Viscosity Δη Research Articles

Thermophysical study for Binary mixtures of Dimethyl carbonate with Anisole, Butyl vinyl ether, Diisopropyl ether and Dibutyl ether at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been determined for the binary compositions of dimethyl carbonate+ butyl vinyl ether, + diisopropyl ether, + anisole and + dibutyl ether at T= 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The inventive data is applied to assess the excess molar volume VmE, deviation in viscosity Δη and the acoustical parameters namely isentropic compressibility (Ks), free volume (Vf ), free length (Lf ) and internal pressure (πi). The excess or deviation properties are contoured to the Redlich-Kister polynomials and the outcomes are elucidated in terms of molecular interactions present in compositions.

Molecular Interaction Studies of Binary Mixtures of Diethyl Oxalate With Butyl Vinyl Ether, Diisopropyl Ether, Anisole and Dibutyl Ether in Terms of Thermodynamic, Transport and Acoustic Properties

Viscosity, the speeds of sound and density were measured in the binary mixtures of diethyl oxalate with butyl vinyl ether, diisopropyl ether, anisole and dibutyl ether at T = 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. The experimental data were used to calculate the excess molar volume ,deviation in viscosity Δη and the acoustical parameters, namely isentropic compressibility (KS), free volume (Vf ), free length (Lf ) and internal pressure (πi). The excess or deviation properties were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomials and the results interpreted in terms of the molecular interactions present in mixtures. Theoretical viscosities were calculated using the Grunberg-Nissan, Lobe and Krishnan-Laddha models before their merits were studied in terms of interaction parameters.

VISCOMETRIC STUDY ON BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES OF PROPIOPHENONE WITH ANILINE AND N-ALKYL SUBSTITUTED ANILINES, AT 303.15 TO 318.15 K

Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of Propiophenone with Aniline, N-methylaniline, N, N- dimethylaniline, N, N- diethylaniline were measured over the entire composition range at T = (303.15 to 318.15) K (with 5K interval) and atmospheric pressure. Experimental data were used to calculate the deviation of viscosity Δη, excess Gibb’s free energy G*E activation of viscous flow for each binary system, and these excess thermodynamic properties were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain the fitting coefficients and standard deviations. McAllister’s three-body /four-body interaction models were used for the correlation of viscosity data. The studied systems exhibit good intermolecular interactions due to hydrogen ion transfer and charge dispersion in the carbonyl group and NH2 groups of Aniline and Alkyl Substituted Anilines. Experimental results are useful in various pharmaceutical industries.

Acoustic, volumetric and FTIR study of binary liquid mixtures of 2-methyl cyclohexanone with amides

Densities, speeds of sound, and viscosities at various temperatures were determined for the systems: 2-methylcyclohexanone (2-MCYH) + formamide (F), N-methylformamide (NMF) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). From the experimental results, Excess molar volume VmE, Excess isentropic compressibility κsE, deviation in viscosity Δη and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow G*E, Excess partial molar properties at infinite dilution V¯m,1°E, V¯m,2°E, K¯s,m,1°E and K¯s,m,2°E were calculated. There is evidence of complex formation between unlike molecules. FT-IR properties have been carried out to study the specific interaction, such as the formation of the hydrogen bond between unlike molecules in the binary liquid mixtures, a good agreement is observed among the excess parameters and FT-IR spectroscopic properties.

Excess Volume, Viscosity, and Isentropic Compressibility of Methyl Acrylate + Alkane Binary Mixtures

This paper reports experimental data on densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and ultrasonic velocities (u) of four binary mixtures of methyl acrylate with heptane, decane, dodecane, and tridecane at temperatures of 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The excess or deviation parameters such as excess volume VE, deviation in viscosity Δη, and excess isentropic compressibility KSE are evaluated and interpreted in terms of molecular interactions. Further, Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister (three-body), and Krishnan–Laddha correlation equations were used for the correlative approach and the obtained results were compared with the experimental viscosities of mixtures. A perusal of comparison shows that the kinematic viscosities calculated with the Krishnan–Laddha relation are in good agreement with the experimental values.

