Visible Instances Research Articles

Bargaining in the Shadow of Awards

Abstract International investment disputes occupy a curious place in the research programme on compliance. On the one hand, there is a widespread presumption that respondent states generally pay the compensation that they are ordered to pay because not doing so risks more litigation or less investment. On the other hand, these disputes frequently continue long after awards are handed down, there are visible instances of non-payment and there is little evidence about if or how most disputes are actually resolved. Compliance with investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) awards has also been difficult to study because much of what occurs after an arbitral decision falls outside traditional understandings of compliance processes. Therefore, in this article, we introduce a broader term – resolution – and look beyond payment at a wider landscape of post-award dynamics. We also introduce a framework to bring these dynamics into view. This framework places awards in the context of longer-term bargaining and articulates how bargaining is different when it occurs in the shadow of an award. We present three mechanisms through which awards can shape outcomes – as a legitimate outcome, as a coordinating focal point, or as a bargaining endowment – before arguing that the third mechanism is the most common in the context of ISDS.

Prediction of Low-Visibility Events by Integrating the Potential of Persistence and Machine Learning for Aviation Services

Fog typically results in reduced atmospheric visibility. Severely limited visibility has a significant impact on transportation, particularly the operations of aircraft. Precise forecasts of low visibility are essential for aviation services, primarily for the efficient planning of airport activities. Despite the utilization of sophisticated numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, the prediction of fog and limited visibility remains challenging. The intricacy of fog prediction is due to limitations in understanding the micro-scale factors that lead to fog genesis, intensification, persistence, and dissipation. This study investigates the occurrence of fog (surface visibility <1000 m) and dense fog (surface visibility < 200 m) throughout the climatological low-visibility months (November to February) to analyze the persistence of low-visibility events and predict them in the specific conditions of the frog prone Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) regions. A representative station, Jay Prakash Narayan International (JPNI) Airport in Patna, India, has been considered given the availability of instrumental quality datasets. The analysis investigates the long-term and short-term persistence and prediction of the series using a diverse variety of machine learning (ML) algorithms. To conduct a comprehensive analysis over an extended period, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is employed to determine the similarities between the time series of large-scale fog and dense fog. A Markov chain model is used to look at the binary time series and figure out how long low-visibility events (like fog and dense fog) last in the short term ( 1-5 hours). Ultimately, we analyze a short-term forecast (Nowcast) with a lead time of one to five hours for instances of low visibility (fog or dense fog). This nowcasting is generated utilizing diverse methodologies, including Markov chain models, persistence analysis, and machine learning (ML) methods. Finally, establish that the most favorable and reliable results in this prediction problem are attained by employing a Mixture of Experts model that integrates persistence-based methods and ML algorithms.

Examining public intentions and attitudes toward solar rooftop panel adoption in Indian residences: an integration of TPB, DOI and UTAUT

PurposeThe study investigates the intention of adopting solar panels and incorporating renewable energy sources into the electrical mix, providing insightful information on the nuances of this critical topic.Design/methodology/approachThe study used online and offline surveys to gather information on rooftop solar panels from Indian homes. To get reliable findings, the collected responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Smart PLS version 3.5 and SPSS version 23.0.FindingsThe research examines sustainability difficulties, psychological issues and demographic considerations, yielding a variety of conclusions. Low compatibility and high perceived cost have a detrimental influence on adoption intentions, emphasizing the importance of integrating consumer perceptions with technology while addressing cost concerns. Conversely, relative advantage, awareness, environmental concern, facilitating conditions and observability positively influenced the adoption.Practical implicationsThe study underscores the importance of highlighting benefits, raising awareness, providing necessary resources and showcasing visible instances of technology use. By revealing the connection between different factors, the study offers a roadmap for policymakers and stakeholders to accelerate the transition toward sustainable energy practices.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the first to propose an integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), alongside various independent variables. The research offers a comprehensive perspective on factors that facilitate and obstruct the usage of solar energy.

