Filtration Viscosity Research Articles

The Development of Anti-Salt Fluid Loss Additive for Cement-Metakaolin Slurry with Semi-Saturated/Saturated Saline Water: The Application of Maleic Anhydride

Conventional fluid loss additives have difficultly controlling the water loss of cement–metakaolin slurry with semi-saturated brine cement slurry and limiting it to less than 50 mL (30 min)−1. This paper describes the development of an anti-salt fluid loss additive for metakaolin–cement systems. This study adopted the aqueous solution polymerization method; selected four kinds of monomers, namely 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), acrylamide (AM), and methyl acrylate (MA); and performed a single-factor experiment on the proportion of monomer, reaction temperature, initiator dosage, and developed fluid loss additive, which has a high salt tolerance and temperature tolerance. This fluid loss additive can resist salt until saturation, and it can control fluid loss in 24 mL·(30 min)−1 when its dosage is 2%. The fluid loss additive can achieve the effect of fluid loss reduction by increasing the filtrate viscosity, forming a flexible elastic adsorption layer via adsorption, and blocking mud cake pores.

Numerical simulation study on impact factors to dynamic filtration loss

During drilling operations, naturally, fractured formations are prone to show serious mud losses, which hinder drilling and increase nonproductive time and costs. The influencing factors of dynamic fluid loss are important for optimizing drilling parameters, reducing drilling fluid loss, and protecting oil and gas reservoirs. In this study, we simulated the dynamic filtration loss of drilling fluid during drilling under formation conditions using commercial software CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The effects of filtration time, filtrate viscosity, pressure difference, internal filter cake permeability, and external filter cake permeability on filtration loss were investigated. The simulation results showed that the permeability of the external mud cake is an important factor to control the fluid loss, and the pressure consumed by the external mud cake with low permeability can account for more than 90% of the total pressure difference. When the permeability of the external mud cake is high, the permeability of the internal mud cake also has a significant influence on the dynamic fluid loss. Under formation conditions, the dynamic fluid loss of radial fluid loss is still proportional to the filtration time and pressure difference, and inversely proportional to the filtrate viscosity of drilling fluid. Under the simulated conditions, the pressure will quickly transfer to the boundary, and the formation pressure at the same position in the formation will gradually increase, while the increase is relatively small with a constant filtration rate. The results of this paper can be used to the real site for drilling optimization. This numerical analysis method can be easily applied to filtrate loss analysis, formation damage area calculation, and other radial flow-related study.

Study on filtration equations based on filtrate viscosity

ABSTRACT Classical filtration equations incorporate microscopic parameters, which pose challenges when applied in industrial settings. Previous extensive research has established the impact of filter cake thickness and variations in filtration pressure on the filtration rate. Moreover, the thickness of the filter cake is influenced by various factors, such as the filtration chamber’s design dimensions and the coal slurry’s properties. Thus, by expressing the properties of the coal slurry at a macroscopic level, it becomes possible to achieve a macroscopic representation of the filtration rate. This study presents the derivation of a macroscopic filtration equation that relies on the viscosity of the filtrate. The derivation process is mainly based on Darcy’s law, analyzing the relationship between the permeability of each layer and the permeability of cake under constant pressure and explaining and analyzing the method of determining the equation parameters.

Laboratory Study On The Utilization of Jackruit Skin Waste Into Car-boxymethyl Cellulose and Their Effect On The Rheological Properties Of Drilling Mud

The value rheology of drilling mud must be in accordance with the conditions of wellbore that do not lead to the occurrence of the problems at the time of drilling. One of the efforts to improve the rheology of drilling mud is by adding Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) which is useful for increasing viscosity and binding water. This study aims to identify the effect on the use of CMC originating from jackfruit skin to the rheological properties of drilling mud. Jackfruit skin is an underutilized organic waste and the structure of jackfruit skin contains 50-55% cellulose. Manufacturing phase of synthesizing CMC skin jackfruit includes the process of delignification, alkalization, carboximetilation, and sieve sample to be powdered CMC and subsequently carried out the test of plastic viscosity, yield point , gel strength by using a Fann VG Meter and mud cake using a marsh funnel and volume filtration using a filter press . The added mass of CMC jackfruit skin were varied from 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g to 5 g. The results suggest that the addition of jackfruit skin CMC has an effect on the rheology of drilling mud. Increasingly many additions additive CMC skin jackfruit who use the increasingly high- value rheology mud drilling were obtained. Furthermore, the addition of CMC jackfruit skin starting from 1gr – 5 gr meets the API 13, a standard for the value of yield point/viscosity plastic, plastic viscosity and maximum volume of filtrate. While the value of gel strength which meets the API 13 A is with the addition of CMC jackfruit skin as much as 5 grams.

