Water Extract Viscosity Research Articles

Breeding assessment of winter rye population GC-494/15vv with high viscosity of water extract of grain meal

Breeding assessment of winter rye population GC-494/15vv with high viscosity of water extract of grain meal

Multiple Parameter Assessment of Grain Quality for Populations of Winter Rye with Various Viscosity of Water Extract

Multiple Parameter Assessment of Grain Quality for Populations of Winter Rye with Various Viscosity of Water Extract

Natural deep eutectic solvent as tool for improving Rosa canina L. polyphenol recovery in maceration

Rosa canina L. extracts were prepared using water or three natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs: betaine+malic acid, betaine+sucrose, and citric acid+sucrose with 50% of water) and maceration. The extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenol content (TPC), ABTS radical scavenging potential, extraction yield, zeta potential, conductivity, pH, density, surface tension, and viscosity. TPC was the highest in betaine+malic acid extract (10.4 mg gallic acid equivalents, GAE/g), and the lowest in water and citric acid+sucrose extracts (6.5 and 6.4 mg GAE/g, respectively). ABTS radical scavenging potential was the highest in water extract, 5.6 mmol Trolox/g, whereas the lowest was in citric acid+sucrose extract, 2.6 mmol Trolox/g. Extraction yield was the lowest for betaine+malic acid extract, 0.607 %, and statistically significantly higher for betaine+sucrose extract, 1.22 %. Zeta potential (absolute value) was the highest for betaine+sucrose extract (-2.12 mV), and the lowest for citric acid+sucrose extract (0.29 mV). Conductivity was in the range of 0.25 mS/cm (betaine+sucrose extract) to 5.46 mS/cm (betaine+malic acid extract). pH ranged from 3.0 in betaine+malic acid extract to 4.5 in water and betaine+sucrose extracts. Density varied from 1.00 g/mL for water extract to 1.19 g/mL for betaine+sucrose extract, while surface tension varied from 35.0 mN/m for betaine+sucrose extract to 40.6 mN/m for water extract. Viscosity of water extract was 1.52 mPa·s and it was significantly higher for citric acid+sucrose extract, 10.67 mPa·s. The application of NADESs as an extraction medium can improve polyphenol recovery from rose hips, as well as extraction yield and conductivity, but depending on NADES composition. Namely, the highest TPC and conductivity were measured in betaine+malic acid extract, while betaine+sucrose extract possesses the highest extraction yield. Thus, the constitution of NADES should be optimized depending on the future application of the extract.

Variability of selected quantitative traits in new spring barley genotypes

The research included 19 breeding lines and 4 cultivars of spring barley from the preliminary field experiments harvested in 2020 in Radzików. All barley samples were characterized for the content of protein, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) with soluble (S-NSP) and insoluble (I-NSP) fractions and β-glucan. Additionally, viscosity of water extracts (WEV) was measured to determine the functional properties of the grain. It was the most diverse parameter (CV = 27%) and was significantly correlated with β-glucan content (r = 0.50; for p <0.05). This dependence is shown by the results obtained for the grain of the Avatar cultivar and the RAH 744/19 breeding line, in which the content of β-glucan (5.3% and 4.8%, respectively), as well as the WEV (3.3 mPa.s and 3.0 mPa.s, respectively) were the highest. The lowest content of β – glucan (3.5%) and one of the lowest WEV values (1.4 mPa.s) were observed for KWS Jessie cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a substantial impact of the two components PC1 and PC2 on the variability of the analyzed material showing significant variability of the 5 barley genotypes and confirmed the previous results of biochemical analyzes. Our results made it possible to indicate several genotypes that may constitute a source of variability in breeding works aimed at improving the quality of barley. Presented study also show that the grain of some new barley genotypes, with a favorable chemical composition from a fodder and brewing perspective, is a good material for future use in industry.

