who reported vision-related symptoms reading problems and intolerance to movement in the environment were examined. A structured symptom assessment and a comprehensive vision examination were undertaken, and saccadic eye movements and visual motion sensitivity were assessed. Results High symptom scores (26–60%) and prevalence of visual function impairments were observed. An increased symptom score when reading was associated with less efficient saccadic eye movement behaviour (p < 0.001) and binocular dysfunction (p = 0.029). Patients with severe symptoms in visually busy places scored significantly higher on the Visual Motion Sensitivity Clinical Test Protocol (p = 0.029). Conclusion Vision-related symptoms and impairments were prevalent in the study group. The Developmental Eye Movement Test and the Visual Motion Sensitivity Clinical Test Protocol showed promise for clinical assessment of saccadic performance and sensitivity to movement in the environment. Further study will be required to explore the utility of these tools.

Computer Vision Syndrome: An Emerging Public Health Problem Amongst Secondary School Students in South East Nigeria in the Post-Pandemic Era

Background: Globally, Covid-19 pandemic pushed all students indoors. This necessitated mandatory e-learning for all students. Students were compelled to spend 8-12 hours in front of digital devices. This unregulated e-learning has left students at risk of developing Computer Vision Syndrome, (CVS). CVS, a spectrum of eye and vision related problems resulting from the uninterrupted use of digital devices for as little as 2 hours per day, is an emerging public health challenge. This study aimed to assess the ocular, visual and systemic presentations of CVS amongst secondary school students and the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study. The data was generated using self-administered questionnaire and was analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Frequency and percentage of quantifiable variables were analyzed. The independent variables and the dependent variables were grouped and their associations were analyzed. P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 1695 students participated. Commonest ocular symptoms were eye rubbing 33.0% and tearing 31.0%, while the commonest visual symptom was blurry vision 49.5%. Headache was the major systemic complaint 44.1%. Prolonged use of devices for 3 or more hours and use of 3 or more devices often resulted in some visual symptoms. These were statistically significant with a p value of &lt; 0.001. Conclusion: The study observed that duration of exposure to digital screen has linear relationship to CVS. It also noted that number of digital devices used, hours spent and continuous use of screens are strong risk factors for developing CVS. Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, e- learning, pandemic

A survey of Optimal Transport for Computer Graphics and Computer Vision

AbstractOptimal transport is a long‐standing theory that has been studied in depth from both theoretical and numerical point of views. Starting from the 50s this theory has also found a lot of applications in operational research. Over the last 30 years it has spread to computer vision and computer graphics and is now becoming hard to ignore. Still, its mathematical complexity can make it difficult to comprehend, and as such, computer vision and computer graphics researchers may find it hard to follow recent developments in their field related to optimal transport. This survey first briefly introduces the theory of optimal transport in layman's terms as well as most common numerical techniques to solve it. More importantly, it presents applications of these numerical techniques to solve various computer graphics and vision related problems. This involves applications ranging from image processing, geometry processing, rendering, fluid simulation, to computational optics, and many more. It is aimed at computer graphics researchers desiring to follow optimal transport research in their field as well as optimal transport researchers willing to find applications for their numerical algorithms.

Correlation of Conjunctival Impression Cytology and Clinical Examination in University Students at Lahore during the COVID-19

During COVID 19 pandemic every home-bound school, college, and university student was using computers and electronic gadgets for social networking and online education. To assess the effects of these gadgets on ocular and vision-related problems, very little research had been done on the Pakistani population, especially among university students. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 355 students of University of the Punjab. Questionnaire-based data were collected by measurement of tearfilm breakup time(TBUT), the number of corneal dry spots, Schirmer’s test, and conjunctival impression cytology(CIC). Pearson correlation analysis was done on CIC score versus TBUT, Schirmer’s test and Goblet Cell Density (GCD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for mean comparison of visual acuity, TBUT, cornea spots, and Schirmer’s test to see the significance of the results. P-value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out ofthe 355 students, 65% were females. The mean age of the students was 22.30 ± 6.8 years. At each level of visual acuity, there was no statistically significant difference between the meansof the different levels of visual acuity (F=0.488, p=0.614). A statistically significant meandifference was found between CIC score and TBUT (F=208.45p=&lt;0.001), CIC score andcornea spot (F=39.31, p=&lt;0.001), CIC score and Schirmer’s test (F=5.83, p=0.001). Forthe early diagnosis and management of CVS, in addition to applying the validated questionnaire and clinical dry eye tests, the Conjunctival impression cytology can be tested on a larger population to be proven as a gold slandered test.

