Visible Index Research Articles

Targeted microwave ablation of localised prostate cancer: Initial results of VIOLETTE trial

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the precision and safety of targeted microwave ablation (TMA) using organ‐based tracking (OBT) fusion, in patients with intermediate risk prostate cancer.Patients and methodWe conducted a prospective, multicentric trial. Eligible patients had a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) < 20 ng/mL, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐visible index tumour of Gleason score 3 + 4, with largest axis ≤15 mm and distant of at least 5 mm from the rectum and apex. TMA was performed with microwave needle applicator using OBT fusion, with a transperineal or a transrectal approach. In this interim analysis, we evaluated precision, safety, urinary and sexual outcomes, and PSA density kinetics.ResultsAt this point, 37 patients were treated in five centres. Median (interquartile range) age is 68 (63–72) years. Baseline median prostate volume and PSA are of 45 (34–57) mL and 8 (6.2–10.8) ng/mL, respectively. Median largest tumour axis on T2W MRI is of 11 mm (10–13). Patients were treated under general anaesthesia or conscious IV sedation in an outpatient setting. Anaesthesia had a median duration of 78 (66–90) min. A median number of 3 (2–4) 12‐W ablations of 2 to 5 min were performed per patient. After a median follow‐up of 6 (2.4–10) months, we observed 58 adverse events (AE) in 22 patients. These were of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 1, 2 and 3 in 43 (74%), 13 (22%) and 2 (4%) cases. Six (15%) patients had an acute urinary retention, five of which considered as severe AE because of rehospitalisation. We did not observe any significant difference in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Male Sexual Health Questionnaire‐ejaculatory dysfunction (MSHQ‐EjD) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) from baseline to last follow‐up. Median PSA density evolved from 0.2 (0.1–0.3) at baseline to 0.1 (0.07–0.16) at 12 months.ConclusionsThese preliminary results suggest that TMA using OBT fusion is precise and safe in patients with intermediate risk localised prostate cancer. Further inclusions and follow‐up are needed to assess oncological outcome.

Objectives pursued by European football clubs: compete for income through victories and media exposure

PurposeThe paper aims to revisit the debate on the priorities of football clubs in talent hiring with respect to maximizing sporting performance or economic profitability. Based on the degree of media exposure of the clubs, we examine whether the clubs’ objectives include, in addition to the classic twofold choice, the aspiration of club managers to gain popularity through media exposure.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies structural equation modelling (path analysis) techniques to re-examine what is the more realistic description of football club owners’ decisions when hiring talent. Our database comprises teams from the first division of four top European football leagues: 80 observations per season during the pre-COVID period spanning from 2009/10 to 2017/18.FindingsThe results suggest that, when recruiting players, in addition to considering the two classic objectives (wins and profits), club owners also seem to aim expanding the media exposure and popularity of their clubs. Our study reveals that, to explain talent-hiring decisions in football, the ability to attract media attention is as crucial as sporting performance could be. Furthermore, by examining the direct, indirect and total effects on annual revenue, we found that our media visibility index performs a mediation effect connecting sports performance and revenue.Originality/valueAn innovative feature of our analysis is the use of the MERIT media visibility index, which jointly captures the on-field and off-field players’ skills. The consistency and robustness of the results derive from the various specifications of the estimated models.

Greenness visibility in urban living environments as pathway to promote health and well-being: Mapping spatial differentiation in Flanders (Belgium) based on viewshed analysis

A substantial body of evidence links green space to positive health outcomes. Beyond the availability of dedicated green spaces such as parks and the overall presence of vegetation and trees, visual exposure to greenery has also been shown to be important for well-being. Enhancing visual access to greenery may thus represent a pathway to promoting health and well-being. However, at regional or national scales, insights into disparities in visual access to greenery remain scarce. Most research and policy efforts rely on two-dimensional (top-down) data, which often fails to accurately capture the amount of greenery visible from individual perspectives, such as from within homes.This study builds on the work of Labib et al. [20], who developed a high-resolution (5 m grid) Viewshed Greenness Visibility Index (VGVI) for the Greater Manchester area (UK). By introducing technical improvements that significantly increased computational efficiency, we extended this approach to create a comprehensive VGVI map for Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. The resulting map enabled a broad assessment of VGVI disparities across Flanders. Our findings reveal evidence of distributive environmental injustice, as demonstrated by a strong negative correlation (Spearman's Rho = -0.48) between neighbourhood deprivation levels and VGVI scores. In Flanders, residents of more deprived neighbourhoods are exposed to significantly lower levels of visible greenery.We further explored the differences and similarities between traditional top-down greenness mapping and VGVI, which provides an eye-level perspective. Although a strong positive correlation was observed at the regional scale (Pearson's r = 0.80), this relationship weakens at the local level. Our findings suggest that VGVI analysis is particularly valuable at smaller geographic scales, making it especially relevant for research or spatial policies that address disparities in individual living conditions or target specific locations, such as schools, nurseries, hospitals, retirement homes, and community centres.