Volumetric, ultrasonic, viscometric and refractive index studies of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with methyl acrylate at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K

In this work the intermolecular interaction of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] and methyl acrylate [MA] were examined from the measurement of physicochemical properties (density, ultrasonic speed, viscosity and refractive index) at temperatures, T/K = 293.15 to 318.15 and atmospheric pressure. The experimental data were used to calculate the excess properties such as excess molar volume, VmE, excess speed of sound, uE, excess molar isentropic compressibility, Ks, mE, deviation in viscosities Δη, and deviation in refractive index, ΔϕnD. In addition, the partial molar volume, (V¯m,1 and V¯m,2) and compressibility (K¯s,m,1 and K¯s,m,2); and excess partial molar volume, (V¯m,1E and V¯m,2E); and compressibility, (K¯s,m,1E and K¯s,m,2E) over the entire composition range; and partial molar volume (V¯m,1° and V¯m,2°); and compressibility (K¯s,m,1° and K¯s,m,2°) and excess partial molar volume (V¯m,1°E and V¯m,2°E) and compressibility (K¯s,m,1°E and K¯s,m,2°E) at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The correlations of these excess properties were made with the Redlich–Kister polynomial equations. From the variations of these parameters with composition and temperature, the results were discussed from the point of intermolecular interactions prevailing in this system. Also, some theoretical mixing rules (Lorentz-Lorenz, Gladstone-Dale, Arago-Biot, Weiner and Eykman) usually used in correlating the refractive indexes were assessed and results were compared with experimental data.

Measurement and modeling of transport properties of binary liquid mixtures containing oxygenates and n-alkanes

Dynamic viscosities (η) of the binary liquid mixtures of 2-propanol (1)+n-alkanes (C6, C7, C9) (2) at T=288.15 K to 303.15 K and ethanol (1)+n-alkanes (C6, C7, C8) (2) at T=308.15 K to 318.15 K were experimentally measured over the whole composition range. Experimental values of η were used to compute the deviation in dynamic viscosity (Δη) and these Δη values were correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation. The η values of binary mixtures were also calculated using several empirical correlations and mixing rules like Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Kati-Chaudhari and McLaughlin-Ubbelohde and found that the Grunberg-Nissan correlation gave the best estimation. The Δη values were also predicted by an approach given by Singh et al. [Indian J Chem 29, 263 (1990)].

Investigation of ketonic effect in molecular interactions of 2-methylcyclohexanone with aniline, N-methyl aniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline at various temperatures

Densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) and viscosities (η) of binary mixtures of 2-methoxy aniline with aniline, N-methyl aniline and N, N-dimethyl aniline including those of pure liquids, over the entire composition range were measured at temperatures (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K and 101.3 kPa. Using the experimental data, the excess volume (VE ) and excess isentropic compressibility (κs E ), deviation in viscosity (Δη), excess partial molar volumes, and and excess partial molar isentropic compressibilities, and of the components at infinite dilution were calculated. These values indicate the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding (N-H·····O = C) between the hydrogen atom of amine group of aniline /N-methyl aniline /N, N-dimethyl aniline and the oxygen atom of carbonyl group of 2-methylcyclohexanone in the binary liquid mixtures.

Thermophysical behaviour of diethyl carbonate + ether binary mixtures at T = (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K

The density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity have been measured for the binary mixtures of diethyl carbonate + butyl vinyl ether, +diisopropyl ether, +anisole, and +dibutyl ether at T = (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the excess molar volume VmE, deviation in viscosity Δη and the acoustical parameters namely isentropic compressibility (Ks), free volume (Vf), free length (Lf), and internal pressure (πi). The theoretical viscosities have been evaluated using Grunberg-Nissan, Lobe and Krishnan-Laddha models and the relative merits are studied in terms of the interaction parameters. The excess or deviation properties have also been evaluated and fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomials and the results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions present in mixtures.

Thermo physical and FT-IR study on binary mixtures of 2-isopropoxy ethanol and alcohols at different temperatures

As a continuation to our investigations on thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of alkoxy alkanols with alcohols, the present paper reports the experimental data for the densities, speeds of sound and viscosities for the binary mixtures of 2-isopropoxy ethanol with alcohols. Densities and speeds of sound of 2-isopropoxy ethanol (CH3)2CH2OC2H4OH and alcohols namely1-hexanol C6H14O, 1-octanol C8H18O and 1-decanol C10H22O and their binary mixtures with 2-isopropoxy ethanol as a common component have been measured over the full range of composition at atmospheric pressure and at different temperatures 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K and viscosities have also been measured at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15K over the full range composition. The experimental data were used to calculate the values of excess molar volumes VmE, deviations in isentropic compressibility Δκs, deviations in speed of sound Δu, deviations in viscosity Δη and excess Gibbs free energies ΔG∗E at all mole fractions of (CH3)2CH2OC2H4OH. The observed variations of these parameters with composition and temperature are discussed in terms of the molecular interactions due to physical and chemical effects between the unlike molecules of the binary mixtures. Further, experimental densities were used to estimate partial molar volumes V¯m,1, excess partial molar volumes V¯m,1E and their limiting values at infinite dilution V¯m,i∞ and V¯m,iE,∞, respectively. These parameters, especially excess functions are found to be quite sensitive towards the intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. The excess functions and deviations have also been correlated using Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least-squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors. A study of above discussed parameters is used to throw light on the interactions existing between the constituents of the binary mixtures. FT-IR technique has been used to scrutinize the –OH interactions between the binary mixtures and is very valuable to spot the influence on the structural variation in the alcohols.