Heavy Duty Truck and Pedestrian Crashes at Signalized Intersections: Comparison of High-Vision and Low-Vision Cab Drivers’ Performance on a Driving Simulator

Low-vision trucks are ubiquitous. Vision-related problems, especially blind zones, are the second leading cause of truck–pedestrian strikes in the UK and are implicated in 25% of fatal truck–vulnerable road user crashes in the U.S.A. High-vision truck cabs could potentially reduce the number of truck–pedestrian strikes. In this research, undertaken on a driving simulator, we evaluated scenarios in which drivers of low-vision cabs could see pedestrians entering and exiting from the crosswalk out, respectively, of the driver and passenger side windows, but not when the pedestrian was in the front blind zone of the low-vision vehicle. In theory, drivers of the low-vision cabs could determine that a pedestrian who had crossed from one side did not exit on the other side. Conversely, drivers of high-vision cabs could see, but only barely, the heads of pedestrians traversing in front as well as entering and exiting the crosswalk. In none of the 45 scenarios did the drivers of the high-vision cabs strike the pedestrian in front of their vehicle. However, in 39 of the 45 scenarios the drivers of the low-vision cabs struck the pedestrian. This indicates that direct vision to the sides is not enough by itself to allow drivers of low-vision cabs to predict the presence of pedestrians directly in front of them, whereas direct vision both to the front and the sides allows drivers of high-vision cabs to refrain from striking pedestrians directly in front, a situation that is common in the signalized intersection crosswalk scenarios tested in this study.

To Assess the Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome in Students of Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana

BACKGROUND&#x0D; Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) also referred to as Digital Eye Strain, describes a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged computer, tablet or cell phone usage. Ever since the advent of the COVID pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the amount of time spent in front of the screen, be it for online classes or working from home. We wanted to assess the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among medical, dental, nursing and physiotherapy students of Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana.&#x0D; METHODS&#x0D; This was a prospective study conducted for one month among students aged 18-22 years. A total of 75 students were randomly selected from the four colleges namely Christian Medical College, Christian Dental College, College of Physiotherapy and College of Nursing, Ludhiana. The questionnaire was filled and the responses were noted. The responses were then compared to the ocular surface disease index (OSDI). The students were divided into 4 groups namely No / Mild / Moderate and Severe disease. The students belonging to the groups mild, moderate and severe disease were sent to the Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana for evaluation and further management of CVS.&#x0D; RESULTS&#x0D; The study showed that the prevalence of CVS was 48 %, 34.7 %, 12 % and 5.3 % for no disease, mild disease, moderate disease, and severe disease respectively.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS&#x0D; The prevalence of CVS in our study was found to be 52.0%.

Gambaran Gejala Computer Vision Syndrome Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas HKBP Nommensen MedanTahun 2019/2020

Background: The use of computers among students is now a necessary, especially for medical students both study and entertainment. This situation can increase the risk of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a bunch of symptoms on eye and vision-related problems by prolonged use of computers (such as tablets, e-readers, smartphones, etc.).&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to find out the representation of CVS symptoms experienced by medical students in Medical Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan.&#x0D; Methods: This study is an observational descriptive with cross sectional design. The subjects were 270 students of Medical Faculty Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan, was elected by total sampling technique due to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument of this study was a questionnaire consist of 30 questions.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the most common symptoms of CVS experienced by students on Medical Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen were sensitivity to light as many as 219 people (81.1%), neck and back pain as many as 214 people (79.3%) and eye strain as many as 210 people (77.8%). The maximum duration of computer use by students of Medical Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan is &gt;4 hours (90.4%).&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study was found that the most experienced symptom of CVS was light sensitivity. Based on the severity, CVS mild symptoms experienced are dry eye and irritation, moderate on eye strain, and severe on light sensitivity.