Versatile method for grapevine row detection in challenging vineyard terrains using aerial imagery

Accurate detection and differentiation of grapevine canopies from other vegetation, along with individual grapevine row identification, pose significant challenges in precision viticulture (PV), especially within irregularly structured vineyards shaped by natural terrain slopes. This study employs aerial imagery captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and introduces an image processing methodology that relies on the orthorectified raster data obtained through UAVs. The proposed method adopts a data-driven approach that combines visible indices and elevation data to achieve precise grapevine row detection. Thoroughly tested across various vineyard configurations, including irregular and terraced landscapes, the findings underscore the method’s effectiveness in identifying grapevine rows of diverse shapes and configurations. This capability is crucial for accurate vineyard monitoring and management. Furthermore, the method enables clear differentiation between inter-row spaces and grapevine vegetation, representing a fundamental advancement for comprehensive vineyard analysis and PV planning. This study contributes to the field of PV by providing a reliable tool for grapevine row detection and vineyard feature classification. The proposed methodology is applicable to vineyards with varying layouts, offering a versatile solution for enhancing precision viticulture practices.

Research on Urban Street Spatial Quality Based on Street View Image Segmentation

Assessing the quality of urban street space can provide suggestions for urban planning and construction management. Big data collection and machine learning provide more efficient evaluation methods than traditional survey methods. This study intended to quantify the urban street spatial quality based on street view image segmentation. A case study was conducted in the Second Ring Road of Changsha City, China. Firstly, the road network information was obtained through OpenStreetMap, and the longitude and latitude of the observation points were obtained using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Then, corresponding street view images of the observation points were obtained from Baidu Maps, and a semantic segmentation software was used to obtain the pixel occupancy ratio of 150 land cover categories in each image. This study selected six evaluation indicators to assess the street space quality, including the sky visibility index, green visual index, interface enclosure index, public–facility convenience index, traffic recognition, and motorization degree. Through statistical analysis of objects related to each evaluation indicator, scores of each evaluation indicator for observation points were obtained. The scores of each indicator are mapped onto the map in ArcGIS for data visualization and analysis. The final value of street space quality was obtained by weighing each indicator score according to the selected weight, achieving qualitative research on street space quality. The results showed that the street space quality in the downtown area of Changsha is relatively high. Still, the level of green visual index, interface enclosure, public–facility convenience index, and motorization degree is relatively low. In the commercial area east of the river, improvements are needed in pedestrian perception. In other areas, enhancements are required in community public facilities and traffic signage.

Visible goods, personality traits and preferences for status

The identification of positional goods is crucial for understanding how social interactions motivate consumption decisions. Drawing on micro-data from the Estudio Longitudinal del Bienestar en Uruguay (ELBU), we identify a list of visible goods and assess whether their visibility varies according to respondents’ characteristics. We find that expenditure on automobiles, jewelry and watches, clothing, and personal care rank at the top of the scale. The expenditure visibility index does not significantly vary across socio-economic groups but exhibits a positive and significant association with conscientiousness. Individuals who report a higher propensity to compare themselves with others are more likely to notice third parties’ expenditures on visible goods. Preferences for status and personality traits also provide complementary information about expenditure visibility, with considerably greater effects in the former case. Our findings may contribute to explaining a substantial portion of the observed heterogeneity in consumer choices.