Identification of genes involved in the formation of soluble dietary fiber in winter rye grain and their expression in cultivars with different viscosities of wholemeal water extract

The grain of rye (Secale cereale L.) used for baking contains a large amount of non-starch polysaccharides, making it an excellent component of functional foods. But rye grain intended for alcohol production and forage use should have a reduced content of these polysaccharides. A comprehensive parameter that can predict the best field of application for winter rye grain is the viscosity of its wholemeal water extract. However, our understanding of the genetic background underlying this key trait and associated features of rye grain is poor. By analyzing six Russian winter rye cultivars, we identified the most contrasting forms and characterized the peculiarities of their water-soluble carbohydrates capable of influencing the viscosity of water extracts. Then, using phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified in the rye genome many genes encoding putative glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases responsible for the synthesis and degradation of arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage glucans, cellulose, and some other polysaccharides. We determined the dynamics of mRNA abundance for these genes at three stages of kernel development. Comparisons of gene expression levels in two contrasting cultivars revealed specific members of multigene families that may serve as promising targets for manipulating non-starch polysaccharide content in rye grain. High-viscosity cultivars were characterized by up-regulation of many glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans and other cell-wall polysaccharides, whereas low-viscosity cultivars showed up-regulation of several genes encoding polysaccharide-degrading enzymes.

Research of water extraction from xenoderm as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in drugs

Today, burns are one of the most common types of injuries in the home and at work around the world. Therefore, the issue of treatment of burns remains relevant today for medicine and pharmacy in particular.
 In Ukraine, the method of treatment of burns using xenodermoimplants from porcine skin is used, and therefore the crushed substrate of cryolyophilized porcine skin (xenoderm) is a promising active ingredient in the technology of various drug forms.
 The aim of the work was to study the structural and mechanical properties of water extract from the crushed substrate of the xenoderm and to determine its amino acid composition by using physicochemical analysis, namely using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
 A glass pycnometer and a Heppler BH 2 MLW drop ball viscometer were used to determine the density and viscosity of the water extract from the xenoderm. The density and viscosity of the water extract were studied at different temperatures.
 The dependence of the density and viscosity of the water extract from the xenoderm on temperature was studied and it was found that with increasing temperature the dynamic viscosity decreases and the density changes slightly.
 A glass pycnometer and a viscometer with falling ball were used to determine the density and viscosity of the xenoderm water extract. Chromatographic separation of amino acids was performed on a liquid chromatograph Agilent 1200 with a fluorescent detector.
 Chromatographic determination of amino acids was performed on a liquid chromatograph Agilent 1200 (USA) with a fluorescent detector G1315A (USA) and an autosampler 1313A.
 Using the HPLC method, 16 amino acids were identified (essential – 6; conditionally – 2; nonessential – 8). Identified amino acids are almost in a bound state (1.5%), the largest amount is glutamic acid (0.23%), glycine (0.19%), aspartic acid (0.18%), proline (0.17%) and arginine (0.17%). In unbound form, the content of glutamic acid (0.09%) and glycine (0.06%) is the highest.
 Based on the results of research, you can choose quality indicators, to determine the appropriate criteria that can be proposed for the standardization of water extract from the crushed substrate of the xenoderm.

Ecological Variability, Stability, and Plasticity of Winter Rye on Grain Quality Features

Results of studying the correlation dependence and ecological variability of grain quality features of 18 varieties of winter rye grown in 2014–2019 in a wide range of the weather factors are presented. The following features were studied: the water extract viscosity (WEV), the falling number (FN), the amilogram height (AH), shape stability of hearth bread (H/D), starch gelatinization temperature (T, °C), quality of pan bread’s crumb, bread volume, grain nature, weight of 1000 grains, and the content of protein and starch in grain. Coefficient of an ecological variation (CVе), phenotypical stability (SF), ecological plasticity bi, and coefficient of heritability H2 were calculated for each feature. It is shown that the level of quality of toppling and square loaf from rye was authentically defined by the amilogram height, falling number, temperature of starch gelatinization, and viscosity of water extract (r = 0.48–0.83). Amilogram height and falling number most strongly varied under the influence of weather conditions of the year. The Alfa variety with high FN and high-viscosity population GK-494HV had the best baking qualities. Low-viscosity population GK-614LV was steadily distinguished from the worst varieties. It is shown that the high potential of WEV is an important feature improving the baking properties of rye grain. The adaptive potential of GK-494HV and GK-614LV populations was compared. It resulted in a tenfold divergent selection on the basis of WEV. It is established that repeated divergent selection on WEV correlatively changed many features defining baking properties of rye grain. The trend towards decrease in ecological and phenotypical stability of the main (closely correlating) features of grain quality with a simultaneous increase in their ecological plasticity was a typical feature of the selection performed. At the same time, the ecological variation of features at minus selection increased stronger than at plus selection.

