Visible Source Research Articles

An activity system perspective on the sources of competitive advantage: A review and conceptual integration of designing and generative logics

Recent years have seen a proliferation of activity system perspective research, by shedding light on how the choice of activity leads to competitive advantage. Nevertheless, this body of work remains fragmented due to the existence of two implications derived from activity system — designing and generative logics. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing activity system perspective, providing a conceptual framework, and outlining a future research agenda. Our review reveals the focuses of prior works on fit and presents the key components of activity system and their attributes. Further, we propose a holistic understanding of activity system, followed by a conceptual framework of competitive advantage that encompasses the key components of activity system: designed value propositions, designed rules, designed activities, designed fit, generative activities, generative regularities, generative value propositions, and generative fit. Drawing on this framework, we offer a research agenda that highlights the hidden and visible sources of competitive advantage across components, along with research directions towards ecosystem and artificial intelligence. Our contribution lies in the conceptualization of activity system perspective as a designing and generative lens, offering a conceptual framework of competitive advantage and paving the ways for future research.

Optoelectronic oscillator using visible LEDs and plastic optical fibers.

This paper describes an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) capable of accepting CW light as input and providing radio-frequency (RF) carriers as output. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to describe an easy-to-assemble and low-cost OEO that uses visible LED sources with a standard 1mm diameter plastic optical fiber as part of the oscillation ring. The gain is solely provided by a transimpedance pre-amplifier integrated with a photodetector. Self-oscillations occurred. Fundamental frequencies in the 7.7-26.5MHz range were generated, since the length of the fiber and the bias current feeding the LED are both correctly tuned. A comprehensive approach is used to explain the operation of the OEO. The proposed OEO may be didactically useful for use in research or teaching laboratories by untrained people.

Flexible electrodes based on laser-induced graphene as an analytical platform to monitor amoxicillin

Graphene production methods are typically complex and include micromechanical exfoliation, reduction of graphene oxide in the liquid phase, and epitaxial growth. However, a more efficient and rapid alternative is the thermal conversion of polyimide into graphene by laser pyrolysis, offering a simpler and faster approach. Thus, this paper introduces an electrochemical platform based on laser-induced graphene generated from a visible light source to detect amoxicillin. For this purpose, a laboratory-constructed 3D-printer was utilized. In this setup, a visible laser source emitting at 449.2 nm with a maximum power output of 3.5 W was integrated into the extrusion nozzle of a fused deposition modeling 3D-printer to manufacture graphene electrodes from polyimide sheets. Subsequently, a differential pulse voltammetry method was proposed showing an oxidation peak at +0.52 V (vs Ag|AgCl|KCl(sat.)). The sensor exhibited a wide linear working range from 9.60 to 103.3 µmol L−1, a limit of detection of 5.4 μmol L−1, adequate precision (RSD < 7%), and recovery values of 90% to 107% when applied to milk samples, synthetic urine, and pharmaceutical formulations. The sensor is free from interference with other drugs commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. Herein, we report for the first time a robust, scalable, and inexpensive sensor based on a flexible substrate for the detection of amoxicillin in different matrices. It stands as an accessible possibility for routine analysis in clinical and pharmaceutical contexts.

Optimization of laser patterning process for eco-friendly tin-halide perovskite solar module – with a nanosecond green laser

The tin-based perovskite solar cells are promising future eco-friendly photovoltaic technology with increasing efficiency, which relies on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) for front contact. In the monolithic module fabrication process interconnections are executed by a series of three scribes with two different lasers 1064 nm and 532 nm. This study aims to simplify the interconnection process in tin-based perovskite solar modules by using a single visible laser source to perform all three scribes. The study uses an inverted device structure of Glass/TCO/ Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS)/Formamidinium-tin-iodide (FASnI3)/C60/Bathocuproine (BCP)/Ag and a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed laser source to pattern the ITO and FTO (P1 scribe), the PEDOT: PSS/FASnI3/C60/BCP stack (P2 scribe), and the PEDOT: PSS/FASnI3/C60/BCP/Ag (P3 scribe). The quality of the P1 scribe is assessed by examining the edges, completeness of film removal, cracking, film delamination, and elemental mapping using a stylus profiler, optical microscope, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The P1 scribe is completely removed with line widths of 70 µm and 110 µm of ITO and FTO, respectively, without damage to the glass substrate. The profiles are steep, and the electrical isolation is greater than 40 MΩ. The same 532 nm laser is used for P2 and P3 scribes. The ablation of PEDOT: PSS during P2 and P3 scribe is studied by Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the use of a single 532 nm laser source can simplify the patterning process of monolithic tin-based perovskite solar modules, and potentially reduce production costs.