Assessing geospatial models to explain the occurrence of clandestine graves in Mexico

We present an assessment of several geospatial layers proposed as models for detecting clandestine graves in Mexico. The analyses were based on adapting the classical ROC curves to geospatial data (gROC) using the fraction of the predicted area instead of the false positive rate. Grave locations were obtained for ten Mexican states that represent the most conflicting regions in Mexico, and 30 layers were computed to represent geospatial models for grave detection. The gROC analysis confirmed that the travel time from urban streets to grave locations was the most critical variable for detecting graves, followed by nighttime light brightness and population density, whereas, contrary to the rationale, a previously proposed visibility index is less correlated with grave locations. We were also able to deduce which variables are most relevant in each state and to determine optimal thresholds for the selected variables.

Assessing the Defensibility of Medieval Fortresses on the Mediterranean Coast: A Study of Algerian and Spanish Territories

This study focuses on assessing the defensiveness of medieval fortresses situated along the Mediterranean coast, including the Northern Algerian coast and Southeastern Spain. The proposed methodology involved a two-fold process comprising identification and evaluation. Initially, we identified and geolocated our case studies, deriving their locations from archival sources. We then seamlessly integrated them into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for precise georeferencing on a rasterized landscape. Subsequently, we conducted assessments of visibility, intervisibility, and elevation, which we consider pivotal in determining the degree of defensibility of the fortified sites. Specifically, the aim of this research was to investigate the intricate relationship between natural landscapes and architectural defensive features, with a focus on discerning the influence that the chosen location has on the strategic and defensive significance of the studied fortresses. Our findings reveal that the evolution of those defensive systems within our study context is intricately tied to the physical elements comprising the landscape. These natural constituents have served as a foundation for the architectural and defensive characteristics adopted by medieval builders. Furthermore, we delineated two distinct typologies: the isolated type, intentionally designed to obscure visibility, and the exposed type, characterized by a higher visibility index.

Quantifying the spatial quality of urban streets with open street view images: A case study of the main urban area of Fuzhou

With the advancement of global urbanization, urban streetscapes have become a critical part of urban public spaces. As one of the important ways to enhance the living environment, relevant government departments have accelerated the construction of urban streetscapes; however, certain issues, such as emphasis on surface and light protection, still persist. The visual effects of street landscapes hardly meet people's daily and spiritual needs. Therefore, assessing the quality of urban streetscapes has scientific and practical significance for improving urban planning and construction and creating a new intelligent and green city. In this study, the spatial distribution of vehicle interference index, spatial feasibility index, road area index, green visual index, sky visibility index, spatial enclosure index, color richness index, and visual entropy evaluation indices were drawn from the framework of combining deep learning and machine learning to quantify the spatial quality of urban streets by integrating a large number of streetscape images. The spatial quality of street landscape was evaluated according to the ELO scoring mechanism and random forest method, taking the main urban area of Fuzhou City as an example. The results showed that the overall street landscape quality of Fuzhou City was high, and the spatial distribution showed a pattern of concentrated high values in the center and dispersed high values in the periphery. Therefore, based on quantifying the spatial quality of urban streets, strategies, such as the pavement layout of pedestrian and vehicular paths, control of the continuity and permeability of visual landscape elements, and plant color matching, should be regulated. The method proposed in this study can provide novel insights for urban builders to improve the construction of cities.

Comparison of the Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze et al.'s stages of radiographic visibility of the root pulp in a Turkish population.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze et al.'s stages of radiographic visibility of the root pulp in estimating the age of maturity in the Turkish population. The age of majority, which is legally significant, marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. In Turkey, the age of majority is set at 18 years. As the third molars continue to develop at this age, they can serve as an indicator of dental age. A total of 705 panoramic radiographs obtained from individuals aged 15 to 22 years, including children and adults, were included in this study. The left mandibular third molars were evaluated on panoramic radiographs using Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze's method of radiographic root pulp visibility (RPV) stages. Minimum and maximum values were noted for each stage, and a median with upper and lower quartiles, as well as mean and standard deviation were calculated. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. In males, Cameriere's third molar maturity index demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.77% and specificity of 0.96%, while in females, it showed a sensitivity of 0.57% and specificity of 0.92%. Regarding Olze et al.'s stage 0, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.86% and 0.79% in males, and 0.85% and 0.75% in females, respectively. Although both methods can be used to distinguish individuals below or above the age of 18, the cut-off value suggested by Cameriere's method resulted in a higher rate of type 2 error (false negativity). Therefore, the method proposed by Olze et al., based on the radiographic visibility of the root pulp, can be employed to differentiate between adults and minors in the Turkish population.