Developing a parent material for breeding forage rye in conditions of Bashkortostan

Abstract. The aim of the research is to create source material for breeding forage rye that combines stable productivity over the years, high protein content in the grain, and low content of water-soluble pentosans. The object of research was winter rye. Research methods Research on these tasks was carried out in 2016–2018 in the conditions of the South-Western Urals using generally accepted methods. The predecessor is dead fallow. Soil is chernozem with a predominance of leached, typical and carbonate varieties with the following agrochemical indicators: humus content in the topsoil – 7–9 %, pH value – 7.2–7.6, total nitrogen in the arable layer of the soil – 0.4 %, mobile potassium and phosphorus (according to Machigin) – respectively 20.5 mg/100 g and 10.2 mg / 100 g of dry soil, calcium – 5.6 %. The recommended rate of mineral fertilizers is N60P60K60. Scientific novelty. For the first time, 3 promising winter rye varieties selected in the Bashkir scientific research Institute and 2 samples of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding were studied in climatic conditions of south-western Cis-Ural. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) and the water extract viscosity (WEV) were evaluated. The breeding value of plants was studied. Results The main indicators of the nutritional quality of winter rye grain are found to depend on both the variety (genotype) and the influence of external conditions (phenotype). It was detected that the content of water-soluble polysaccharides and the dynamic viscosity of the grain meal water extract are in a linear relationship (r = 0.98). They are unstable indicators and have a variable character. There are two varieties (Kombaynnyay 3 i Krupnozernaya 2) with the lowest WSP and WEV values and a high protein content in the grain. They can serve as source material to develop fodder crops in conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The rye WEV was found to increase significantly in dry years, and decrease in wet years. The comparative evaluation of grain crops showed that the WEV of winter rye exceeded that of winter wheat by 3.5 times, spring wheat by 3.7 times, and winter triticale by 3.1 times. It was found that the samples with lower WSP and WEV indicators had small grains, low grain unit and higher protein content.

Ecological stability of varieties of winter rye with various type of a short-stem

Results 10 years' (2008-2017) comparative studying of varieties of winter rye with recessive-polygenic (the first group) and dominant- monogenic (the second group) short-stem type are presented. In each group tested 5 varieties which estimated on 6 traits: productivity, winter hardiness, plant height, weight is 1000 grains, number of falling and viscosity of water extract of grain meal. Determined by each trait: stability of a phenotype (SF), ecological variation (CV), ecological plasticity (bi), general (GAА) and specific (SAА) adaptive ability, selection value of a genotype (SVG). Average productivity on groups of varieties was identical (respectively 6,69 and 6,62 t/ha), however varieties with dominant-monogenic type of a short-stem differed authentically in the best winter hardiness of plants (for 6,3%) and had shorter stalk (on 9,3 cm). On the ecological variation of traits was influenced significantly by all three factors: weather conditions of year (75,5-95,0%), variety genotype (1,1-2,5%) and interaction variety x years (2,9-22,3%). The most strongly weather conditions of year influenced a productivity variation (86,3% for the first group and 95,0% for the second). On the trait of winter hardiness force of influence of a factor a variety x years was higher, than on other traits, and made respectively 9,3 and 22,3%. Ecological stability at varieties of the second group was twice higher (CV=12,4%), than at varieties of the first group (CV=24,3%). The conclusion is made that varieties of winter rye with a dominant-monogenic short-stem have lower norm of reaction to the adverse conditions of a rewintering developing in years with a high snow cover. Therefore regions where the main limiting factor is the low rewintering because of strong defeat of plants a snow mold have to be the main area of cultivation of such varieties of winter rye. The opinion is expressed that in the main winter rye regions of Russia it is expedient to cultivate varieties of winter rye with different types of a short-stem, but taking into account their agroecological specifics.