Transient response of near-wellbore supercharging during filter cake growth

Supercharging in the vicinity of a borehole is an important factor that affects formation damage and drilling safety, and the filter cake growth process has a significant impact on supercharging in the vicinity of the borehole. However, existing models that predict pore pressure distribution overlook dynamic filter cake growth. Thus, an analytical supercharging model was developed that considers time-dependent filter cake effects, and this model was verified using a two-dimensional numerical model. The influences of filter cake, formation, and filtrate properties on supercharging were investigated systematically. The results indicate that time-dependent filter cake effects have significant influence on supercharging. Supercharging increases in the early stage but decreases over time because of the dynamic growth of filter cake, and the supercharging magnitude decreases along the radial direction. Because of filter cake growth, the magnitude of supercharging falls quickly across the filter cake, and the decreased magnitude of pore pressure caused by the filter cake increases. Supercharging in low-permeability formations is more obvious and the faster rate of filter cake growth, a lower filtrate viscosity and faster reduction rate of filter cake permeability can help to weaken supercharging. The order of importance of influencing factors on supercharging is overbalance pressure > formation permeability > formation porosity ≈ filtrate viscosity > filter cake permeability attenuation coefficient > initial filter cake permeability control ratio > filter cake growth coefficient > filter cake porosity. To alleviate supercharging in the vicinity of the borehole, adopting drilling fluids that allow a filter cake to form quickly, optimizing drilling fluid with a lower filtrate viscosity, keeping a smaller overbalance pressure, and precise operation at the rig site are suggested for low-permeability formations during drilling.

Filter cake formation process by involving the influence of solid particle size distribution in drilling fluids

In the filter cake formation process (FCFP), existing models have assumed that the particles in drilling fluids are monosized, which is completely inconsistent with actual drilling fluids. Therefore, a novel FCFP prediction model was proposed by considering the solid particle size distribution (SPSD) and was verified using Hashemzadeh's model. The influences of SPSD, formation properties, drilling fluid properties, and engineering parameters on the FCFP were investigated. The results indicated that when the influence of SPSD is involved, the filter cake thickness is 2 times thicker than that of mean particle size; this means that the influence of SPSD on the FCFP cannot be ignored. The solid particle distribution type and mode in drilling fluids directly influence the FCFP. Adding the appropriate content of small-sized particles in drilling fluids will help form a high-quality filter cake. The filter cake growth rate increased with increasing in formation permeability, drilling fluid consistency coefficient, drilling fluid mobility index, pressure difference between the wellbore and formation; while it decreased with rising filtrate viscosity and drill-string rotational speed. The order of importance of influencing factors is mobility index > particle mean size > filtrate viscosity > particle size standard deviation > pressure difference > consistency coefficient > formation permeability > drill-string rotational speed. The present model can provide theoretical guidance for drilling fluid optimization, reservoir protection and well construction safety, thereby to facilitate safe, high-quality, efficient and economical drilling.

Formation permeability evaluation and productivity prediction based on mobility from pressure measurement while drilling

Based on the measurement mechanism of mobility in pressure measurement while drilling, through analyzing a large number of mobility data, it is found that under the condition of water-based mud drilling, the product of mobility from pressure measurement while drilling and the viscosity of mud filtrate is infinitely close to the water phase permeability under the residual oil in relative permeability experiment. Based on this, a method converting the mobility from pressure measurement while drilling to core permeability is proposed, and the permeability based on Timur formula has been established. Application of this method in Penglai 19-9 oilfield of Bohai Sea shows: (1) Compared with the permeability calculated by the model of adjacent oilfields, the permeability calculated by this model is more consistent with the permeability calculated by core analysis. (2) Based on the new model, the correlation between the calculated mobility of well logging and the actual drilling specific productivity index bas been established. Compared with the relationship established by using the permeability model of an adjacent oilfield, the correlation of the new model is better. (3) Productivity of four directional wells was predicted, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual production after drilling.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Cation Exchange Capacity on Slurry Properties

