Viscosity Of Mixture Research Articles

Multiscale simulation of water/oil displacement with dissolved CO[formula omitted]: Implications for geological carbon storage and CO[formula omitted]-enhanced oil recovery

This study combines molecular and pore-scale simulations to enhance our understanding of water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and oil flow in a porous system for high-efficiency geological carbon storage and enhanced oil recovery. We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the variation of interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, and contact angle across varying system CO2 concentrations. The study reveals that the IFT simulation accuracy in the three-component mixture system relates positively to the volume-to-interfacial area ratio, and IFT decreases with CO2 concentration. Oil–CO2 mixture viscosity decreases and shows an intersection with water viscosity as CO2 concentration increases. The contact angle on the hydrophobic surface of kaolinite first increases and then decreases with CO2 concentration, while the hydrophilic surface contact angle is not sensitive to the CO2 concentration. Visualizing CO2 density distribution reveals its accumulation at fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interfaces and the combined effect results in the highest CO2 density at contact-line regions. Meanwhile, the elevated CO2 density at fluid-fluid interfaces reduces IFT, contributing to the initial contact angle increase, while the CO2 density increase at fluids-solid surface explains the subsequent contact angle decrease. These findings are then upscaled into a core-scale system using lattice Boltzmann simulations. The results are summarized into a phase diagram, which reveals the non-monotonic variations of the initial-residual (I-R) curves across different CO2 concentrations, and the residual saturation overall decreases with CO2 concentration for high initial saturations. These findings underscore the critical roles of system CO2 concentration and rock components, particularly kaolinite clay minerals, in subsurface multiphase seepage confronted in geological carbon storage and CO2-enhanced oil recovery, highlighting the importance of digital rock physical chemistry.

Effect of deflocculants on the rheological behavior of high alumina matrix suspensions for self-flowing bauxite castable

This study investigates the influence of commercially available polyphosphates and polycarboxylate ethers as deflocculants on aqueous suspensions containing high alumina cement (HAC), reactive alumina (RA), and various matrix compositions. Utilizing rheological methods, the research explores the interplay between dispersant concentration and the apparent viscosity and flow behavior of RA suspensions and matrix mixtures. The Casson model is employed to effectively describe the obtained flow data. Moreover, the study discerns specific impacts of polycarboxylate ethers on the thickening properties of matrix mixtures characterized by varying RA and HAC contents. Additionally, the research evaluates the physical and mechanical properties of low-cement bauxite castables treated with a range of polycarboxylate esters. The findings demonstrate that all deflocculated suspensions exhibit Non-Newtonian structured fluid behavior with a discernible yield stress (τ0) at shear rates below 20 s-1. At higher shear rates, there is a significant reduction in apparent viscosity, aligning well with the Casson model. Comparative assessments, based on flow curve values τ0, elucidate differing degrees of suspension flocculation depending on the type of dispersant used.

Investigation of intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine with higher alkanols (N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine with 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol)

ABSTRACT Measurements of densities (ρ), speeds of sound (u), and viscosities (η) for binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine (DMBA) with 1-octanol (D1), 1-nonanol (D2), and 1-decanol (D3) were performed across temperatures from 303.15 K to 313.15 K under atmospheric pressure, covering all composition ranges. These experimental results were utilised to calculate the excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, viscosity deviation, and the excess Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow. Calculations for partial molar properties and infinite dilution partial molar properties were also carried out for each binary mixture. The dominant intermolecular interactions within these mixtures were analysed using the PFP theory. Additionally, the Jouyban−Acree model was applied to predict the thermo physical properties such as density, speed of sound, and viscosity. The model’s accuracy was evaluated by comparing predicted values with experimental data through mean relative deviations (MRDs) and individual relative deviations (IRDs).

Tailoring Fumaric Acid Delivery: The Role of Surfactant-Enhanced Solid Lipid Microparticles via Spray-Congealing.

Fumaric acid, a naturally occurring preservative with antimicrobial properties, has been widely used in the baking industry. However, its direct addition interferes with yeast activity and negatively impacts the gluten structure. This study investigates the potential of spray-congealing as a method for encapsulating fumaric acid within solid lipid microparticles. The selection of lipid carriers and surfactants is critical, so hydrogenated palm stearin, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and Compritol ATO 888 (glyceryl behenate) were chosen as lipid carriers, and propylene glycol monostearate and glyceryl monolaurate were utilised as surfactants with varying concentrations. Rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, moisture content, and thermal behaviour were assessed, along with the release profiles under different temperature conditions simulating the baking process. The findings indicate that the addition of surfactants significantly impacts the viscosity and stability of the molten mixtures, which in turn affects the spray-congealing process and the release of fumaric acid. The temperature-dependent and time-dependent release profiles demonstrate the potential for customising release kinetics to suit specific applications, such as the baking industry. This study may contribute to the development of a controlled-release system that synchronises with the baking process, thereby optimising fumaric acid's functionality while preserving the quality of baked goods.

