Virtual Reality Images Research Articles

Expected benefits and concerns regarding virtual reality in caring for terminally ill cancer patients – a qualitative interview study

BackgroundMany palliative cancer patients require inpatient hospital treatment for medical reasons, which contrasts their frequent desire to be at home. Virtual reality (VR) could be a way of bringing the home environment closer to them. First observations have shown benefits from VR for inpatients in palliative care. The aim of this qualitative, descriptive study was to explore the expectations of in-patients suffering from incurable cancer and their relatives about VR, in particular individualized VR images of the patients’ own home.MethodsSemi-structured interviews with inpatients suffering from incurable cancers and their relatives in three medical settings (palliative care, hematology, radiotherapy) of a German university hospital. Qualitative content analysis about expected benefits and concerns regarding VR-videos showing their private home; defining the main topics deductively and the subcategories inductively. We also assessed the patients’ subjective perspective on their remaining time to live to estimate the impact of double awareness on the results. The Patient Advisory Board informed the study protocol and conduct.ResultsWe interviewed 15 patients (8 men; age M = 63.4, SD = 11.34; range 39–82) under palliative care, and four relatives. We organized the interview content in 6 themes (general interest, desired content, non-desired content, expected benefits, concerns, and irregularities) and 26 sub-themes. Most patients and relatives were interested in using VR during hospital treatment. They often preferred viewing nature or tourist sites over seeing their home or family. Reasons could be linked to privacy concerns and the general desire for distraction from the current situation that they specified with their expectation of well-being, a break from the patient-experience, the pursue of curiosity, and the VR evoking fond memories.ConclusionVR seems to be of interest for palliative cancer patients, especially as distraction and relief from their illness. The desired content can be very different, so a choice from a selection of VR-content should be made available. If patients want to see videos of their own home, recordings by relatives instead of study or hospital staff seem to meet the need for privacy.Trial registrationRegistered at Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien; registration number: DRKS00032172; registration date: 11/07/2023. https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00032172.

Bridging the Appearance Domain Gap in Elderly Posture Recognition with YOLOv9

Accurate posture detection of elderly people is crucial to improve monitoring and provide timely alerts in homes and elderly care facilities. Human posture recognition is experiencing a great leap in performance with the incorporation of deep neural networks (DNNs) such as YOLOv9. Unfortunately, DNNs require large amounts of annotated data for training, which can be addressed by using virtual reality images. This paper investigates how to address the appearance domain that lies between synthetic and natural images. Therefore, four experiments (VIRTUAL–VIRTUAL; HYBRID–VIRTUAL; VIRTUAL–REAL; and HYBRID–REAL) were designed to assess the feasibility of recognising the postures of virtual or real elderly people after training with virtual and real images of elderly people. The results show that YOLOv9 achieves the most outstanding accuracy of 98.41% in detecting and discriminating between standing, sitting, and lying postures after training on a large number of virtual images complemented by a much smaller number of real images when testing on real images.

Surgeon perspectives on a virtual reality platform for preoperative planning in complex bone sarcomas