The slurry was prepared by pre-hydration method in this study. The relationship between the content of bentonite in slurry and its cation exchange capacity was studied by changing the content of bentonite. After the density, funnel viscosity, filtrate volume and rheological properties of slurry were tested, the influence of cation exchange capacity on slurry performance and filter-cake quality was analyzed. The results showed that: When the cation exchange capacity of slurry is small, with the increase of cation exchange capacity, the funnel viscosity, apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity of slurry increase significantly, the filtrate volume decreases gradually, and the overall performance improves significantly, which can effectively form filter cake and maintain the stability of excavation surface; while when the cation exchange capacity exceeds a certain value, the funnel viscosity, apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity of slurry increase significantly. With the increase of cation exchange capacity, the filtrate volume and viscosity of the slurry still increase, and the filter cake performance tends to be stable, but its overall performance does not rise but fall. Considering the influence of cation exchange capacity on the slurry performance parameters, when the cation exchange capacity of the slurry is controlled around 7.58 i.e. the solid phase content is between 6% and 7%, the slurry filtrate volume is relatively small, and it is easy to form thin and compact filter cake with its best comprehensive performance.

Hydroxyl radical pretreatment for low-viscosity sodium alginate production from brown seaweed

Formalin pollution and water wastage are two of the main problems in the alginate industry. A novel pre-extraction treatment method based on the Fenton and electro-Fenton reactions is proposed to disrupt the cell wall of Macrocystis pyrifera and reduce the alginate filtrate viscosity, as an environmentally friendly process for alginate extraction. Under optimum Fenton (7.4 mM FeSO4 90 min) and electro-Fenton (EF-Fere 9 V, 90 min at pH 3, stirring) pre-extraction treatment conditions, the filtrate viscosity decreased by 83.99% and 97.79%, respectively. The filtrate viscosity decreased significantly as compared to the traditional approach under suitable operating conditions. Using of electro-Fenton for pre-extraction reduced water consumption by 60% in the filtration step and eliminated the use of formaldehyde during the process, reducing production costs and environmental pollution. Moreover, the yield and the quality of the alginate extracted after the pre-extraction improved.

The solid-liquid separation behaviors of the typical leach slurries in the alkaline processes for alumina

The filtration kinetics and the cake properties of the alumina leach slurry were investigated. Four kinds of alumina leach slurry were prepared by the hydro-chemical process to treat the bauxite, the Bayer process, the Bayer process with less lime, and the hydro-chemical process to treat the Bayer red mud. The filtration kinetics was regressed by filtration test method at constant pressure. The diversity of the solid-liquid separation behaviors indicates that the digestion conditions play an important role in the filtration process. The composition and phase, the size distribution, the shape and the surface properties of the solid particles as well as the viscosity of filtrate were measured, and their effects on the filtration resistance and the cake compressibility were confirmed. Results indicate that the fine size and the broad size distribution of the particles lead to a high cake resistance. And the substances containing Fe or Ti exhibit a noticeable influence on the cake characteristics. Methods of filtration optimization through changing digestion conditions were recommended.

Study of sludge moisture distribution and dewatering characteristic after cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) conditioning

Dewatering is a key step in sludge handling, and flocculant conditioning is the commonest way to improve the sludge dewatering. The sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. But changes of sludge moisture distribution by flocculants were unclear and literature findings were controversial to each other. This paper investigated the changes of sludge moisture distribution and sludge dewatering characteristics after flocculant conditioning, and the flocculant used was cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM). Results showed that C-PAM conditioning effectively changed the sludge moisture distribution, sludge viscosity, specific resistance of filtration (SRF), particle size, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration, and filtrate liquid viscosity. Especially, free water was increased by C-PAM conditioning and the highest value reached 95.04%. On the other hand, the interstitial water content was decreased by C-PAM conditioning. The optimal dosage was 3 mg g−1 TS considering both effects and cost. After C-PAM conditioning, the mean sludge particle size increased to 219.1 μm, the sludge SRF reduced by 87%, and the supernatant EPS decreased. Specifically, the filtrate liquid viscosity could also determine the optimal dosage of C-PAM and an equation was proposed for the correlation between filtrate viscosity and C-PAM dosage.