Multi-scale transformer network for super-resolution of visible and thermal air images

Reference image-based Super-Resolution (RefSR) is introduced to improve the quality of a Low-resolution (LR) input image by leveraging the additional information provided by a High-Resolution (HR) reference image (Ref). While existing RefSR methods focus on thermal or visible flows separately, they often struggle to enhance the resolution of small objects such as Mini/Micro UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) due to the resolution disparities between the input and reference images. To cope with these challenges when dealing with UAV early detection in context of video surveillance, we propose ThermoVisSR, a multiscale texture transformer for enhancing the Super-Resolution (SR) of visible and thermal images of Mini/Micro UAVs. Our approach tries to reconstruct the fine details of these objects while preserving their approximation (the body form and color of the different scene objects) already contained in the LR image. Hence, our model is divided up into two streams dealing separately with approximation and detail reconstruction. In the first one, we introduce a Convolution Neural Network (CNN) fusion backbone to extract the Low-Frequency (LF) approximation from the original LR image pairs. In the second one and to extract the details from the Ref image, our approach involves blending features from both visible and thermal sources to make the most of what each offer. Subsequently, we introduce the High-Frequency Texture Transformer (HFTT) across various resolutions of the merged features to ensure an accurate correspondence matching and significant transfer of High-Frequency (HF) patches from Ref to LR images. Moreover, to adapt the injection to the different bands well, we incorporate the separable software decoder (SSD) into the HFTT allowing to capture channel-specific details during the reconstruction phase. We validated our approach using a newly created dataset of Air images of Mini/Micro UAVs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches on both qualitative and quantitative assessments.

Photocatalytic performance of water-soluble nucleobase-functionalized molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite against methyl blue dye

This report indicates the applicability of an ecofriendly and low cost modified MoS2 nanocomposite as photocatalytic degradation of organic dye from wastewater. The synthesized MoS2 nanocomposite, specifically the Cy-80 % and E-MoS2, demonstrated a high photodegradation efficiency of methyl blue dye in wastewater under UV light irradiation. The incorporation of a nucleobase-containing polymer within the MoS2 structure led to enhanced photocatalytic performance by creating separate wide surface areas and abundant active sites for efficient electron-hole pair separation. The obtained nanocomposite showed superior degradation efficiency compared to aqueous phase exfoliated MoS2 alone (75.6 %), with a photodegradation efficiency of up to 98.7 % within 60 min of UV light irradiation. Furthermore, the Cy-PPG modified MoS2 nanocomposite exhibited significant degradation efficiency over multiple cycles, making it a promising material for the degradation of dye-containing wastewater using visible irradiation sources.

Influence of Nd3+ ions modified CoAl2O4 nanomaterials for high efficiency dye degradation application