Effects of galactomannans of varied structural features on the functional characteristics and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch

This study explores the effects of four natural galactomannans (GMs) with varying degrees of branching (fenugreek gum, guar gum, tara gum and locust bean gum) on the functional properties and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch (WS). Results from rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that GMs with lower branching degrees were correlated with higher paste viscosity, peak viscosity, and greater water-holding capacity in the WS-GM mixtures. Additionally, these lower branching GMs more effectively inhibited amylose leaching during starch gelatinization, leading to a softer gel texture and increased transparency of the mixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis demonstrated that starch mixtures containing lower branching GMs exhibited reduced relative crystallinity and enthalpy values during aging. Furthermore, the incorporation of lower branching GMs resulted in decreased starch digestibility in vitro, thereby enhanced resistant starch content. These findings highlight the potential of selectively branched GMs to modulate the functional properties and nutritional profile of WS, providing a promising approach for the development of starch-based products with improved health benefits.

Mucoadhesive poly(ethylene glycol)-based biodegradable polyesters with in-chain model drug

Mucoadhesive polymers have received significant interest in drug delivery due to the prolonged residence time on various mucus gel layers. Not only local effects but also the systemic uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be enhanced by such mucoadhesive excipients. In this study, we design novel poly(ethylene glycol) based mucoadhesive polyesters bearing unsaturated or sulfhydryl functionalities and model drug fluorescein polymerized in the polymeric backbone. The structure of polyesters was confirmed via 1H NMR and FTIR, while their molar masses, determined by gel permeation chromatography, were found to be between 3.6 and 4.0 kDa. Enzymatic degradation studies showed the ability of lipase to degrade the polymeric chains. Because of the mucoadhesive groups, the viscosity of mucus mixtures with these polymers increased 1.8-fold for the double bond, while 4.3-fold for thiol functional polymers, compared to PEG. Prolonged residence time on porcine intestinal mucosa was detected, as 3 h after application, up to 69 % of the polymers were still on the mucosa, whereas PEG was completely removed within 30 mins. Highly pH and enzyme-dependent release of fluorescein was noticed; only pH > 6.8 caused significant drug release. According to the results of this study, PEG-based unsaturated and thiolated polyesters with in-chain model drugs are great mucoadhesive and biodegradable drug carriers with sustained release properties.

Thermophysical properties: Viscosity, density, and excess properties of 2-propanol and n-Decane mixtures from 283.15 K to 343.15 K under atmospheric conditions

To study the effects of temperature as well as molecular interaction of a fluid system on the thermophysical properties of 2-propanol and n-Decane binary mixture, the density (ρ), dynamic viscosity (η), speed of sound (u), and refractive index (nD) of pure 2-propanol and n-Decane, along with their binary mixtures, were experimentally measured across the entire compositional range at temperatures from 283.15 to 343.15 K and atmospheric pressure. These experimental measurements helped in the evaluation of various thermophysical properties, such as excess molar volume (vE), coefficient of thermal expansion (αE), and isentropic compressibility (κsE). The experimental dynamic viscosity (η) and density (ρ) data were used to evaluate kinematic viscosity (v) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of flow with an equation based on Eyring's absolute state theory, and their corresponding excess properties. The excess properties of the binary mixtures were correlated using a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation via the least-squares regression method, with fitting parameters determined for the binary system. Moreover, the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory (PFP) was utilized to identify the primary molecular interactions contributing to the excess molar volume at 293.15, 308.15, and 323.15 K for the binary mixtures. Additionally, the capability of the Eyring-NRTL model was tested to predict the viscosity as well as vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the binary system, and the correlated model results agreed with literature data.