Background and objectivesTreatment of primary bone and soft tissue sarcomas typically includes complete surgical resection with or without adjunctive modalities. Despite best efforts, for the most challenging clinical scenarios such as axial or pelvic sarcoma, five-year survival rates are reported to be between 27 and 40 %. Since quality of resection is a key determinant of oncologic outcomes, it is critical to preoperatively plan the surgical approach to improve resection accuracy, ensure sufficient surgical margins, and reduce the risk of local or metastatic recurrence. The computer conversion of 2-dimensional (2D) computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality (VR) avatar image may allow improved preoperative estimation of tumor size, location, adjacent anatomy, and spatial understanding of the tumor without relying on surgeon experience, memory, and imagination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utility of a virtual reality platform in preoperative planning and surgical approach in a retrospective cohort of pelvic bone sarcoma cases. MethodsThe histopathology database at our institution was queried for all historical cases of bone and soft tissue sarcoma with surgical resection failure, defined as positive gross or microscopic margins. Four cases of pelvic bone sarcoma were chosen for retrospective review by fellowship-trained orthopedic tumor specialists. For each case, participants first studied conventional 2D preoperative CT images and answered a questionnaire pertaining to objective case parameters. Participants then interacted with case-specific 3D models while wearing a VR headset and answered the same questionnaire. The VR ‘avatar’ was created with custom-developed software. After using both modalities, participants completed a Likert-scale survey aiming to evaluate the VR technology's subjective impact on understanding tumor environment, surgical plan confidence, and its ability to improve communication with colleagues and patients. Four attending orthopedic oncologists, one orthopedic oncology fellow, and one senior orthopedic oncology resident participated in the study. ResultsFour cases of failed resection were evaluated by a group of both attending surgeons and a group of trainees composed of both residents and fellows. Tumor borders were clearly delineated in 0 % and 66.6 % cases when evaluating with conventional 2D imaging and VR, respectively. Participants changed adjacent structure involvement grade 22.2 % of the time after assessing involvement grade on the VR technology, with adjacent ligamentous structure grading changed most frequently in 55.5 % of cases. Users reported they would change the surgical approach or margins 44.4 % of the time after reviewing with VR technology. Initial 6 plane resection plans were changed in every user case. Subjective responses indicated that surgeons expressed more confidence in their approach, confidence with obtaining negative margins, and provided more detail regarding structures to be resected in specific planes. ConclusionPelvic tumors present unique surgical challenges due to complex 3D anatomy, the proximity of vital structures, consistency of the tumor, and the need to alter patient position during resection procedures. Using examples of failed pelvic bone sarcoma resections, our study found that VR imaging increased understanding of the tumor environment, characteristics, and ability to communicate with patients and colleagues.

Augmented and virtual reality imaging for collaborative planning of structural cardiovascular interventions: a proof-of-concept and validation study.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have led to significant advancements in cardiac preoperative planning, shaping the world in profound ways. A noticeable gap exists in the availability of a comprehensive multi-user, multi-device mixed reality application that can be used in a multidisciplinary team meeting. A multi-user, multi-device mixed reality application was developed, supporting AR and VR implementations. Technical validation involved a standardized testing protocol and comparison of AR and VR measurements regarding absolute error and time. Preclinical validation engaged experts in interventional cardiology, evaluating the clinical applicability prior to clinical validation. Clinical validation included patient-specific measurements for five patients in VR compared with standard computed tomography (CT) for preoperative planning. Questionnaires were used at all stages for subjective evaluation. Technical validation, including 106 size measurements, demonstrated an absolute median error of 0.69mm (0.25 to 1.18mm) compared with ground truth. The time to complete the entire task was on average, with VR measurements being faster than AR ( versus , ). On clinical validation of five preoperative patients, there was no statistically significant difference between paired CT and VR measurements (0.58 [95% CI, to 2.74], ). Questionnaires showcased unanimous agreement on the user-friendly nature, effectiveness, and clinical value. The mixed reality application, validated through technical, preclinical, and clinical assessments, demonstrates precision and user-friendliness. Further research of our application is needed to validate the generalizability and impact on patient outcomes.

Examining the Mechanisms of Virtual Reality Tourism's Impact on the Mental Well-Being of Long-Term Care Facility Residents: Perspectives on Presence and Flow.

This study investigates the mechanisms of virtual reality (VR) tourism's impact on the well-being of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). It aims to understand how presence and flow during VR experiences can enhance well-being. This experimental study used a quantitative approach with structured questionnaires to investigate VR experiences among LTCF residents in Taiwan. After obtaining ethical approval, 145 eligible participants from four LTCFs completed a full five-week VR tourism experience. Data collection took place from June to November 2022. This study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS software to analyze the causal relationships between latent variables. The results confirm that the more vivid the virtual reality image (β = 0.240, p < 0.05), the more immersive the experience (β = 0.267, p < 0.05), the greater the ability to control the experience (β = 0.465, p < 0.001), and the greater the ability to stimulate curiosity during the experience (β = 0.290, p < 0.05), the greater the sense of presence. Increased presence leads to user engagement and a state of flow (β = 0.556, p < 0.001), which is essential for personal hedonia (β = 0.453, p < 0.001) and eudaimonia (β = 0.220, p < 0.001). This study elucidates the mechanisms through which VR tourism experiences enhance well-being among LTCF residents, emphasizing the critical roles of presence and flow in promoting both hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions of well-being.