Not-so-subtle subtleties: undocumented migrant (in)visibility, (im)mobility and Dutch public spaces as sites of embodied racialization

ABSTRACT We explore the nuances of living while undocumented in the Netherlands, focusing on the processes of (in)visibility and (im)mobility in the public sphere. We conceptualize (in)visibility as dialectical and multilayered, with relational, political, strategic and processual dimensions. (Im)mobility isconceptualized as a resource and is interlinked with (in)visibility. Both concepts are understood to be defined by social relations, which necessitate the analytical centering of ‘race’. In order to investigate the subtleties of undocumented migrants’ public experiences, we examine how racialization is (1) embodied in prejudiced surveillance, (2) experienced by undocumented migrants as racialized individuals, and (3) resisted through the exercise of strategic (in)visibility. We argue that strategic invisibility can result in self-inflicted immobilization due to an amplified perception of risk. Instances of strategic visibility are explored, showing the creation of discursive spaces and informal cooperation between migrant-led collectives and street-level actors. We conclude by stating that asymmetries in visibility create a different urban landscape for undocumented migrants, specifically one that is limited and mined with risks.

Dooyeweerd, Modal Aspects and Dynamic Evangelism

The present work identifies the modal aspect theory as a tool capable of evaluating an evangelistic outreach event and an example of such an outreach event is analysed using this theory. The event considered involves the offer, in a public space, of hospitality in the form of refreshments to passers-by. Modal aspect theory is shown to be capable of dynamic and fruitful application. It provides valuable insights into the way in which a biblically faithful outreach event may be organised and executed in such a way as to avoid reductionist influences, including Platonic dualism, and instead facilitate the establishment of a visible instance of the community of God’s people gathered, under his kingdom reign, in a public space into which unbelievers are welcomed.

Church and People in Interregnum Britain, ed. Fiona McCall

There has been a significant uptick in historical interest in the interregnum Church in recent years. While a lot has been said about the various sects which came onto the scene in the 1650s, and the personal religion of the key political players, far less attention has been given to the national system of religious provision centred around the territorial parishes inherited from, and bequeathed to, the episcopal Church of England. Given that this is where the overwhelming majority of the population continued to worship, as Bernard Capp reminds us in a helpful scene-setting introduction, this shift in focus is welcome. As in so many areas of the past, historians tend to focus on the more visible instances of conflict and disagreement, rather than the bigger picture of grudging compliance and muddling through. This volume, edited by Fiona McCall, is further evidence that this might be changing. We have learned from recent work that the idea of a ‘national Church’ remained a powerful unifier throughout the 1650s, notwithstanding vigorous disagreement about the precise form it should take. One of the contributors here, Rebecca Warren, in her doctoral thesis of 2017, examined attempts to reconstruct a national Church during the Protectorate following the disorder of the Commonwealth. Coming at the topic from the perspective of the history of ideas, Anthony Milton’s recent England’s Second Reformation: The Battle for the Church of England 1625–1662 (2021) posited that, following a period of experimentation and fierce debate during the Commonwealth, the Protectorate was marked above all by the impulse towards unity. There have also been numerous conferences, and this collection of essays emerges from one of these, ‘The People All Changed: Religion and Society in Britain during the 1650s’, held at the University of Portsmouth in 2016.

Distorted and Victimized Lives of Women in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale

This study intends to evaluate Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale from the viewpoint of feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which offers a more nuanced perspective on sexuality and gender. Beauvoir's philosophy centres on the societal systems of oppression that designate women as ‘Other’ to a male reputation. According to her, femininity is something that society imposes on women, and feminism cannot be reduced to a basic biological statement. According to her, ‘Other’ best reflects the primary social function of a woman. She disputes the vocabulary that defines women based on their biology and asserts that biology is the primary cause of women's subjugation in patriarchal societies. She believes that sexuality contributes to the subjugation and exploitation of women. According to Beauvoir, the prostitution business and the heterosexual lifestyle are the two most visible instances of women's exploitation. Clearly, she rejects the notion that heterosexuality is the norm in sexual encounters. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how Atwood employs conjecture to examine feminist issues in The Handmaid's Tale, such as women's identity loss, subordination in a patriarchal society, and exploitation in a consumer culture where the female body is considered an object. In her novel, Atwood examines issues pertaining to the subjugation of women, such as gender inequality and the flaws of the patriarchal system.

Complex, but in a good way? How to represent encryption to non-experts through text and visuals – Evidence from expert co-creation and a vignette experiment

An ongoing discussion in the field of usable privacy and security debates whether security mechanisms should be visible to end-users during interactions with technology, or hidden away. This paper addresses this question using a mixed-methods approach, focusing on encryption as a mechanism for confidentiality during data transmission on a smartphone application. In study 1, we conducted a qualitative co-creation study with security and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) experts (N = 9) to create appropriate textual and visual representations of the security mechanism encryption in data transmission. We investigated this question in two contexts: online banking and e-voting. In study 2, we put these ideas to the test by presenting these visual and textual representations to non-expert users in an online vignette experiment (N = 2180). We found a statistically significant and positive effect of the textual representation of encryption on perceived security and understanding, but not on user experience (UX). More complex text describing encryption resulted in higher perceived security and more accurate understanding. The visual representation of encryption had no statistically significant effect on perceived security, UX or understanding. Our study contributes to the larger discussion regarding visible instances of security and their impact on user perceptions.