Optimization of grain quality parameters for winter rye breeding

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phenotypic variability of grain quality indicators and to identify the set of the most informative indicators for the selection of different use varieties of winter rye. The research was carried out in Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture – Subdivision of the “Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences” in 2001–2015 on 15 varieties of winter rye. Twenty parameters defining quality of grain and raw value were estimated: technological indicators (thousand grain mass, full-scale weight and grain uniformity), parameters preharvest sprouting (falling number, rate of amylogram, temperature of peak of starch gelatinization), kinematic water extract viscosity (WEV) of grain meal, baking properties (organoleptic assessment of trial baking bread). The greatest influence of genotype was found on WEV (34.8 %) and protein content (27.8 %). These features should be primarily the subject of phenotypic evaluation in the breeding process. Phenotypic variability of criteria of carbohydrate-amylase complex, α-amylases activity and technological parameters was determined predominantly (68.6…82.5 %) by environmental factors. There was no significant relationship between falling number and protein content. The falling number correlated with the rate of amylogram and the temperature of gelatinization. Positive conjugation of the average power of WEV with the rate of amylogram and falling number was found. On the basis of a prolonged phenotypic evaluation using principal component analysis we have optimized the analyzed indicators of quality properties of winter rye grain. For breeding evaluation of winter rye it is proposed to use four integral indi cators having the greatest weight load: protein content, falling number, water extract viscosity and thousand grain mass. This complex of features will provide objectivity and completeness of the evaluation of the breeding material. It was shown that the kinematic viscosity of the water extract should become an important selection index, both for determining the baking qualities of rye, and for revealing the fodder grain advantages.

Triticale-oat bread as a new product rich in bioactive and nutrient components

Nowadays non-bread cereals, including oats, due to their healthy properties are increasingly used as additives in bread production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate new healthy triticale-oat bread by replacement as much as possible of triticale flour by high fibre oat concentrate (COF), without decreasing technological quality of bread. The flours obtained from 4 winter triticale varieties were enriched with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of COF. An increasing COF level resulted in significantly increased nutritional parameters content as well as dietary fibre (up to 11.5%), including six-fold increase in β-glucan content (from 0.3% for control breads to 1.0% and 1.8% for 5% and 10% COF, respectively) and as a consequence even two-fold increase in viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Obtained results were compared to popular, available in bakery wheat and wheat-rye breads. All obtained triticale-oat breads can be included as food products high in fibre (over 6 g per 100 g). The dough properties and bread parameters, especially bread volume, shape and crumb texture decreased with the addition of COF. Results show that triticale flour replaced by up to 5% of COF makes it possible to prepare new kind of healthy bread.

Viscosity negatively affects the nutritional value of blue lupin seeds for broilers

This study examines the impact of Lupinus angustifolius variety (C) and inclusion level (L) in broiler diets on the nutritional value, viscosity of ileal digesta and activity of gut microbiota. The experiment was conducted on 154 female 21-day-old broilers, allocated to 11 groups (kept individually). A reference lupin-free diet and 10 test diets containing one of five lupin seeds; Kadryl, Regent, Dalbor, Bojar and Tango, mixed with the reference diet at a ratio of 25 : 75 or 32 : 68 dry matter (DM) (low or high level of inclusion) were prepared. Diets were fed for 6 days, excreta were collected over last 4 days. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero N balance (AMEN) of diets and AMEN of lupin seeds were calculated. Birds were sacrificed, ileal and caecal digesta were pooled by segments from two birds, and the activity of bacterial enzymes was determined. The ileal digesta viscosity was measured immediately (ileal viscosity immediate (IVI)) or after 6 days storage at −18°C (ileal viscosity frozen). AMEN of test diets were lower than the reference diet. Lupin AMEN values ranged from 6.04 MJ/kg DM for Regent at high level to 9.25 MJ/kg DM for Bojar at low level. High inclusion level numerically decreased AMEN value in all cultivars, except for Kadryl, for which it increased (significant C×L interaction). The IVI value was 2.6 mPa·s in the reference group, but ranged from 6.3 to 21.7 mPa·s in lupin-fed birds. It increased significantly with level for Regent, Dalbor and Tango but not for the other two cultivars (significant C×L interaction). There was a negative correlation between IVI and: apparent total tract N retention, fat digestibility from test diets, AMEN of diets and lupins. Ileal viscosity immediate was positively correlated with the activity of ileal α- and β-glucosidase and negatively with ileal α-galactosidase and caecal α-glucosidase. Ileal viscosity frozen ranged from 3.2 to 5 mPa·s and it was not correlated with lupins AMEN. This suggests that the digesta viscosity caused by narrow-leafed lupin is detrimental to its nutritional value and interfere with the gut microbial activity. In addition, the lupins viscosity was measured by two in vitro methods: the water extract viscosity (WEV) method and after incubation in conditions imitating in vivo digestion (enzyme-treated extract viscosity (EEV)). In vivo viscosity was weakly reflected by in vitro measurements as there was no correlation between IVI and WEV or EEV. Overall, findings suggest that the different cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin may have different value for practical application in broiler diets.