Exploring the user’s gaze during product evaluation through the semantic differential: a comparison between virtual reality and photorealistic images

Advanced product presentation methods can enhance the product evaluation experience both during the design process and online shopping, as static images often fail to convey essential product details. Virtual Reality (VR) technologies hold great potential in this regard, becoming increasingly accessible to all users. However, the influence of display mediums on emotional responses and product assessment needs further investigation, especially using physiological measures to obtain more objective insights. In this study, we investigate the influence of VR and photorealistic images on assessing and observing virtual prototypes of game controllers. The Semantic Differential technique was employed for product assessment, while built-in eye-tracking was used to measure participants’ viewing time on various areas of interest (AOIs). Our findings show that the medium significantly affects not only product evaluation and confidence in the response but also how the user observes it, with sensory-related features being particularly influenced. These findings hold practical implications for product design and vendors, as understanding the relationship between visualization mediums and product evaluation enhances the design process and improves consumer experiences.

Optimization design of low-carbon building thermal energy based on optical sensing and virtual reality image scene reconstruction

With the intensification of global climate change and energy crisis, the design of low-carbon buildings has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of architecture. Effective thermal optimization design not only reduces energy consumption, but also improves the comfort and sustainability of the building. This study aims to explore the optimization design of low-carbon building heat energy based on light sensing technology, combined with virtual reality image scene reconstruction, to provide an innovative design method to achieve intelligent management and optimization of building heat energy. Through the introduction of light sensing technology, the light intensity and heat distribution inside and outside the building are monitored, and the combination of data analysis and model simulation is used to evaluate the heat use of the building. On this basis, virtual reality scenes are constructed to reconstruct the heat flow and distribution of buildings, providing designers with intuitive visualization tools. The research shows that the design method based on light sensing can effectively identify the areas of heat waste in the building, and reduce the energy consumption of the building by optimizing the window layout, adding greening and improving the thermal management system. Virtual reality image scene reconstruction makes the design process more intuitive, helps the design team to quickly adjust and optimize, and improves the efficiency and accuracy of the design.

Virtual reality modelling for planning of percutaneous first step palliation in a newborn with heterotaxy syndrome.

We report the first-stage percutaneous palliation in a newborn with a rare heterotaxy syndrome variant including interrupted inferior vena cava, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, and restrictive interatrial communication. Virtual reality imaging aided visualisation, decision-making, and planning. Successful atrial septoplasty performed via the internal jugular vein and anomalous pulmonary vein was followed by stenting of ductus arteriosus.

Adaptation of Postural Sway in a Standing Position during Tilted Video Viewing Using Virtual Reality: A Comparison between Younger and Older Adults.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of wearing virtual reality (VR) with a head-mounted display (HMD) on body sway in younger and older adults. A standing posture with eyes open without an HMD constituted the control condition. Wearing an HMD and viewing a 30°-tilt image and a 60°-tilt image in a resting standing position were the experimental conditions. Measurements were made using a force plate. All conditions were performed three times each and included the X-axis trajectory length (mm), Y-axis trajectory length (mm), total trajectory length (mm), trajectory length per unit time (mm/s), outer peripheral area (mm2), and rectangular area (mm2). The results showed a significant interaction between generation and condition in Y-axis trajectory length (mm) and total trajectory length (mm), with an increased body center-of-gravity sway during the viewing of tilted VR images in older adults than in younger adults in both sexes. The results of this study show that body sway can be induced by visual stimulation alone with VR without movement, suggesting the possibility of providing safe and simple balance training to older adults.