Effects of Audio-Visual Environmental Factors on Emotion Perception of Campus Walking Spaces in Northeastern China

In the context of urban sustainable development and the creation of pedestrian-friendly campus environments, optimizing campus walking spaces has emerged as a central focus in urban planning research. Presently, research in pedestrian environments predominantly adopts a macroscopic perspective, offering limited insights into pedestrians’ subjective experiences and emotional perceptions at a micro level. Therefore, this study conducted on-site experiments in 21 walking spaces across three campuses, utilizing image semantic analysis, multifunctional sound level meter, wearable electrocardiography devices, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) to collect data separately on audio-visual environmental factors and pedestrians’ emotional states. This study’s findings revealed significant correlations (p < 0.01) among factors such as the Green Visual Index, Spatial Enclosure Index, Sky Visibility Index, Spatial feasibility Index, and Equivalent Continuous A-weighted Sound Pressure Level with physiological and psychological alterations in pedestrians’ emotions. Additionally, the various proportions of audio-visual environmental factors also exerted significant influences on emotions (p < 0.05). The relevant conclusions can provide a reference for optimizing the audio-visual environment of walking space and promoting the sustainable development of the campus. In future research, the effects of audio-visual environments on both emotional and physiological indicators, as well as subjective evaluations, can be explored further.

Measuring and Predicting Sensor Performance for Camouflage Detection in Multispectral Imagery.

To improve the management of multispectral sensor systems on small reconnaissance drones, this paper proposes an approach to predict the performance of a sensor band with respect to its ability to expose camouflaged targets under a given environmental context. As a reference for sensor performance, a new metric is introduced that quantifies the visibility of camouflaged targets in a particular sensor band: the Target Visibility Index (TVI). For the sensor performance prediction, several machine learning models are trained to learn the relationship between the TVI for a specific sensor band and an environmental context state extracted from the visual band by multiple image descriptors. Using a predicted measure of performance, the sensor bands are ranked according to their significance. For the training and evaluation of the performance prediction approach, a dataset featuring 853 multispectral captures and numerous camouflaged targets in different environments was created and has been made publicly available for download. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully determine the most informative sensor bands in most cases. Therefore, this performance prediction approach has great potential to improve camouflage detection performance in real-world reconnaissance scenarios by increasing the utility of each sensor band and reducing the associated workload of complex multispectral sensor systems.

Infrared visibility and infrared visibility range: the practical signif cance and method for measuring

New physical quantities are presented – infrared visibility and infrared visibility range. The relevance and demand for measurements of these quantities is shown. Their physical meaning is revealed, formula ratios for the calculation are given, and the practical signifi cance. The presented calculation ratios are obtained on the basis of the transformation of the real thermal portrait of the object into an equivalent thermal geometric model. It is shown that the numerical values of the infrared visibility index for various real objects can vary over a wide range: from zero for absolutely non-thermal contrast objects to values of several units for high-contrast objects, i.e. within 0.5–2.5. The ratio for the infrared visibility range is obtained in based on the Lambert-Bouguer-Beer law and Fechner's law, used in the theory of sensory sensitivity. A detailed description and procedure for measuring the indicated physical quantities is presented, examples are given, and the measurement uncertainty is estimated. The introduced values are aimed at ensuring the unity of the assessment of thermal protection of various man-made and biological objects and allow developing preventive measures for their thermal protection at the stage of commissioning.

Evaluating simulated visible greenness in urban landscapes: An examination of a midsize U.S. city

Urban greenness is critical in evaluating urban environmental and living conditions, significantly affecting human well-being and house prices. Unfortunately, satellite imagery from a bird-eye view does not fully capture urban greenness from a human-centered perspective, while human-perceived greenness from street-view images heavily relies on road networks and vehicle accessibility. In recent years, scholars started to explore greenness measurements from a simulative perspective, among which the simulation of the Viewshed Greenness Visibility Index (VGVI) received wide attention. However, the simulated VGVI lacks a comprehensive assessment. To fill this gap, we designed a field experiment in Fayetteville, Arkansas, by collecting 360-degree panoramas in different local climate zones. Further, we segmented these panoramas via the state-of-the-art DeeplabV2 neural network to obtain the Panoramic Greenness Visibility Index (PGVI), which served as the ground-truthing human-perceived greenness. We assessed the performance of VGVI by comparing it with PGVI calculated from field-collected panoramas. The results showed that, despite the disparity of performance in different local climate zones, VGVI highly correlates to the PGVI, indicating its great potential for various domains that favor urban human-perceived greenness exposure.