Encapsulation of gallic acid in alginate/lactoferrin composite hydrogels: Physical properties and gallic acid diffusion

Alginate hydrogel is commonly utilized to encapsulate hydrophilic polyphenols because of its biocompatibility and flexibility. However, encapsulation with neat alginate gel is prone to uncontrolled compound diffusion during gel formation and storage. Previous research have demonstrated the electrostatic complexation of lactoferrin and alginate, nonetheless, no study has been reported on the combination of these polymers as hydrophilic polyphenol encapsulation agent. Therefore, this research aims to explore the encapsulation of gallic acid (GA), a representative of water-soluble polyphenol, in the lactoferrin-alginate composite hydrogel. The composite hydrogel of sodium alginate-lactoferrin (S-L) was prepared in solid-basis ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 2:0, 2:1, 2:2, and 2:3. The evaluation was conducted on the alginate-lactoferrin mixture viscosity, gel syneresis, gel strength and stiffness, dried gel rehydration properties, porosity, GA diffusion, and gel microstructure. Images of SEM and CLSM microscopy revealed relatively compact structures created by evenly distributed lactoferrin in the hydrogel system. According to the gel electrophoresis analysis, composite alginate-lactoferrin gel hindered the diffusion of compounds with molecular weight >50 kDa. The addition of lactoferrin to the GA-loaded alginate composite hydrogel significantly increased the retention of GA (87.1–92.2%) in the gel. The GA-loaded composite hydrogel with the alginate to lactoferrin ratio of 2:1 and 2:2 (pH 5.24–5.43) exhibited significantly better (P > 0.05) gallic acid retention compared to the neat alginate hydrogel (pH 5.16) in their natural pH. FTIR analysis revealed a hydrogen bond between lactoferrin and the gallic acid phenolic group, while the zeta-potential analysis showed the intermolecular interaction between positive-charged lactoferrin and negative-charged alginate. This work provides important information for the development of hydrogel-based polyphenol encapsulating materials.

Excess Molar Volume and Deviations in Viscosity of the Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing 1,3-Dioxolane + Alkanols at T = 298.15k

Thermodynamic and transport properties of liquid and liquid mixtures have been used to understand the intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixture. The sound velocity, density and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures are important from practical and theoretical point of view to understand the liquid theory. In the present study sound velocity, density and viscosity have been measured of binary mixtures of 1, 3-dioxolane with pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol and decanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 298.15K, and atmospheric pressure. From these experimental measurements the excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been calculated. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been analyzed in terms of interactions arising due to structural effect, charge-transfer complexes and dipole-dipole interaction between unlike molecules. These deviations have been correlated by a polynomial Redlich-Kister equation. The excess properties are found to be eighter negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and nature of the liquid mixtures. Excess properties provide important information in understanding the solute-solvent interaction in a solution. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), values have been interpreted to terms of the nature of intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules of mixtures.

Temperature and Composition Dependence of the Densities, Speed of Sound, and Viscosities of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Tetrahydrofuran with Methyl Acetate, Propyl Acetate, and Pentyl Acetate

Temperature and Composition Dependence of the Densities, Speed of Sound, and Viscosities of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Tetrahydrofuran with Methyl Acetate, Propyl Acetate, and Pentyl Acetate

How the designed processing parameters affect the liquid mixture density and viscosity of the tretinoin-loaded niosomes at different temperatures?

The current study was conducted to present novel thermophysical data on tretinoin-loaded niosomes paired with a combination of span 60 and tween 80. Measurements were carried out to analyze the liquid mixture density and viscosity of the mentioned multilayered structures for the first time, with consideration given to the diverse molecular weights of surfactants and various stabilizers at different temperatures. Through the application of equations of state, this study has the ability to set the stage for thermodynamic modeling of solutions that involve niosomes, presenting a promising avenue for further research. So, tretinoin-loaded formulations were prepared by investigating the effects of different co-surfactants, including cholesterol or dodecanol, as well as the impact of surfactant molecular weight limited to 650.525–1090.175 g mol−1. This novel investigation was conducted to assess the superior stabilizing capabilities of dodecanol in comparison to cholesterol, with a specific emphasis on optimized vesicle size, highest incorporation efficiency, and lowest zeta potential. In particulars, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the operative factors and the number of experiments. The experimental evidence clearly indicates that the use of dodecanol in the manufacturing process significantly improves the stability of niosomes, while the inclusion of cholesterol leads to higher liquid mixture density and viscosity in the prepared niosomes.