Virtual reality images created on the back and front of a display.

To better investigate the biological mechanism of microorganisms, we developed a novel, to the best of our knowledge, virtual reality (VR) microscope that incorporates a head-mounted display (HMD) that creates VR images with a digital microscope. This type of VR microscope can be used with any type of optical microscope. The fabricated microscope is quite different from a common bifocal device because it can create VR images on the back and front of a display. If the VR images are displayed with object (OBJ) images, they are observable in [2 × 2] (back and front VR images and OBJ images; 2 × 2 = 4 images). This feature can provide important information on microscopic OBJs, which can be employed in 3D biological analysis. Furthermore, if a laser light source is added to this microscope, the images can be observed in [3 × 2] (back and front laser VR images, VR images, and OBJ images; 3 × 2 = 6 images). The lasers would also enable optical trapping and tracking, leading to improved biological analysis.

Adaptation of Employee Development with Artificial Intelligence Virual Reality in a Power Generation Company

Human resource development and training are essential to improve the quality and skill level of employees. The field of artificial intelligence focuses on developing the ability of computers to accomplish tasks that can currently be completed faster than humans can. To meet higher standards, Power Generation Companies are improving the quality of Virtual Reality (VR) images. VR can be used as a training medium. In addition, it can improve student understanding, information retention, and skills, and provide an immersive and deep learning experience. The purpose of this study is to determine the process of adaptation or application of AI VR in human resource development in the workplace, the contribution of development, and its utilization for work productivity, especially in the power plant company PT PLN Indonesia Power Suralaya banten province.. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a phenomenological approach to the adaptation of AI VR application by explaining the utilization, including the use of design, and AI VR procedures so that it can be adapted in the application of HR development effectively. Reputable national and international journals are used as references for the foundation of the development of this article. The adaptation results in different training modules for employees based on individual skills, job levels, job titles, and desired competencies. The AI tool can then match new projects with employees who have completed training together

Paintings in naked-eye virtual reality: a parallax view between the surface and volumetric depth

This article explores a subgenre of naked-eye virtual reality (VR) video that features two-dimensional paintings in a three-dimensional space and is circulated on the Chinese video streaming website Bilibili. In contrast to traditional VR, which requires the spectator to wear a head-mounted display, naked-eye VR offers a stereoscopic view on the screen, eliminating the need for VR glasses. The apparent incongruity between the screen’s physical flatness and the volumetric depth of the painting becomes even more pronounced when the naked-eye VR image emphasises the painting’s inherent two-dimensionality. Employing an interdisciplinary humanities’ method that connects media archaeology, film studies, art history, and the field of science, technology, and society, this paper delves into this distinctive juxtaposition between the painting’s flatness and the volumetric depth characteristic of naked-eye VR, a subgenre that remains mostly uncharted in the field of film and media studies. Taking a media archaeological perspective, this paper introduces a parallax media history, suggesting that the aesthetics of VR can be traced not only to the stereoscope but also to scroll paintings, which are paradoxically defined by their flat compositions. In addition, naked-eye VR references pictorial traditions by generating a spatial illusion that leads spectators to feel as if they are delving beneath the surface of a painting, transitioning from spatial extensivity on the x-y axis to perceived depth along the z-axis. This oscillation between surface and depth is engendered by the horizontal parallax rooted in binocular disparity, thereby positioning naked-eye VR as a “parallax media.” In analysing the illusion created by naked-eye VR, this paper proposes a paradigmatic shift in the framework of media study from conceiving of an image as a mirror to experiencing it as a door, representing the oscillation between volumetric depth and two-dimensional surface.

What influences stress reduction in urban forests: Environment types or personality traits?