AndrewJewettScience Under Fire: Challenges to Scientific Authority in Modern AmericaHarvard University Press, 2020, 356 p., $39.95

Rejection of science—or what is labeled as rejection of science—is a notorious feature of the contemporary cultural and political landscape in the United States. Highly visible instances are dismissals of evolutionary theory, climate change denial, and antivaccine movements. In this deeply researched and thoughtful book, Andrew Jewett describes tensions about science over the past century, with a focus on the 1920s, the 1960s and 1970s, and the present. Jewett argues that the 1920s witnessed the first intense and widespread disputes in the United States over scientific authority. The controversies in this period concerned not only evolutionary theory (e.g., Scopes Trial) but also, and more importantly, modern psychology, which became a fixture in widely read newspapers and periodicals, to the dismay of those attached to religiously grounded understandings of human personality and what constitutes proper child socialization. The second period of tension about science Jewett identifies and examines in depth was the post-WWII decades, especially the 1960s and 1970s. Ironically from the standpoint of the present, it was if anything public intellectuals on the left who expressed dismay and distrust of science. “scientism” was viewed as intrinsically hostile to humanistic values, with soulless technology and an implicitly materialistic worldview posing at least as much risk to the achievement of a just and compassionate society as conservative religious institutions. The final period that Jewett considers is the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The tensions he describes are entirely familiar, but they take on a fresh appearance with the historical backdrop he provides, and his nuanced portrait of the positions of the key protagonists produces a welcome respect for the complexity of ongoing intellectual and political controversies. Over the entire century from the 1920s to the present, the unifying theme in the questioning of scientific authority has been the allegation that scientists, while ostensibly value-neutral, have injected social philosophies into American life that have damaged the social and moral order. Jewett concludes with a plea to approach science more matter-of-factly. Scientific tools can be credited with producing tremendous gains in human well-being but within rather circumscribed domains. Much that is highly valued in the human experience lies outside the reach of modern science.

Inference from Visible Information and Background Knowledge

We provide a wide-ranging study of the scenario where a subset of the relations in a relational vocabulary is visible to a user—that is, their complete contents are known—while the remaining relations are invisible. We also have a background theory—invariants given by logical sentences—that may relate the visible relations to invisible ones, and also may constrain both the visible and invisible relations in isolation. We want to determine whether some other information, given as a positive existential formula, can be inferred using only the visible information and the background theory. This formula whose inference we are concerned with is denoted as the query . We consider whether positive information about the query can be inferred, and also whether negative information—the sentence does not hold—can be inferred. We further consider both the instance-level version of the problem, where both the query and the visible instance are given, and the schema-level version, where we want to know whether truth or falsity of the query can be inferred in some instance of the schema.

Like Two Pis in a Pod: Author Similarity Across Time in the Ancient Greek Corpus

One commonly recognized feature of the Ancient Greek corpus is that later texts frequently imitate and allude to model texts from earlier time periods, but analysis of this phenomenon is mostly done for specific author pairs based on close reading and highly visible instances of imitation. In this work, we use computational techniques to examine the similarity of a wide range of Ancient Greek authors, with a focus on similarity between authors writing many centuries apart. We represent texts and authors based on their usage of high-frequency words to capture author signatures rather than document topics and measure similarity using Jensen-Shannon Divergence. We then analyze author similarity across centuries, finding high similarity between specific authors and across the corpus that is not common to all languages.