Bentonite Clays Characterization in the Town of Sossego – Paraiba State

Bentonite exhibt a range of industrial applications moving millions of dollars on the market per year. Among several applications if highlights it is use for petroleum drilling fluids. Thus, this work aims to characterize physical, mineralogical and technologically, the bentonitics clays of Sossego County, Paraíba, Brazil. Mineralogical characterization of clays was done through the following techniques: particle size analysis by laser diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. The clays were turned in by treatment with sodium in Na2CO3 and then determined whether the apparent viscosity, plastic and volume of filtrate of clay-water dispersions. The results showed that the samples are of polycationic, showing levels of MgO, CaO and K2O, similar to those from Boa Vista County, Paraíba, Brazil, and consist of clay mineral kaolinite, quartz and esmec. The clays showed rheological properties that indicate potential for use in drilling fluids.

Response surface methodology for optimization of the mucilage extraction process from Pereskia aculeata Miller

In this report, a process for hydrocolloid extraction from Pereskia aculeata Miller (Barbados gooseberry), popularly known in Brazil as Ora-pró-nóbis (OPN), was developed. In the process, several operations, such as extraction, pressing, filtration, precipitation, grinding and drying, were required. The independent variables evaluated to determine the optimum extraction conditions were the ratio of water:raw material and the extraction temperature. The significant results at each stage were analyzed using the response surface method. The conditions that presented the highest precipitate yield, highest pH value, highest hue value (clear product), highest filtrate viscosity and minimum flow rate value were a water:raw material ratio of 2.46–3.70 L/kg and an extraction temperature between 54.6 and 80 °C. Using the optimized process, gums were prepared at different concentrations and the centesimal composition, mineral content, viscosity and emulsion formation capacities were analyzed. The stability of these emulsions was evaluated at room temperature and at 80 °C. The emulsion formation capacity of the product was verified as being proportional to the increase of the powder concentration. The OPN gums obtained at a solution concentration of 1 g/100 mL presented an emulsion formation capacity of 83%, and the increase in temperature reduced emulsion stability. The powdered product obtained was found to be close to yellow in color with high protein content and with functionalities that can be used in the food industry.

A Study on the Key Influential Factors of a Gas Reservoir's Potential for Aqueous Phase Trapping

Aqueous phase trapping in many oil and gas reservoirs is a noteworthy mechanism of formation damage during drilling, completion, work over, and stimulation operation. Aqueous phase trapping can limit the productivity of a well to a high extent, especially in low permeable gas reservoirs. In this article, using aqueous phase trapping laboratory tests on low permeable sandstone cores' effect of key factors on gas reservoir's potential for aqueous phase trapping was investigated. Studied factors were initial water saturation, permeability, water filtrate viscosity, and drawdown pressure. Results showed that severity of formation damage caused by aqueous phase trapping increases as each of the initial water saturation, permeability, and drawdown pressure decreases. Also, an increase in water viscosity increases APT related damage potential.

Rheological Characterization of Sludges during Belt Filtration Dewatering Using an Immobilization Cell

An immobilization cell was successfully coupled to a controlled stress rheometer to quantify rheological properties of a sludge during its dewatering. An anaerobically digested sludge and a synthetic sludge were analyzed and conditioned at various doses with a cationic flocculant. Direct strain-controlled oscillatory analyses could not be performed due to rapid dewatering, but controlled shear rate analysis quantified the increases in sludge viscosity as the solid’s concentration increased. Immobilization times determined by these experiments—viscosity versus dewatering time—agree with capillary suction times, since both indicate the time required for water removal ( r2 from 0.81 to 0.99). However, capillary suction time tests were more strongly influenced by filtrate viscosity at high polymer doses. The immobilization cell allowed quantified amounts of shear to be imposed during dewatering, with greater shearing found to provide more rapid immobilization. This finding is consistent with the design of bel...

Fluid Sampling From Porous Rock to Determine Filtrate Contamination Profiles Around a Well Bore

Drilling fluid filtrate invades the pores of rock surrounding a well bore during drilling of the well, and contaminates the pore fluid originally within the rock pores. Models for the flow of contaminated pore fluid towards a sampling tool within the well bore are investigated, assuming that the filtrate has the same viscosity as the original pore fluid and that the wellbore radius is small compared to the depth of filtrate invasion. If the filtrate contamination in the fluid withdrawn from the rock is monitored as a function of the volume withdrawn, then it is shown that results can be inverted to give the radial distribution of filtrate around the well bore. A new generation of guarded sampling probes is then considered, and it is shown that the radial distribution of filtrate can be obtained by means of such a probe if the fraction of flow entering the central sampling region of the probe is small compared to that entering the concentric annular guard probe. The effects of dispersion, non-zero wellbore radius and anisotropic hydraulic permeability of the rock are also studied, and numerical simulations are used to give some indication of the effect of the ratio of the filtrate viscosity to that of the original pore fluid.