As an extensive and convenient natural resource, urban forests have been shown to reduce stress in urban residents. Although many studies have observed positive physiological and psychological responses in urban forests, research on their mechanisms remains insufficient. The relationships between stress reduction, environments, and individuals need to be further explored with environment types and personality traits as key influencing factors. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of environment types, personality traits, and their interactions on stress reduction by viewing virtual reality (VR) images and investigated their direct and indirect paths using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that personality traits significantly influenced psychological stress reduction in urban forests, but the effects of environment types and personality traits on physiological stress reduction were not significant. Through SEM, we found that lower neuroticism and higher extraversion led to better psychological stress reduction by indirectly promoting environmental evaluation, whereas the direct and indirect paths of environment types on psychological stress reduction were the opposite. These findings provide accurate evidence of the effects of environment types and personality traits on stress reduction and further reveal the mechanisms of stress reduction in urban forests from a more comprehensive perspective.

Application accuracy of a frameless optical neuronavigation system as a guide for craniotomies in dogs

BackgroundOptical neuronavigation systems using infrared light to create a virtual reality image of the brain allow the surgeon to track instruments in real time. Due to the high vulnerability of the brain, neurosurgical interventions must be performed with a high precision. The aim of the experimental cadaveric study was to determine the application accuracy of a frameless optical neuronavigation system as guide for craniotomies by determining the target point deviation of predefined target points at the skull surface in the area of access to the cerebrum, cerebellum and the pituitary fossa. On each of the five canine cadaver heads ten target points were marked in a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. These target points were found on the cadaver skulls using the optical neuronavigation system. Then a small drill hole (1.5 mm) was drilled at these points. Subsequently, another CT scan was made. Both CT data sets were fused into the neuronavigation software, and the actual target point coordinates were identified. The target point deviation was determined as the difference between the planned and drilled target point coordinates. The calculated deviation was compared between two observers.ResultsThe analysis of the target point accuracies of all dogs in both observers taken together showed a median target point deviation of 1.57 mm (range: 0.42 to 5.14 mm). No significant differences were found between the observers or the different areas of target regions.ConclusionThe application accuracy of the described system is similar to the accuracy of other optical neuronavigation systems previously described in veterinary medicine, in which mean values of 1.79 to 4.3 mm and median target point deviations of 0.79 to 3.53 mm were determined.

The use of virtual reality to assess the bony landmarks at the knee joint – The role of imaging modality and the assessor's experience

BackgroundAt present, extended reality technologies such as virtual reality (VR) have gained popularity in orthopedic surgery. The first aim of this study was to assess the precision of VR and other imaging modalities – computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – to localize bony landmarks near the knee joint. Secondly, the impact of the educational level of the assessor – medical master students, orthopedic residents, and orthopedic surgeons – on the precision with which landmarks near the knee joint could be localized was analyzed. MethodsWe included a total of 77 participants: 62 medical master students, 10 orthopedic residents, and 5 orthopedic surgeons to analyze three cadaver legs. Every participant localized a series of sixteen bony landmarks on six different imaging modalities (CT, MRI, 3D-CT, 3D-MRI, VR-CT, VR-MRI). ResultsConcerning the imaging modality, the inter- and intra-observer variability were lowest for 3D and VR, higher for MRI (respectively 7.6 mm and 6.9 mm), and highest for CT (respectively 9 mm and 8.7 m).Concerning the educational level of the assessor, inter- and intra-observer variability in VR were lowest for surgeons, (respectively 3.2 mm and 3.6 mm), higher for residents (respectively 5.9 mm and 6.5 mm) and medical students (respectively 5.9 mm and 5.8 mm). ConclusionsVR can be considered a reliable imaging technique. Localization of landmarks tends to be more precise in VR and on 3D than on conventional CT and MRI images. Furthermore, orthopedic surgeons localize landmarks more precisely than orthopedic residents and medical students in VR.

Association between anxiety and skin conductance according to the intensity of shaking of virtual reality images.