Dynamics of technological and baking qualities of winter rye grain depending on flour yield and water extract viscosity

Dynamics of technological and baking qualities of winter rye grain were studied depending on flour yield and water extract viscosity (WEV). Initial material consisted in six populations of winter rye obtained after ten cycles of divergent selection for WEV, which was carried out on the basis of cultivars Al’fa and Moskovskaya 12. For each cultivar, three populations contrastingly differing for WEV were identified: low viscosity ones (LV) obtained in minus selection, mean viscosity ones (MV) obtained on the basis of the original populations without selection, and high viscosity (HV) ones obtained in plus selection. For each population, three grades of flour were obtained: wholemeal flour (100% yield), medium flour (87% yield), and pure flour (63% yield). Comparative testing was carried out in 2015 and 2016: in a field experiment on 8-m2 plots in three repetitions. The following traits were studied: weight of 1000 grains, nature of grain, glassiness, protein and starch contents, flour whiteness, falling number, amylogram height, starch gelatinization temperature, H/D ratio, bread volume, and crumb porosity. A prominent feature of LV-populations is the trend towards small grains, low grain nature, and lowered starch contents. For most traits, HV-populations were at the level of MV-populations. It was concluded that, during production of pure rye flour, almost all pentosans together with bran are removed from external layers of caryopsis. As a result, the share of pentosans within endosperm essentially increases. These pentosans belong to the water-soluble fraction, which is proven to be true by a sharp increase in WEV in pure rye flour in comparison with wholemeal flour. An increase in WEV in the grades of thin grinding flour occurs due to water-soluble pentosans, which are contained in bran, in deep layers of endosperm. As compared to rough grinding flour (wholemeal flour), thin grinding flour (pure flour) differed by higher whiteness (by 46.6 units), better amylogram (by 46 a. units), higher H/D ratio (by 0.04), volumetric yield (by 38 cm3), and porosity of crumb of a square loaf (by 9.9%). WEV also had significant influence, which, at high expression, positively affected flour whiteness, falling number, amylogram height, starch gelatinization temperature, and shape stability of toppling bread.

Evaluation of some winter rye (<i>Secale cereale </i>L.) traits under environments of Nosivka Plant Breeding Experimental Station

The paper covers the results of studies on the development of medium-ripening winter-hardy short-stemmed winter rye varieties with yielding capacity of 9-10 t/ha being resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors. The results of the competitive strain testing (2012-2013, 2015-2016) of hybrid lines for grain and fodder value are compared with winter rye variety Khlibne as conventional standard.The variety Khlibne completely explains its name since it possesses good baking qualities: high values of test weight of grain, falling number, pentosan content, and viscosity of water extract of grain meal (VWEGM).When hybridizing short-stemmed productive varieties and winter rye hybrids with winter- hardiness donor Z2807 (Nosivka PBES, Ukraine), it is possible to create new winter-hardy, frost-resistant, short-stemmed productive varieties suitable for growing in Ukraine and abroad.The prospective populations of winter rye with alternative characters and inbred lines have been analyzed comprehensively for the main elements of the potential yield capacity structure. A variation in the content of arabinoxylans in the source material indicates the possibility of selecting samples for alternative use. High positive correlations between VWEGM and falling number were revealed. The high content of carotene in the winter rye leaves is an important indicator of vitamin nutrition of green fodder. The populations presented are resistant to lodging (stem lenght 90-110 cm), they are characterized with high productive tillering, head length up to 13 cmand grain number up to 80, high content of carotene in leaves and low content of pentozans in grains. Winter hardiness of new populations over the years of research was 98.8-99.9%. For four years they significantly exceeded the standard for grain yield (up to 10.80 t/ha vs. 6.85 t/ha).