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices for binary and ternary mixtures of formamide (1) + N,N-dimethylacetamide (2) + 2-methyl-1-butanol (3) at 298.15 K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure

This article reports experimental densities ρ, viscosities η, and refractive indices nD, of the ternary systems of formamide (1)+N,N-dimethylacetamide (2)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3) and the binary systems of formamide (1)+N,N-dimethylacetamide (2), formamide (1)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (2)+2-methyl-1-butanol (3) over the entire range of composition at T=298.15K for the liquid region and at ambient pressure. Excess molar volumes VmE, deviations in the viscosity Δη, and deviations in the refractive index ΔnD, for the mixtures were derived from the experimental data. The binary and ternary data of VmE, Δη, and ΔnD, were correlated as a function of the mole fraction by using the Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations, respectively. The results are consistent with the self-association of alcohol and the polar characters of used amide. McAlister’s multibody interaction model is used for correlating the kinematic viscosity of binary mixtures, with mole fraction. The experimental and the constituted binary and ternary systems are analyzed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.

Thermodynamic and acoustical properties of mixtures p-anisaldehyde—alkanols (C1–C4)—2-methyl-1-propanol at 303.15 K

The density, viscosity and speed of sound of pure p-anisaldehyde and some alkanols, for example, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and the binary mixtures of p-anisaldehyde with these alkanols were measured over the entire composition range at 303.15 K. From the experimental data, various thermodynamic parameters such as excess molar volume (V E), excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG*E), and deviation parameters like viscosity (Δη), speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (Δκs), are calculated. The excess as well as deviation parameters are fitted to Redlich—Kister equation. Additionally, the viscosity data for the systems has been used to correlate the application of empirical relation given by Grunberg and Nissan, Katti and Chaudhari, and Hind et al. The results are discussed in terms of specific interactions present in the mixtures.

Molecular interactions in 2-isopropoxy ethanol + alcohols: A thermo-physical and spectroscopic approach

As a continuation of thermodynamic study of binary liquid mixture of alkoxy alkanols, this paper reports new measurement of densities ρ and speeds of sound u of 2-isopropoxy ethanol (CH3)2CH2OC2H4OH, 1-propanol CH3(CH2)2OH, 2-propanol (CH3)2CHOH, 1-butanol CH3(CH2)3OH and 2-butanol CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 and their binary mixtures with 2-isopropoxy ethanol as a common component, measured at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K and viscosities η measured at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15K over the entire composition range. These experimental data were used to calculate the values of excess molar volume VmE, excess molar isentropic compressibilities KS,mE, deviation in viscosities Δη, excess Gibbs free energies ΔG⁎E and deviation in speed of sound uD at all mole fractions of 2-isopropoxy ethanol. The observed variations of these properties, with composition and temperature, are discussed in terms of molecular interactions due to physical and chemical effects between the unlike molecules of the binary mixtures. These properties, especially excess functions, are found to be quite sensitive towards the intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. These excess functions and deviations have also been correlated using Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least-squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors. FT-IR and 1H NMR studies of these mixtures are also reported.

Thermophysical and spectroscopic properties of binary liquid systems: acetophenone/cyclopentanone/cyclohexanone with N-methylformamide

ABSTRACTThe intermolecular interactions in the binary liquid systems of N-methylformamide with acetophenone and cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) were studied with combined experimental and computational methodology. The speed of sound (u), density (ρ) and viscosity () values are measured for binary mixtures of N-methylformamide with ketones over the entire range of mole fraction at temperatures (T) of 303.15–318.15 K, at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental results, the values of excess molar volume (VE), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), deviation in viscosity (Δη) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow () are evaluated. The experimental results indicate an intermolecular association between the binary liquid mixtures. Furthermore, the nature of the hydrogen bond of the associated complexes is further confirmed by high-level theoretical calculations. The structures, interactional energies and natural bonding orbital analysis of the hydrogen-bonded complex have been calculated in the gas phase using the density functional theory method at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level.

Thermodynamic and transport properties of binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanol with isomeric chlorotoluenes

Densities (ρ) at different temperatures from 303.15 to 318.15 K, speeds of sound (u) and viscosities (η) at 303.15 K were measured for the binary mixtures of cyclohexanol with 2-chlorotoluene, 3-chlorotoluene and 4-chlorotoluene over the entire range of composition. The excess volumes (VE) for the mixtures have been computed from the experimental density data. Further, the deviation in isentropic compressibilities (Δκs) and deviation in viscosities (Δη) for the binary mixtures have been calculated from the speed of sound and viscosity data, respectively. The VE values and Δκs values were positive and Δη data were negative for all the mixtures over the whole range of composition at the measured temperatures. The calculated excess functions VE, Δκs and Δη were fitted to Redlich–Kister equation. The excess functions have been discussed in terms of molecular interactions between component molecules of the binary mixtures.