Extractive Fictions and Postextraction Futurisms

AbstractThis essay operates at the intersection of the energy humanities and environmental justice studies to survey extractive fictions, a term I use to describe literature and other cultural forms that render visible the socioecological impacts of extractive capitalism and problematize extraction as a cultural practice. The essay first theorizes extraction and examines cultural representations of coal and gas fields in northern Appalachia, including Ann Pancake’s novel Strange as This Weather Has Been (2007) and Jennifer Haigh’s novel Heat and Light (2015). Each, by rendering visible instances of environmental degradation and economic decline associated with energy development, challenges the deep-seated role of extraction as a cornerstone of regional cultural identity and the mythos of fossil fuel development as a path to economic and social progress. In doing so, they lay bare the epistemological failures of extractive capitalism, a mode of accumulation based on the large-scale withdrawal and processing of natural resources. The final section of the essay turns to the AMD&ART Park in Vintondale, Pennsylvania, and artist-activist John Sabraw’s toxic-art initiative in southern Ohio, both of which address these failures through the articulation of postextraction futurism, a critical method that combines environmental science and historically situated aesthetics to remediate ecological and social injustices associated with extraction. Both projects emerge from collaborations among artists, academics, scientists, and local communities to reverse the impacts of extraction through innovative water reclamation techniques and art exhibits that memorialize the region’s coal heritage. These initiatives complement extractive fictions to envision an inclusive, livable Appalachia unencumbered by the dictates of extractive capitalism.

Ageism and interactional (mis)alignment: Using micro-discourse analysis in the interpretation of everyday talk in a hair-salon

Abstract In the fifty years since Robert Butler coined the term, ageism remains one of the most widely-experienced forms of discrimination in Europe. Some forms of ageism seem overt and easy-to-identify; in many cases, though, it is invisible and deeply rooted in everyday life. This applies, too, to ageism-in-interaction, which, as I argue in this paper, can be very subtle, deeply embedded in a web of routines and expectations generated over a longer interactional history. I illustrate this embeddedness of ageism-in-interaction by focussing, as a case-study, on an encounter in a hair-salon between an 83-year-old woman and her stylist, aspects of which we might initially be tempted to attribute to the stylist’s orientations to the client’s (older) age. However, as I show, closer scrutiny of the emergent interaction, combined with progressive widening of the analysis to encompass data outside this focal exchange, suggests more nuanced understandings of what is going on. As I also aim to show, the nose-to-data attention to the emergent interactions in this case-study, informed by conversation analysis and combined with wider ethnographic knowledge, is the tool-kit we need to reveal the less visible instances of ageism-in-interaction.

Examining shared monitoring in collaborative learning: A case of a recurrence quantification analysis approach

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between shared monitoring of collaborative learning processes and physiological synchrony between the collaborating group members. Shared monitoring fuels collaborative learning in groups. Video and electrodermal activity data were collected from a group of high school students (two male, one female) during two sessions of collaborative learning. Shared monitoring of learning progress among the group members, in terms of frequency and duration, were coded and calculated in video data. Physiological synchrony in electrodermal activity among the collaborating students was calculated with Multidimensional Recurrence Quantification Analysis (MdRQA). Results revealed that the relationship between physiological synchrony and shared monitoring might be dependent on task type. That is, a significant relationship was observed between MdRQA indices and shared monitoring in one session, whereas no significant relationship was observed in the other session. The current study contributes to the literature on computer-supported collaborative learning through demonstrating the utility of MdRQA to investigate the temporal dynamicity of collaborative learning processes. In conclusion, the chosen methods contribute to research on collaborative learning, as capturing invisible physiological signals and matching them with visible instances of monitoring processes facilitates identification of critical moments in collaboration.

Repetition: Thinking Between G.W. F. Hegel’s Philosophy of History (1837) and Karl Marx’s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)

Taking its cue from the untimely paradoxes manifesting themselves in some of the most visible instances of Hegel’s and Marx’s reception in the twentieth century, this essay proceeds to explore the ground between the two thinkers with particular reference to their philosophico-historical grasp of repetition. After a number of preliminary observations on the ideological subtext involved in Marx’s reference to Hegel in the Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and the temporality their intertextual conjuncture stages, I focus on four major complications that attend the comparison of Hegelian and Marxian notions of repetition, as well as on their correlation to the historical events of Revolution, Counter-Revolution and Restoration. I conclude with some reflections on the “exit strategies” Marx and Hegel adopt vis-à-vis the specter of iteration as a sign of submission to the gravitational pull of the past upon the present and future.