Thermodynamic and transport properties of binary mixtures containing 1,2-propanediol with 2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol at different temperatures

In the present investigation density, speed of sound, and viscosity have been reported for binary liquid mixtures of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) with 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME) and 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) over the entire composition range at T= (298.15–323.15) K. From the experimental data, excess molar volume, (VmE), excess isentropic compressibility, (κsE), excess molar isentropic compressibility, (κs,mE), excess speed of sound, (uE), excess isobaric thermal expansion,αpE, and deviation in viscosity (Δη) of liquid mixtures have been calculated. The excess partial molar volume,V¯m,1E, V¯m,2E , excess partial molar isentropic compressibility, K¯s,m,1EK¯s,m,2E over the whole composition range together with partial molar volume,V¯m,10, V¯m,20, partial molar isentropic compressibility K¯s,m,10,K¯s,m,20, excess partial molar volume,V¯m,10E, V¯m,20E and excess partial molar isentropic compressibility, K¯s,m,10E,K¯s,m,20E at infinite dilution have also been calculated. All excess properties have been correlated using the Redlich-Kister smoothing polynomial equation. The VmE results are analysed in the light of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory. Analysis of each of the three contributions viz. interactional, free volume, and P* to VmE has shown that interactional contribution and free volume effect are negative for all the mixtures, and P* contribution is positive for the mixtures of 2-ME. The variations of these parameters with changes in composition and temperature have been discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions prevailing in these mixtures. Further, the viscosities of these binary mixtures were correlated theoretically by using various empirical and semi-empirical models and the results were compared with the experimental findings.

Density, Viscosity, Spectra and Quantum Chemistry Analysis of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Ethylene Glycol Propyl Ether Mixtures

Density, Viscosity, Spectra and Quantum Chemistry Analysis of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Ethylene Glycol Propyl Ether Mixtures

Rheological and tribological properties of xanthan gum-fucoidan mixture: Effect of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2

This study endeavored to investigate the effects of salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) on the rheological and tribological properties of xanthan gum (XG)-fucoidan mixtures. With increasing salt concentrations, the intrinsic viscosity (56.1–30.9 dL/g) of mixtures decreased, with pronouncedly lower values (30.9–35.8 dL/g) observed with CaCl2 addition compared to monovalent salts addition (36.4–46.6 dL/g). This indicates a contraction of hydrodynamic size of the polymers due to the charge screening effect of cations and the formation of a more compact conformation in the presence of CaCl2 than with either NaCl or KCl addition. FTIR analysis revealed changes in the interaction between the two polymers in the presence of each salt. All samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and their thixotropic behavior increased as the salt concentration increased. The apparent viscosity and viscoelastic moduli decreased in the presence of monovalent salts but were increased in the presence of CaCl2. This was attributed to the crosslinking effect of Ca2+; Na+ and K+ did not induce crosslinking. In addition, the friction coefficient (μ) of mixtures containing salts reached the maximum at a lower entrainment speed (0.08–0.17 mm·s−1) than that without salt (1.54 mm·s−1), and the mixtures containing salts exhibited lower maximum μ values (0.28–0.62) compared to that without salt (0.83), indicating an improvement in the lubricant properties of XG-fucoidan mixtures. Our findings may help broaden the application of fucoidan in the food industry.

Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures of 3-oxa-1,5-Pentanediol with 2-Propanol, 1,2,3-Propanetriol, and 1-Decanol from 283.15 to 403.15 K as Reference Systems for Evaporation Experiments

Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures of 3-oxa-1,5-Pentanediol with 2-Propanol, 1,2,3-Propanetriol, and 1-Decanol from 283.15 to 403.15 K as Reference Systems for Evaporation Experiments

Effects of High-Speed Shearing Treatment on the Physical Properties of Carbohydrate-Binder Mixture during Gelatinization for Preparing Freeze-Dried Soup Products.

Modernization has led to a large convenience food market, and the demand for freeze-dried (FD) soup products is increasing in the Republic of Korea. FD soup products are easy to eat without cooking and can be stored for long periods. However, it is often difficult to ensure sensory satisfaction after rehydration of FD soup products; in particular, the ingredients are not evenly dispersed. Therefore, a stable dispersion or reconstitution of the FD soup products is required after rehydration. Here, the effects of high-speed shearing homogenization on the physical properties of a carbohydrate-binder mixture comprising maltodextrin, potato starch, and rice flour were investigated during hydrothermal gelatinization. To find a suitable treatment condition, different homogenization eras, speeds, and concentrations of the binder mixture were considered; in particular, the homogenization eras were set by considering the hydrothermal property of the binder mixture profiled using differential scanning calorimetry. The viscosity of the binder mixture and the compression strength and microstructure of the FD binder block, including the dispersion stability after rehydration, were evaluated. The quality of the FD binder block was improved by homogenization above 5000 rpm when the core temperature of the binder mixture reached approximately To at 14.5-21.8% concentrations. The improved FD binder block exhibited a fine surface and tiny porous microstructure compared with the control (with continuous agitation at 250 rpm). The control block was divided into two phases, whereas the improved block maintained the initial dispersion stability at 50 °C for 1 h. These results are expected to be referenced for the purpose of improving the quality of the FD soup products.