Dimensional Analysis of Crossflow Microfiltration Data

A new approach to correlating crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) data based on dimensional analysis is presented. The steady state flux was assumed to be a function of the trans‐membrane pressure (ΔP), the crossflow velocity (u), the particle concentration (c), filtrate viscosity (μ), and membrane resistance (R m). Correlations of the form J/u=K(ΔP/cu 2) a (ΔP/μuR m) b were tested on three sets of published data: one for CFMF of dried yeast suspensions in a laminar flow hollow fiber module, one for dried yeast suspensions in a turbulent flow tubular module and one for suspensions of latex particles in a laminar flow flat sheet module. The R 2 values for the fits of the correlations to the data were 0.98, 0.94, and 0.91 respectively.

A study of aerobic digester performance with the use of methanol for biological nutrient removal in a full-scale sequencing batch reactor

The primary goal of this research was to determine whether the use of methanol in a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) affected the subsequent aerobic sludge digester performance. The methanol injection into an experimental SBR resulted in a significant increase in the solids level in the SBR, increased wasting into the digesters, and a lower sludge age. When the methanol dosage in the SBR was 81 L/d, the dissolved oxygen level in the subsequent aerobic digesters became inadequate for proper digestion. The net result was a drop in solids reduction efficiency. However, the methanol injection appeared to have no effect on the dewaterability of the digested sludge, as samples from the experimental and control units had very similar capillary suction time (CST) results. It was found that the dewaterability was affected not only by the total suspended solids concentration of the digested sludge, but even more by the temperature of the digested sludge, through a change in filtrate viscosity. Key words: aerobic digestion, biological nutrient removal, denitrification, methanol, sludge dewaterability.

Centrate viscosity for continuous monitoring of polymer feed in dewatering applications

The researchers have previously documented that minimum centrate or filtrate viscosity using batch measurement indicates the optimum polymer dose as determined by capillary suction time (CST) and solids recovery. This paper describes research conducted to test the use of continuous centrate viscosity measurements for polymer dose monitoring in the biosolids dewatering process. Initial results indicate that liquid stream viscosity must be measured on-site since filtrate samples in the overdosing range decrease in viscosity over several hours following sampling. A sensitive viscometer is required for continuous monitoring since the observed viscosity range is from 1 to 3 centipoise (cP). An international search for viscometer vendors showed that two types of viscometers could be used for this purpose: rotational and vibrational. Only data from rotational type viscometers were obtained for this paper. The viscometer was installed to continuously sample centrate from the centrifugation of anaerobic digested biosolids. Full-scale dose response experiments showed that minimum viscosity correlates with maximum cake solids measurements, and thus such viscometers can be used in monitoring and controlling polymer feed during dewatering. However, several modifications are required for such viscometers to withstand the demanding conditions in wastewater treatment plants. Use of viscosity for control of polymer dose requires use of a minimum value, necessitating a complex control algorithm.

Polymer dose assessment using the streaming current detector

The streaming current detector(SCD) is an electrokinetic analyzer for characterizing charge properties of particles in aqueous suspension. Its use in water treatment is well established. This research evaluated its use for automatic monitoring of polymer dosage in three wastewater treatment facilities using centrifuges or belt filter presses for dewatering. Continuous SCD readings from the liquid stream (centrate or filtrate) and other process responses were recorded while imposing stepwise changes in the polymer dose. The polymer caused a transition from negative to positive charge in both the conditioned solids and the liquid stream. Near‐zero SCD readings coincided with optimal fullscale dewatering, as indicated by solids measurements and recoveries and by minima in filtrate turbidity, filtrate viscosity, conditioned solids filterability times, and (in some cases) capillary suction times. Thus, charge neutralization is a key mechanism in solids conditioning, and the SCD is suitable for monitoring of polymer dosage. For its use in automatic polymer dose control—evaluated in a subsequent phase of the study—modifications were required to provide more reliable continuous sampling.