This study aims to elucidate the possible application of cobalt aluminate nanoparticles (CoAl2O4) as a photocatalyst for the removal of organic dyes. The sol-gel method was employed to synthesise Ndx/CoAl2O4 nanoparticles with varying weight percentages (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt %). The experimental investigation focused on the photocatalytic destruction of colour, employing a visible light irradiation source. The structural and optical properties of the synthesised nanoparticle were examined through various analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultra Violet-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The cubic spinel structure was confirmed through the study of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Ndx/CoAl2O4 nanoparticles. For the compositions x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, the nanoparticles exhibited average crystallite sizes of 23.73, 22.99, 21.69, and 21.65 nm, respectively. The synthesised nanoparticle exhibited heterogeneous photocatalytic potential when employed as a model pollutant for the oxidative destruction of crystal violet dye. The experimental findings validated that the CoAl2O4 nanoparticle exhibited a dye degradation rate of 64 % during a 100-min timeframe. Additionally, the 0.6 wt % Nd CoAl2O4 nanoparticle shows a quick dye degradation rate of 91 % for crystal violet dyes when exposed to visible light sources. Hence, the synthesised nanoparticle exhibits catalytic activity and holds potential for utilisation in the treatment of hazardous contaminants in industrial wastewater.

MISP-Fuse: A progressive fusion network guided by Multi-Information supervision

The fusion of infrared and visible images aims to synthesize an image that combines the advantageous characteristics of both image sources. Nevertheless, existing image fusion algorithms often struggle to extract relevant feature information from the source images and find it challenging to balance the significance of different modality information within the source images. This leads to suboptimal fusion results and inadequately serve advanced downstream visual tasks. In order to confront this challenge, a novel image fusion algorithm, denoted as Multiple Information Supervised Progressive Fusion Network (MISP-Fuse), has been proposed. Specifically, MISP-Fuse employs an innovative and robust multi-stage encoder-decoder network called Full Scale Feature Residual network (FSFR) to extract spatial context and detailed feature information corresponding to infrared and visible images. Within this encoder-decoder network, source image feature information is progressively extracted at different stages, which are recombined at multiple scales and distilled for crucial information. Finally, the fusion image is generated through a spatial localization module named as Spatial Localization Network (SLNet). MISP-Fuse incorporates a multi-information supervision mechanism to establish a linkage between different modality information in the infrared and visible source images. It ensures that the resulting fused image not only aligns with human visual perception but also effectively serves advanced downstream visual tasks. The comparative experiments utilizing diverse image fusion benchmark datasets has been conducted. In comparison to other algorithms, MISP-Fuse demonstrated significant enhancements in comprehensive image fusion metrics, including Average Gradient (AG), Sum of Correlated Differences (SCD), and Correlation Coefficient (CC).

Analysis of science journalism reveals gender and regional disparities in coverage

Science journalism is a critical way for the public to learn about and benefit from scientific findings. Such journalism shapes the public’s view of the current state of science and legitimizes experts. Journalists can only cite and quote a limited number of sources, who they may discover in their research, including recommendations by other scientists. Biases in either process may influence who is identified and ultimately included as a source. To examine potential biases in science journalism, we analyzed 22,001 non-research articles published by Nature and compared these with Nature-published research articles with respect to predicted gender and name origin. We extracted cited authors’ names and those of quoted speakers. While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources. We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers. We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period. In our analysis, we found a skew toward quoting men in Nature science journalism. However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing. Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type. We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations.

Analysis of science journalism reveals gender and regional disparities in coverage.

Science journalism is a critical way for the public to learn about and benefit from scientific findings. Such journalism shapes the public's view of the current state of science and legitimizes experts. Journalists can only cite and quote a limited number of sources, who they may discover in their research, including recommendations by other scientists. Biases in either process may influence who is identified and ultimately included as a source. To examine potential biases in science journalism, we analyzed 22,001 non-research articles published by Nature and compared these with Nature-published research articles with respect to predicted gender and name origin. We extracted cited authors' names and those of quoted speakers. While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources. We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers. We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period. In our analysis, we found a skew toward quoting men in Nature science journalism. However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing. Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type. We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations.