An implicit DG solver for incompressible two‐phase flows with an artificial compressibility formulation

SummaryWe propose an implicit discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretization for incompressible two‐phase flows using an artificial compressibility formulation. The conservative level set (CLS) method is employed in combination with a reinitialization procedure to capture the moving interface. A projection method based on the L‐stable TR‐BDF2 method is adopted for the time discretization of the Navier‐Stokes equations and of the level set method. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is employed to enhance the resolution in correspondence of the interface between the two fluids. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown in a number of classical benchmarks. A specific analysis on the influence of different choices of the mixture viscosity is also carried out.

Evaluation of heavy hydrocarbon liquid in the Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria (case study of Agbabu Bitumen in Ondo State)

Solvent-aided dilution processes are often employed to recover bitumen by reducing its viscosity. In this study, methanol, toluene, and xylene were investigated as potential hydrocarbon solvents for solvent-aided hydrocarbon recovery of Agbabu bitumen. To achieve this, the solubility of the sample in the solvents was determined with a solubility test, its viscosity was measured with the Saybolt Furol Viscometer using the ASTM D88 method, and its SARA analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography. Agbabu bitumen was found to have a high content of saturates and aromatics. Viscosity decreases as pressure increases, while solubility reduces as temperature increases. The sample was most soluble in toluene, and its viscosity was reduced most in it, followed by xylene. Methanol reduced the saturates content and significantly raised the asphaltene content, keeping the mixture viscosity high. In terms of asphaltene stability of the mixtures, the bitumen-methanol system with the lowest colloidal instability index of 0.874 will give a mild asphaltene deposit issues compared with others that are unstable. This approach of combining multiple tests with the CII can accurately predict the behavior of Agbabu bitumen in solvents and enhance decision on the choice of bitumen recovery technology.

Examining the Interplay of Hydrolysed Polyacrylamide and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Emulsion Stability: Insights from Turbiscan and Electrocoalescence Studies.

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is utilized in the oil and gas production industry to extract additional oil from underground reservoirs. In chemically enhanced oil recovery, surfactant and polymeric water are injected separately or in a mixture. Injected fluids can form stable emulsions during oil production. This surfactant, polymer-loaded water-in-oil emulsion, must be separated to treat crude oil and avoid any corrosion or deactivation of catalysts in the refinery. An electrocoalecer technique is utilized to separate the water from the emulsion under the application of an electric field. To improve the efficiency of the EOR and electrocoalescers, it is essential to investigate the impact of surfactants, polymers, and their mixture interaction. In this study, the effects of surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)), polymer (hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)), and their mixture with a wide range of concentrations were analyzed using turbiscan, bottle electrocoalecer, interfacial tension (IFT), and conductivity. Our study shows that when SDS was used independently, the viscosity of the dispersed phase did not change. Surprisingly, when SDS was combined with HPAM, the overall viscosity of the dispersed phase mixture decreased. HPAM and SDS contribute to an increase in the conductivity of the dispersed phase. Conductivity, IFT, and viscosity are critical factors in studying electrocoalescence. Our detailed study found that SDS is the primary factor in stabilizing the emulsion compared to HPAM using turbiscan. The electrocoalecer study shows that in the case of a deionized water-based emulsion, the separation efficiency is 98% in 10 min. In contrast, a mixture of HPAM polymer with a concentration of 2000 ppm and SDS with a concentration of 5000 ppm stabilized emulsion shows 84% separation in 10 min. The outcome of this study helps design the electrocoalescer for separating complex water-in-oil emulsion.

Non-contact viscosity detection for cement slurry using laser scanning of wave motion under rod impact

Concrete workability was typically assessed using slump tests and viscometers, which involved contact-based measurements and required sampling, making them unsuitable for online measurements. This study proposed a non-contact inspecting approach by utilizing a laser profiler to scan the mixture surface height changes at high speed and high resolution when the mixture was impacted by a free-fall rod. The energy transfer efficiency was defined to analyze the energy transferred from the rod kinetic energy to the mixture waving energy, and the mechanism between the material hydration and the surface dynamic response was revealed. The maximum wave peaks, waveform areas, and energy transfer efficiencies were extracted as critical features and established a robust correlation with the mixture viscosity with R2 of 0.945, 0.919, and 0.949 correlation with the viscosity, respectively, proving that the proposed approach can be utilized in the in-line liquid material inspection. This study demonstrated the laser scanning method as a simple and effective approach, providing the possibility of non-contact detection to characterize the rheological properties by analyzing the surface fluctuations.