The nutritional value of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) for broilers

Two experiments were conducted to study the nutritional value of four or seven cultivars of Lupinus luteus L. seeds. Experiments I and II were conducted on 150 and 240 16-day-old Ross 308 male chicks, respectively. The birds were allocated to five or eight dietary treatment groups (10 replications in each, three birds per replication). Feeds in four treatments from Experiment I and seven treatments from Experiment II, contained a lupin meal (different cultivars) and basal diet in a proportion of 30:70. Birds in one treatment (Experiments I and II) were fed only the basal diet. Crude protein content in lupin seeds ranged from 390 to over 440g/kg of DM (in both experiments). In Experiments I and II, phytic-P content in lupin meal ranged from 5.6 to over 8g/kg. In Experiment I, water extract viscosity of seeds ranged from 1.21 to 1.61 cP. In Experiment II, non-starch polysaccharides ranged from 261 to 288g/kg. The lowest content of oligosaccharides was 86g/kg (Experiment I, cv. Mister) and the highest—128g/kg (Experiment II, cv. Parys). Raffinose content in seeds ranged from 8g/kg (Experiment II, cv. Baryt) to 16g/kg (Experiment II, cv. Mister). The apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) of yellow lupin seeds ranged from 8.33 to 10.2MJ/kg; the lowest was determined for Mister and the highest for Baryt cultivars, both used in Experiment II. Ileal crude protein digestibility of yellow lupin seeds ranged from 0.759 to 0.85; the lowest was determined for Mister (Experiment I) and the highest for Perkoz (Experiment II) cultivars. Lupin AMEN negatively correlated with their raffinose content (Experiment I: r=−0.37; P≤0.05; Experiment II: r=−0.67; P≤0.01). In Experiment II, sialic acid excretion correlated well with ileal digesta viscosity (r=0.57, P≤0.05) and raffinose content (r=0.38, P≤0.05). Negative correlations were observed between following: apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, ileal amino acid digestibility and water extract viscosity (Experiment I) – raffinose content (Experiments I and II) and – ileal digesta viscosity (Experiment II).

Multiple divergent selection on viscosity of a water extract of winter rye

Results of ten cycles of divergent selection on water extract viscosity (WEV) based on varieties of winter rye Al’fa and Moskovskaya 12 are presented. Efficiency of selection depended both on genotype of a variety and direction of selection. Selection in a plus-direction was more effective than in a minus-direction. After ten cycles of selection, the potential of WEV increased in high viscosity populations by 3.3–6.0 times, while it decreased by 2.6–3.5 times in low viscosity populations. The asymmetry of the response was detected during the first cycle of the selection and it remained in all subsequent cycles. The high viscosity populations were more yielding (by 23.8%) than low viscosity populations and had the best baking qualities of grain. Their superiority manifested the most strongly by grain unit (by 7.9%), weight of 1000 grains (by 23.4%), falling number (by 90 s), amylogram height (by 5.4 times), and gelatinization temperature of starch (by 3.2°С). From low viscosity populations, strongly blurring bread with large pores and sticky and restive crumb was produced. Prospects of selection of baking and fodder varieties of a winter rye based on selection of genotypes with high and low WEV are discussed.

Variability in the chemical composition of triticale grain, flour and bread

During the last few decades triticale has become a commercial crop grown in a variety of environmental conditions worldwide. Triticale, a hybrid cereal developed by crossing wheat and rye combines the valuable properties of both parental forms. In the present study the differences in chemical composition between grain, flour and bread of eight triticale varieties were determined. The results were compared against the standard wheat variety. Independently of the degree of material processing, all samples were characterised for nutrients (protein, starch, ash, lipids) and bioactive components (dietary fibre (DF), total polyphenols (TPC)) and viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Following grain milling, the average content of some components decreased significantly in comparison to grain (protein (2%), ash (58%), lipids (38%), DF (64%), TPC (40%)). After baking the differences in the content of some bread components were compared to flour. The most significant differences between flour and bread samples were noted in the average content of ash (0.8% vs. 2.3%), starch (74.1% vs. 64.7%), DF (4.6% vs. 5.4%), TPC (0.9mgGAE/g vs. 0.5mgGAE/g). Our results show that the grain of some modern triticale varieties, with a favourable chemical composition from a technological and nutritional perspective, is good material for flour and bread production.