Vision-Related Quality of Life and Seasonal Affective Disorder in Patients with Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by depressive episodes related to changes in the seasons. Patients with severe vision loss are at an increased risk of SAD. This study seeks to determine the extent to which patients with moderate vision loss report symptoms of SAD. In this cross-sectional, comparative case series, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) and the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-39) were used to screen 111 patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and/or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A multiple regression analysis was performed to create a predictive model for SAD based on the Global Seasonality Score (GSS) using the VFQ-39. Subjects who reported symptoms of SAD (GSS > 8) had lower vision-related quality of life (composite score: 57.2 versus 73.2, p < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items on the VFQ-39 split into two distinct dimensions that together accounted for 63.2% of the total variance in the GSS. One group of questions addressed vision-related problems; the other group comprised questions related to the quality of life. Whereas this model successfully identified patients with vision loss at risk of SAD, a model restricted to the questions available on the shorter, widely used VFQ-25 instrument did not reliably identify patients at risk of SAD.

Parallel Vision for Long-Tail Regularization: Initial Results From IVFC Autonomous Driving Testing

Long-tail effect, characterized by highly frequent occurrence of normal scenarios and the scarce appearance of extreme &#x201C;long-tail&#x201D; scenarios, ubiquitously exists in the vision-related problems in the real-world applications. Though many computer vision methods to date have already achieved feasible performance for most of the normal scenarios, it is still challenging for existing vision systems to accurately perceive the long-tail scenarios. This deficiency largely hinders the practical application of computer vision systems, since long-tail problems may incur fatal consequences, such as traffic accidents, taking the vision systems of autonomous vehicles as an example. In this paper, we firstly propose a theoretical framework named Long-tail Regularization (LoTR), for analyzing and tackling the long-tail problems in the vision perception of autonomous driving. LoTR is able to regularize the scarcely occurred long-tail scenarios to be frequently encountered. Then we present a Parallel Vision Actualization System (PVAS), which consists of closed-loop optimization and virtual-real interaction, to search for challenging long-tail scenarios and produce large-scale long-tail driving scenarios for autonomous vehicles. In addition, we introduce how to perform PVAS in Intelligent Vehicle Future Challenge of China (IVFC), the most durable autonomous driving competition around the world. Results over the past decade demonstrate that PVAS can effectively guide the collection of long-tail data to diminish the cost in the real world, and thus promote the capability of vision systems to adapt to complex environments, alleviating the impact of long-tail effect.

Effects of digital devices and online learning on computer vision syndrome in students during the COVID-19 era: an online questionnaire study

PurposeComputer vision syndrome (CVS) describes a group of eye and vision-related problems that result from prolonged digital device use. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of...

Visual impairment in children with multiple disabilities in schools for children with special needs in South India.

Purpose:To understand/assess ocular and functional vision impairment in children with multiple disabilities with a functional vision assessment battery in addition to standard ophthalmic examinations in an outreach setting.Methods:Seven schools for children with special needs, 243 children in total, were screened for ocular disorders and functional vision impairment through school camps.Results:Among them, 37% had refractive errors needing spectacle correction. With standard ocular testing methods, the visual impairment was around 32%, but when functional vision was assessed, the functional vision impairment amounted to 70% in these children. The presence of functional vision impairment was found to be independent of the associated disability. Assessment of visual capacities such as visual closure, saccade pursuits, optic ataxia, and developmental milestones early on can help in suspecting the presence of CVIConclusion:Children with multiple disabilities are more at risk of functional vision impairment, which significantly impairs their ability to function in daily life. A complete functional vision assessment becomes essential to plan early intervention for these children. The significant proportion of vision impairment and functional vision loss in our study indicates the need for coordinated structured programs to address vision-related problems in children with multiple disabilities.