براہوئی خلقی شئیر تے ٹی ندارہ کشی نا پٹ و پولی جاچ

Folk literature is purely human mental evolution. Superstitions have their own specific status in human mental evolution. Form these superstitions struggle for freedom and folk literature came into being, Folk literature began with human evolution. Folk literature is expended on long human life, its feelings and a long experience. It has a long journey from one to second person then Generation and then ahead, and it still exists. The ancient people had their strong ties with nature. What and how people have dealt with nature and what have remained their religious ideologies with nature; it can be seen and found in folk literature. Thus it becomes visible that what has remained or what has made their relationship much stronger with nature. Ancient human ties with nature can also be seen in Brahui literature where it can be seen that they have discussed the beautiful scene and landscapes of nature in a beautiful way. Sights and pictures which can be seen and viewed by human eye are renowned as scenery. When these scenes are brought in literature and written in words are called Scenography (Nidara Kashi). Brahui folk literature specially in poetry which are known as "Khalqi Shair" have visible instances of Scenography. In this article the scenes which are available in Brahui folk literature are discussed. And it has been brought up that how the ancient people have used poetry to express their feelings and experiences and brought them in beautiful scenes.

Incomplete Multiview Clustering via Late Fusion

In real-world applications of multiview clustering, some views may be incomplete due to noise, sensor failure, etc. Most existing studies in the field of incomplete multiview clustering have focused on early fusion strategies, for example, learning subspace from multiple views. However, these studies overlook the fact that clustering results with the visible instances in each view could be reliable under the random missing assumption; accordingly, it seems that learning a final clustering decision via late fusion of the clustering results from incomplete views would be more natural. To this end, we propose a late fusion method for incomplete multiview clustering. More specifically, the proposed method performs kernel k-means clustering on the visible instances in each view and then performs a late fusion of the clustering results from different views. In the late fusion step of the proposed method, we encode each view's clustering result as a zero-one matrix, of which each row serves as a compressed representation of the corresponding instance. We then design an alternate updating algorithm to learn a unified clustering decision that can best group the visible compressed representations in each view according to the k-means clustering objective. We compare the proposed method with several commonly used imputation methods and a representative early fusion method on six benchmark datasets. The superior clustering performance observed validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Kształt stylistyczny człowieczej rozmowy z Bogiem w modlitwach Psałterza Dawidowego Mikołaja Reja

The article deals with issues connected with chosen stylistic characteristics of prayers in the paraphrase of David’s Psalter by Mikolaj Rej. The analyses aim to determine the stylistic features of the prayer and to point out the features which give it a unique character. Rej’s prayers are kept in the poetics and conventions of a psalm. They make use of the biblical imagery, at the same time complementing the preceding psalms. Emotional epithets, accumulated through synonymous attributes, play an important role in the stylistic shape of the text. Rej uses means characteristic of the elevated style: evaluating epithets, numerous periphrastic expressions and distinguished metaphors of the biblical origin. On the other hand, Rej’s writing witnesses visible instances of crossing the boundaries of the familiar biblical style. The analyzed texts often assume a conversational character and each request is expressed in an individual, spontaneous way by means of different syntactic structures and emotive lexicon.

Managing Image in a Core-Stigmatized Organization

This study examines the nature of the revelation–concealment dialectic faced by Nevada’s legal brothels as these organizations work to strategically build visibility despite external pressures to keep them hidden and internal desires to protect the privacy of certain organizational stakeholders. In addition, in instances of organizational visibility, we examine brothels’ strategies for managing core-stigma while attempting to project a socially acceptable public image. Brothels address this revelation–concealment dialectic by adopting stigma-management strategies of distancing themselves from identities they perceive as socially undesirable and aligning themselves with nonstigmatized industry practices. At the same time, the brothels construct selectively permeable organizational boundaries through the invitation of controlled outsider boundary-crossings and through the promotion of their own community-engagement efforts. These results extend research on hidden organizations to consider the particular image-management challenges faced by shadowed organizations.

The multisensory body revealed through its cast shadows.

One key issue when conceiving the body as a multisensory object is how the cognitive system integrates visible instances of the self and other bodies with one’s own somatosensory processing, to achieve self-recognition and body ownership. Recent research has strongly suggested that shadows cast by our own body have a special status for cognitive processing, directing attention to the body in a fast and highly specific manner. The aim of the present article is to review the most recent scientific contributions addressing how body shadows affect both sensory/perceptual and attentional processes. The review examines three main points: (1) body shadows as a special window to investigate the construction of multisensory body perception; (2) experimental paradigms and related findings; (3) open questions and future trajectories. The reviewed literature suggests that shadows cast by one’s own body promote binding between personal and extrapersonal space and elicit automatic orienting of attention toward the body-part casting the shadow. Future research should address whether the effects exerted by body shadows are similar to those observed when observers are exposed to other visual instances of their body. The results will further clarify the processes underlying the merging of vision and somatosensation when creating body representations.