Linewidth reduced cascaded Raman fiber lasers and their harmonic conversion for visible laser sources

Cascaded Raman Fiber Lasers (CRFLs) are wavelength versatile sources that can provide power at any wavelength in the Near-Infrared (NIR) region. Conventional CRFLs with broadband feedback are widely wavelength tunable but have broad line widths. A feedback mechanism must be used to reduce the broadening of the linewidth without compromising the wavelength tunability. Here, we propose to use a dual feedback mechanism that combines broadband feedback at all wavelengths, using a flat cleave, with filtered feedback at a desired wavelength due to a grating filter. This allows substantial linewidth reduction of CRFLs up to the 6th Raman shifts, from 1100 nm to 1500 nm, and can be extended further. Significantly reduced linewidth with multi-watt in-band output power is achieved with fine wavelength tuning within each Raman Stokes band using a fixed wavelength pump. As an application of linewidth narrowed output, we performed frequency doubling of CRFL output to generate over 100 mW of wavelength tunable yellow-green and yellow output with enhanced efficiency.

Synthesis of magnetic NiFe2O4/rGO heterostructure as potential photocatalyst for a breakdown of malachite green (MG) dye under the visible source of light

The development of reactive radical generators, visible-light active photocatalysts with predictable stability, and efficient activity toward the breakdown of organic pollutant continue to be the primary goals of research in the area of photocatalytic environmental restoration. The present concern to on the development of an efficient heterostructure with a band gap operated on a visible region. The rGO incorporation into spinel material also decreases the agglomeration and provides a large surface area. The efficacy of NiFe2O4 (NF) nanoparticles, which are supported by rGO, as a photocatalyst for the breakdown of malachite green (MG) dye. The incorporation of rGO into NFO was investigated with the band gap property of the fabricated material using Tauc's plot profile. The NF/rGO nanocomposite underwent a reduction in magnetic properties determined through Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analysis. However, the coercivity of the nanocomposite experienced a significant increase. When subjected to visible light, the degradation rate of malachite green (MG) dyes with NF/rGO was comparatively faster (93.84 %) than that of NF (64.33 %) and rGO (79.41 %). The cyclic photocatalytic degradation process exhibited notable reusability and stability of the magnetic recycling nanocomposite. The photocatalytic results revealed that the developed nanocomposite acts as a potential photocatalyst and it can also be employed in different applications.

Highly efficient visible and near-IR photon pair generation with thin-film lithium niobate

Efficient on-chip entangled photon pair generation at telecom wavelengths is an integral aspect of emerging quantum optical technologies, particularly for quantum communication and computing. However, moving to shorter wavelengths enables the use of more accessible silicon detector technology, and opens up applications in imaging and spectroscopy. Here, we present high brightness ((1.6 ± 0.3) × 109 pairs/s/mW/nm) visible–near-IR photon pair generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide. The degenerate spectrum of the photon pairs is centered at 811 nm with a bandwidth of 117 nm when pumped with a spectrally multimode laser diode. The measured on-chip source efficiency of (2.3 ± 0.5) × 1011 pairs/s/mW is on par with source efficiencies at telecom wavelengths and is also orders of magnitude higher than the efficiencies of other visible sources implemented in bulk crystal or diffused waveguide-based technologies. Further improvements in the brightness and efficiencies are possible by pumping the device with a single-frequency laser, which would also shrink the pair bandwidth. These results represent the shortest wavelength of photon pairs generated in a nanophotonic waveguide reported to date by nearly an octave.

Flexible 2 × 2 multiple access visible light communication system based on an integrated parallel GaN/InGaN micro-photodetector array module

In recent studies, visible light communication (VLC) has been predicted to be a prospective technique in the future 6G communication systems. To suit the trend of exponentially growing connectivity, researchers have intensively studied techniques that enable multiple access (MA) in VLC systems, such as the MIMO system based on LED devices to support potential applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) or edge computing in the next-generation access network. However, their transmission rate is limited due to the intrinsic bandwidth of LED. Unfortunately, the majority of visible light laser communication (VLLC) research with beyond 10 Gb/s data rates concentrates on point-to-point links, or using discrete photodetector (PD) devices instead of an integrated array PD. In this paper, we demonstrated an integrated PD array device fabricated with a Si-substrated GaN/InGaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structure, which has a 4×4 array of 50 μm×50 μm micro-PD units with a common cathode and anode. This single-integrated array successfully provides access for two different transmitters simultaneously in the experiment, implementing a 2×2 MIMO-VLLC link at 405 nm. The highest data rate achieved is 13.2 Gb/s, and the corresponding net data rate (NDR) achieved is 12.27 Gb/s after deducing the FEC overhead, using 2.2 GHz bandwidth and superposed PAM signals. Furthermore, we assess the Huffman-coded coding scheme, which brings a fine-grain adjustment in access capacity and enhances the overall data throughput when the user signal power varies drastically due to distance, weather, or other challenges in the channel condition. As far as we know, this is the first demonstration of multiple visible light laser source access based on a single integrated GaN/InGaN receiver module.