Densities, viscosities, sound speed, and IR studies of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone with cyclohexylamine, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexene at different temperatures

Abstact Densities, viscosities, and speeds of sound of the binary liquid mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with cyclohexylamine (CHA), cyclohexanol (CHOL) and cyclohexene (CHE) at temperatures of 303.15–318.15 K are measured over the entire composition range. From the experimental values excess molar volume V m E , deviation in isentropic compressibility Δks, excess free length L f E , deviation in viscosity Δη are computed. The variation with the temperature and concentration is discussed in terms of molecular interactions. All the excess parameters and deviations are fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary interaction parameters and mean deviation from the regression lines. The sign and magnitude of the computed parameters are discussed to reveal the nature and type of interactions existing between the component molecules in the binary mixtures. Thermodynamic investigations under the present study reveal the strong inter molecular interactions between the unlike molecules in the binary systems of NMP + CHA, NMP + CHOL, whereas in the other binary system NMP + CHE the reverse trend is observed due to dispersion forces. The strength of interaction of CHA, CHOL, and CHE with NMP found to follow the order: CHA > CHOL > CHE. FT-IR studies of these mixtures have been estimated and analyzed to study the interactions between unlike molecules. A good agreement is observed between the excess parameters and FT-IR studies.

An investigation of a viscosity-magnetic field hysteretic effect in nano-ferrofluid

Both poly-α-olefin synthetic oil and water based Fe3O4 ferrofluids have been prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer methods have been used to characterize the structure, morphology and magnetic property of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, respectively. The magnetoviscous properties of both dilute and concentrated ferrofluids are studied by torsional oscillation cup viscometer. A parameter Δη*=(ηde−ηin/ηin), is named as viscosity-magnetic field hysteretic effect and studied. The results show that in horizontal ring-magnetic field, the relative reduced viscosity Δη* is positive at high magnetic fields and negative at low fields. It has been found that the viscosity-magnetic field hysteretic effect is affected by the magnetic force Fm and the hydrodynamical force Fh among the particles. The formation and destruction of chain-like or drop-like structures with polydispersity lead to the formation of negative viscosity-magnetic field hysteretic effect in concentrated ferrofluids. The model developed here illustrates the experimental results.

VOLUMETRIC AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES OF MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES OF N-ALKANES WITH HEPTAN-2-OL AT 298.15 K: COMPARISON WITH PRIGOGINE-FLORY-PATTERSON THEORY

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, and sound speeds, u, have been measured as a function of composition for binary mixtures of n-octane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane with heptan-2-ol at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From these measurements the excess molar volume (), deviations in viscosity (Δη), and excess isentropic compressibility (k E s), were calculated. These results were fitted to Redlick-Kister polynomial equations to estimate the binary coefficients and standard errors. The experimental results were used to test the applicability of the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory. McAllister's multibody interaction model was used to correlate kinematic viscosity data. The Jouyban-Acree model was also used to correlate the experimental values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity at T = 298.15 K. The effects of size and shape of the components on excess properties are discussed. The results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions prevailing in the mixtures.

Densities, Viscosities, and Sound Speed of Binary Mixtures of Hexyl Acetate with Tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-Dioxane, Anisole, and Butyl Vinyl Ether

Densities, viscosities, and speeds of sound for the binary mixtures of hexyl acetate with tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, anisole, and butyl vinyl ether were measured at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. From the experimental data, values of excess volume, VE, deviation in viscosity Δη, and deviation in isentropic compressibility ΔKS, have been calculated. These results were fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The excess volumes VE and deviations in isentropic compressibility ΔKs were found to be completely negative, while the deviations in viscosity Δη were found to be either negative or positive depending on the nature of liquid mixtures.

Acoustical and excess thermodynamic studies of mixtures of 2-pyrrolidone with 1,3-propanediol and water as well as 1,3-propanediol with water at 308.15 K

The density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of three mixtures consisting of 2- pyrrolidone with 1,3-propanediol (PD) and water and also of PD and water have been measured as a function of mole fraction at 308.15 K. The experimentally collected data has been used to calculate the excess molar volume (VE), deviation in viscosity (Δη), deviation in ultrasonic velocity (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κs), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκs) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG*E). The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation has been used to fit the derived parameters. The variation in excessive thermodynamic properties as a consequence of possible molecular interactions is discussed.