Using airborne lidar and machine learning to predict visibility across diverse vegetation and terrain conditions

Visibility analyses, used in many disciplines, rely on viewshed algorithms that map locations visible to an observer based on a given surface model. Mapping continuous visibility over broad extents is uncommon due to extreme computational expense. This study introduces a novel method for spatially-exhaustive visibility mapping using airborne lidar and random forests that requires only a sparse sample of viewsheds. In 24 topographically and vegetatively diverse landscapes across the contiguous US, 1000 random point viewsheds were generated at four different observation radii (125 m, 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m), using a 1 m resolution lidar-derived digital surface model. Visibility index – the proportion of visible area to total area – was used as the target variable for site-scale and national-scale modeling, which used a diverse set of 146 terrain- and vegetation-based 10 m resolution metrics as predictors. Variables based on vegetation, especially those based on local neighborhoods, were more important than those based on terrain. Visibility at shorter distances was more accurately estimated. National-scale models trained on a wider range of vegetation and terrain conditions resulted in improved R2, although at some sites error increased compared to site-scale models. Results from an independent test site demonstrate potential for application of this methodology to diverse landscapes.

Satisfaction with urban trees associates with tree canopy cover and tree visibility around the home

Many world cities want to expand the number of urban trees. How this expansion occurs should consider what people expect from trees based on how they experience and perceive these trees. Therefore, we need a better understanding of how people perceptually respond to urban tree abundance. This research examined whether people’s satisfaction with urban trees and satisfaction with the management of those trees were related to objective measures of greenery such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), percent tree canopy cover, and the Viewshed Greenness Visibility Index (VGVI) for trees. We used a demographically and geographically representative survey of 223 residents in Toronto, Canada, and calculated NDVI, canopy cover, and VGVI at three neighbourhood sizes. We analysed the data using generalized linear regression. We found that canopy cover and VGVI had a positive association with satisfaction with urban trees. The associations were comparatively stronger at larger neighbourhood scales than at smaller scales. There were no statistically significant associations with NDVI or satisfaction with the management of urban trees.

Target visibility index

Quantitative description of the quality of images from the military sight-seeing systems, particularly those of armored vehicles, implies specific approaches different from those used in traditional image processing for civilian needs. Our analysis of the literature shows that there are several disadvantages in the definitions of the quantitative image quality indices, which makes them inapplicable for the characterization of targets in images from military sight-seeing systems. First, quantitative indices describing the quality of images introduced for civilian applications and techniques for their measurements are not target-oriented. In most cases, image quality indices available in the literature characterize the image as a whole but turn out to be irrelevant to the visibility and conspicuity of a target. High image quality indices do not guarantee high visibility and conspicuity of a target. Contrarily, frequently high contrast and thereby visibility of a target is accompanied by abnormal (enormously high or low) lighting of the background, target, or both, which enhances the visibility and conspicuity of the target but results in low-quality indices of the image as a whole. Second, expressions for the contrast, visibility, and conspicuity of a target available in the literature are not symmetric with respect to zero and some of them are singular functions. We claim that an image quality index describing the target visibility should satisfy, at least, the following requirements. First, the notion of the threshold local contrast, still (or no longer) resolved by human eyes, must be involved in the definition of visibility. Second, the visibility index should not be a singular function. Third, visibility is a notion strongly related to the neuronal response of the human brain and, thus, should be in the form of an activation function. Forth, the target visibility index should be of the probability character. Fifth, the visibility index should be target-oriented. In this paper, we propose an expression defining the target visibility index which satisfies all five requirements listed above and develop a technique for its measurement based on the measurements of brightness profile along a line and calculation of the local contrast of the target. The measurements of the target visibility index are illustrated for the partial (visible and infrared) images and for images fused by algorithms of different target-oriented image fusion methods.