Evaluation of ecological stability and plasticity of inbred lines of winter rye

The results of an ecological and genetic study of 50 lines of inbred winter rye plants are presented. The study was performed under a wide range of the weather factors, which occurred for years of the investigation (2004–2013). The following eight traits were studied: height of plants, number of grains in an ear, weight of 1000 grains, weight of the grains of an ear, falling number, viscosity of water extract, and content of protein and starch in grain. To each line and trait, factor of ecological variation (CVecol), factor of phenotypic stability (SF) (according to D. Lewis, 1954), and ecological plasticity (bi) (according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell, 1966) were calculated. The range of ecologic variation (CVecol) of the majority of the traits was approximately similar to the range of interlinear variation (CVgen). The slightly varying traits (SF = 1.1–1.32) had maximum buffer capacity, and high varying traits (SF = 2.02–3.17) had rather low buffer capacity. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.47–0.97) of all traits between CVecol, SF, and bi. It was shown that high ecological response of a trait (bi) does not provide high phenotypic stability of the trait. It was concluded that the lines that possess a low CVecol and a high SF of the traits are more important for selection than the lines having high ecological plasticity (bi > 1). In the years of unfavorable weather conditions, rather high adaptability can be provided by ecologically resistant inbred lines.

GENETIC RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF INBRED LINES OF WINTER RYE (Secale cereale L.) IN DIALLEL CROSSINGS

A b s t r a c t One of effective methods for estimation of inbred lines of winter rye is the diallel analysis allowing to spread out genotypic variance to general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combinational abilities and to estimate quantitatively the contribution of the basic gene interactions in expression of traits. The purpose of our research was studying genetic features of inbred lines of rye by means of diallel crossings. Tested 5 inbred lines of winter rye and 10 interline F1 hybrids were obtained according to incomplete diallel scheme (B. Griffing, 1956). Parental lines and F1 hybrids were compared in 2011 and 2012 in a field experiments under the scheme of a Latin square (6½3½3) on the plots of 8.8 m2 in 3 replicates at a sowing rate of 500 seeds per 1 m2. Comparative estimation of gene effects has been carried out for 17 traits. The genetic parameters D, H1, H2, √H1/D, Н2/4Н1 and h2 according to B.I. Hayman (1954) were evaluated, and also the contribution of GCA and SCA effects into genotypic variance was assessed. It was shown that according to effects of GCA to SCA ratio the traits can be divided into two groups. The first group contained 5 traits with low heritability (h2 = 0.10-0.22), exactly the productivity, number of productive stalks per 1 m 2 , number of grains in an ear, height of plant and the content of starch. In this group the contribution of GCA effects was rather low and varied from 7.0 up to 36.4 %, and the expression of traits strongly depended on domination and epistasis. In the second group there were 12 traits with rather high heritability (h 2 = 0.28-0.62) for which an additive dispersion exceeded the component of domination and varied from 50.3 up to 82.0 %. These high-hereditable traits were the winter hardiness, weight of 1000 grains, a grain unit, number of falling, amylogramm peak, viscosity of water extract, temperature of pasting starch, fluidity of dough, loaf volume, the content of protein in grain, sensitivity to snow mould and brown rust. For six traits of this group a strong genotype—environment interaction was characteristic. The conclusion is made that cumulative accumulation of valuable genes by means of recurrent selection is advisable for improvement of inbred lines on these traits in the course of breeding.

The nutritional value of narrow-leafed lupin (<i>Lupinus angustifolius</i>) for broilers

The nutritional value of four cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius L. seeds was investigated. The experiment was conducted on 50 male 16-day-old Ross 308 chickens. The birds were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (10 replications each). Digestibility was calculated using the difference method. The basal diet and four diets composed of ground lupin seeds (cv. Sonet, Boruta, Graf or Neptun) and the basal diet at a proportion of 25:75 (w/w) were prepared. The birds were fed the diets starting from day 16; on days 19 and 20 of life, excreta were individually collected, then all chickens were sacrificed and ileal digesta was sampled for determination of ileal digestibility. Ileal dry matter digestibility ranged between 56.8% and 62.5% (P < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of aspartic acid, proline, alanine, valine, histidine and lysine was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the in vitro water extract viscosity (WEV) of lupin seeds. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME N ) ranged from 7.91 to 9.27 MJ · kg -1 , the lowest was determined for cv. Graf, the highest for Boruta and Sonet. The Graf cultivar was also characterized by the lowest dry matter ileal and total tract digestibility (P < 0.05). The AME N of lupin seeds was negatively correlated with WEV (r = -0.67; P < 0.05) and raffinose level (r = -0.72; P < 0.05). The relationship between raffinose content and AME N was linear (P < 0.05).