A rare case of bleeding in diverticular disease of the small intestine

The article describes a clinical case of bleeding from diverticula of the small intestine in patient E. 1957, who entered the State Budgetary Institution RO OKB on 10/03/2023. with clinical picture gastrointestinal bleeding of unspecified etiology. In the result of a diagnostic study, collection of anamnestic data and clinical picture, a diagnosis was made: gastrointestinal intestinal bleeding of unspecified origin. After FGDS and no visible sources of gastric bleeding, and lack of positive effect from conservative therapy, increasing hypotension, deterioration of general condition with hemoglobin 82 g/l. a decision was made to perform a blood transfusion and combined hemostatic therapy. Conservative treatment turned out to be ineffective, and therefore it was accepted decision on emergency surgical treatment. Urgent patient a diagnostic laparotomy was performed. During revision of the abdominal organs cavity, the source of bleeding was identified. A section of the small intestine was resected at a distance of 15 cm from the ligament of Treitz over a distance of 70 cm with multiple diverticula. An interintestinal side to side anastomosis. In the postoperative period, data for relapse. There is no gastrointestinal bleeding. On day 9 the patient was discharged under the supervision of a surgeon at the place of residence in satisfactory condition.

Photocatalytic treatment under visible light applied to aqueous glyphosate solution

Numerous chemical residues produced by industries and agricultural activities harm the environment. Pesticides and herbicides pollute soil and water and have toxic effects on living beings. Glyphosate – N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine – is an herbicide extensively used for the non-selective control of weeds. This systemic and post-emergent organophosphorus compound accounts for 60% of the world market of non-selective herbicides. Photocatalysis is one of the safest and least expensive methods for removing pesticides from wastewater. Evidence in the literature shows that photocatalysis has the potential for the removal of herbicides from surface waters and soil. The present study aimed to investigate the photocatalytic degradation and reduction of phytotoxicity of glyphosate in the presence of cerium dioxide (CeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as catalysts (2 g L-1) under a visible radiation source. Among the catalysts, CeO2 had the best efficiency, achieving 17% degradation, followed by ZnO (6.8%) and TiO2 (6.4%). The concentration of CeO2 was diminished to 1 g L-1 to assess its influence, leading to a reduction in degradation from 17% to 15%. Phytotoxicity of the product of the reactions was also evaluated and revealed a nonphytotoxic compound was formed in the photocatalytic reaction solution using CeO2 as the catalyst.

Numerical analysis of cascade lasing in Ho:ZBLAN fiber lasers with efficient output at ∼750 nm

Recent advances in blue-emitting laser diodes (LDs) have enabled visible laser operation in rare-earth-doped fluoride fibers. Therefore, investigation of the power scaling of visible fiber lasers enabled by direct blue diode pumping is significant. In this study, we numerically investigated the performance of a continuous-wave (CW) Ho:ZBLAN fiber laser operating at approximately 750 nm for the 5F4,5S2→5I7 transition using a cascade lasing process. Direct diode pumping at 450 nm is used in conjunction with double-clad fiber geometry. Simultaneous lasing for the mid-IR 5I7→5I8 transition effectively depopulated the 5I7 level and significantly enhanced efficiency and power scalability. A slope efficiency of 49% was associated with the calculated CW output power of 14.2 W at a launched pump power of 30 W. This study demonstrates the significance of depopulating the lower laser level in the development of an efficient Ho:ZBLAN 750 nm fiber laser and offers an alternative approach for developing high-power visible laser sources.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) sensitized photooxidation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C): A kinetic study