Hydralazine-augmented contrast ultrasound imaging improves the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection with B-mode and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CUS) imaging often varies between subjects, especially in patients with background cirrhosis. Various factors contribute to this variability, including the tumor blood flow, tumor size, internal echoes, and its location in livers with diffuse fibro-cirrhotic changes. Towards improving lesion detection, this study evaluates a vasodilator, hydralazine, to enhance the visibility of HCC by reducing its blood flow relative to the surrounding liver tissue. HCC were analyzed for tumor visibility measured for B-mode, CUS, and hydralazine-augmented-contrast ultrasound (HyCUS) in an autochthonous HCC rat model. 21 tumors from 12 rats were studied. B-mode and CUS images were acquired before hydralazine injection. Rats received an intravenous hydralazine injection of 5mg/kg, then images were acquired 20min later. Four rats were used as controls. The difference in echo intensity of the lesion and the surrounding tissue was used to determine the visibility index (VI). The visibility index for HCC was found to be significantly improved with the use of HyCUS imaging compared to traditional B-mode and CUS imaging. The visibility index for HCC was 16.5±2.8 for HyCUS, compared to 5.3±4.8 for B-mode and 4.1±3.8 for CUS. The differences between HyCUS and the other imaging modalities were statistically significant, with p-values of 0.001 and 0.02, respectively. Additionally, when compared to control cases, HyCUS showed higher discrimination of HCC (VI=6.4±1.2) with a p-value of 0.003, while B-mode (VI=6.7±1.4, p=0.5) and CUS (VI=6.4±1.2, p=0.3) showed lower discrimination. Vascular blood flow modulation by hydralazine enhances the visibility of HCC. HyCUS offers a potential problem-solving method for detecting HCC when B-mode and CUS are unsuccessful, especially with background fibro-cirrhotic liver disease. Future evaluation of the approach in humans will determine its translatability for clinical applications.

Media Visibility Index as a Tool for Measuring the Presence of Political Parties in the Media: Case of Polish Parliamentary Election Campaign in 2019

The problem of media visibility of politicians and political parties is at the heart of the interest of political communication researchers. Theoretical reflections and empirical studies focus on numerous media presence determinants. At the same time, attempts to identify the media visibility of political actors in specific periods, such as the particularly important for democracy period of the election campaign preceding the parliamentary election, are relatively rare. This study is intended to fill that gap. It proposes a simple research tool in the form of a media visibility index, which makes it possible to calculate and compare the visibility of electoral committees in selected media during the election campaign. The tool was used to determine the visibility of electoral committees taking part in the 2019 parliamentary elections in Poland in two TV news services “Wiadomości” and “Fakty”, and three weekly opinion magazines “Newsweek”, “Polityka” and “Sieci”. The data to calculate the index was gathered through manual content analysis of the studied media conducted six weeks before the day of the parliamentary elections.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY NON-CONTACT METHODS

Statement of the Problem. The development of methods and means for measuring temperature and improving the accuracy of measurement, as well as the study of thermal processes of temperature distribution is a promising and urgent scientific task.
 Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of professional literature has shown that at present the problem of studying the temperature distribution in a particular field of activity has already been studied to some extent. However, the practical implementation of methods and means to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement is not sufficiently developed.
 The purpose of the article is to determine the fundamental factors by analyzing the theoretical and experimental material related to improving the accuracy of temperature measurement and the study of thermal processes during temperature measurements by non-contact method.
 Non-contact methods allow temperature measurement at a distance without direct contact with the object of measurement and are based on measuring the surface temperature of the object using infrared devices: pyrometers and thermal imagers. A pyrometer allows to measure the temperature of a local point of the measurement object, a thermal imager is used to visualize temperature fields. It is established that pyrometric measurement methods are based on determining the parameters of thermal radiation of the object without disturbing its temperature field. High accuracy of measurement results is achieved due to individual selection of filters and narrow spectral range.
 Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to note that the main factors that affect the accuracy of the measurement results by the pyrometer include the following: the change in the emissivity of the measurement object depending on the wavelength in the spectral range and on the temperature in the measurement range; the presence of radiation absorption in the medium between the pyrometer and the measurement object (the presence of a significant amount of dust, smoke or steam in the air in front of the sample reduces the accuracy of the measurement); geometric parameters of the field of view (visibility index) of the pyrometer Taking into account these factors in practice will increase the accuracy of the temperature measurement results by the pyrometer.