Ascorbic acid (AH2) photoxidation sensitized by riboflavin (RF) has been studied between pH 2.0 and 12.0 in ambient air and anaerobic environment using UV and visible irradiation sources. The kinetics of AH2 degradation in aqueous medium along with RF is found to be first-order for its photodegradation. AH2 photolysis rate constants in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with RF (1.0–5.0 × 10-5 M) are 0.14–3.89 × 10-2 and 0.026–0.740 × 10-2 min−1, respectively. The rate constants (k2) of second-order kinetics for AH2 and RF photochemical interaction in aerobic and anaerobic conditions are in the range of 0.24–3.70 to 0.05–0.70 × 10-3 M−1 min−1, respectively, which manifests that increasing the RF concentration also increases the rate of photodegradation (photooxidation) of AH2. The k2 versus pH graph is bell-shaped which indicates that increasing the pH increases photolytic degradation rate of AH2 with RF. Increasing the pH results in the increased ionization of AH2 (ascorbyl anion, AH-) and redox potential which leads to the higher rates of photodegradation of AH2. Two–component spectrophotometric (243 and 266 nm, AH2 and RF, respectively) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been used to determine the concentration of AH2 and RF in pure and degraded solutions. The results obtained from these two methods are compared using a student t-test which showed no noteworthy difference between them.

How Many Supermassive Black Hole Binaries Are Detectable through Tracking Relative Motions by (Sub)millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry?

The (sub)millimeter wavelengths (86–690 GHz) very long baseline interferometry will provide ∼5–40 μas angular resolution, ∼10 mJy baseline sensitivity, and ∼1 μas yr−1 proper-motion precision, which can directly detect supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) systems by imaging the two visible sources and tracking their relative motions. Such a way exhibits an advantage compared to indirect detect methods of observing periodic signals in motion and light curves, which are difficult to confirm from competing models. Moreover, tracking relative motion at (sub)millimeter wavelengths is more reliable, as there is a negligible offset between the emission region and the black hole center. In this way, it is unnecessary to correct the black hole location by a prior of jet morphology as it would be required at longer wavelengths. We extend the formalism developed in D’Orazio & Loeb (2018) to link the observations with the orbital evolution of SMBHBs from the ≲10 kpc dynamical friction stages to the ≲0.01 pc gravitational radiation stages, and estimate the detectable numbers of SMBHBs. By assuming 5% of active galactic nuclei holding SMBHBs, we find that the number of detectable SMBHBs with redshift z ≤ 0.5 and mass M ≤ 1011 M ⊙ is about 20. Such a detection relies heavily on proper-motion precision and sensitivity. Furthermore, we propose that the simultaneous multifrequency technique plays a key role in meeting the observational requirements.

Automotive Technology Revolutionized Restorative Dentistry Discovery of Alpha-diketone/Amine Catalyst: Part II -Reflections on Photopolymerization from Conception to Development of Composite Resin and Activator Light.

A full account of the preceded early research tribulation that led to the development of the first visible light activated composite resin and the first visible light activator source is documented. The events took place over four years since early 1974 when a raw industrial composite resin that was radiolucent, stiff paste, universal optically opaque white color, polymerized by exposure to a prototype visible light for 120 seconds was given to developed. Four years later, the developed restorative composite resin ended up as a radiopaque, optically translucent, universal color with an additional three shades that possessed the biologic, esthetic, mechanical and physical characteristics with proven efficacy be used for esthetic zone. This conservative account of early development of a technology that must count as one of a small number of inventions during the seventies, over the years has revolutionized restorative dental practice. We were privileged and very lucky to be associated with developmental stages, stumbling blocks, and final success of the first LC Composite resin that ignited the thought process worldwide and laid the foundation for modern esthetic restoratives practiced today.