Despite the advantages of virtual reality (VR), cyber sickness makes it difficult to apply VR to those who are already anxious and in distress. Skin conductance (SC) is widely used as a bio-signal reflecting anxiety. It is positively correlated with anxiety. The objective of this study was to determine the association between SC and anxiety in VR. Healthy volunteers with moderate-to-high stress defined as a Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) score ≥20 were enrolled. STAI-X-1 was used to measure anxiety, and galvanic skin response was used to measure SC. This study used an open, randomized, crossover design. In this study, 360° videos consisted of two types, namely, less dizzying video (G1) and more dizzying video (G2). We randomized subjects into two groups according to video exposure order: G1 after watching G2 (Order 1) and G2 after watching G1 (Order 2). Of 81 subjects, the average age (±SD) was 39.98 ± 10.94 years for the Order 1 group and 36.54 ± 12.44 years for the Order 2 group. Anxiety was significantly decreased in the Order 2 group (p < 0.035) after watching videos, whereas there was no significant change in anxiety in the Order 1 group. In both groups, SC was significantly increased after exposure to a dizzying video. Mean difference (SD) between the second VR video and baseline SC was 1.61 (1.07) (p < 0.0001) in the Order 1 group and 0.92 (0.90) (p < 0.0001) in the Order 2 group, showing a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.003). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.077) after baseline correction. Anxiety was decreased significantly in the Order 2 group. The Order 1 group showed a high rate of change in skin conductivity. It is possible to reduce SC and anxiety by viewing a less dizzying VR video first and then viewing a more dizzying video later.

Preoperative planning using virtual reality and computed tomography angiogram in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction

The gold standard for preoperative planning of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction uses computed tomography angiography (CTA). Virtual reality (VR) circumnavigates the limitations of CTA by reconstructing a fully immersive and interactive 3D representation of the scan. Scans of 44 patients who underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed and compared using CTA and VR imaging modalities. The objective of this research was to compare perforators found using VR to the ones identified using conventional CTA. A correlation was found between the imaging modalities for unilateral (R = 0.96 (CI = 0.92, 0.98)) and bilateral (R = 0.93, (CI = 0.83, 0.97)) DIEP flap surgeries when comparing perforator location related to the umbilicus. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression found that higher intramuscular course length (IMC) is associated with the number of perforators found per side (OR = 1.79 (CI = 1.24, 2.6)), and medial location (OR = 2.85 (CI = 1.38, 5.87)). Larger vessel caliber (VC) is associated with shorter IMC (T2 vs. T3, OR = 3.34 (CI = 1.49, 7.49)), and branching in adipose tissue (AB) is associated with higher VC (T1 vs. T3, OR = 0.02 (CI = 0.007, 0.08); T2 vs. T3, OR = 0.24 (CI = 0.11, 0.55)). Overall, preoperative planning using VR was easy to use, safe, more intuitive, and provided in a time-efficient manner, more information about perforant characteristics. VR can improve the surgeon’s decision accuracy, relating to the best perforators for harvesting, in a shorter time period.

Patient-specific simulations and navigation systems for partial nephrectomy.

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the standard treatment for T1 renal cell carcinoma. PN is affected more by surgical variations and requires greater surgical experience than radical nephrectomy. Patient-specific simulations and navigation systems may help to reduce the surgical experience required for PN. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality (VR) imaging and 3D printing technology have allowed accurate patient-specific simulations and navigation systems. We reviewed previous studies about patient-specific simulations and navigation systems for PN. Recently, image reconstruction technology has developed, and commercial software that converts two-dimensional images into 3D images has become available. Many urologists are now able to view 3DVR images when preparing for PN. Surgical simulations based on 3DVR images can change surgical plans and improve surgical outcomes, and are useful during patient consultations. Patient-specific simulators that are capable of simulating surgical procedures, the gold-standard form of patient-specific simulations, have also been reported. Besides VR, 3D printing is also useful for understanding patient-specific information. Some studies have reported simulation and navigation systems for PN based on solid 3D models. Patient-specific simulations are a form of preoperative preparation, whereas patient-specific navigation is used intraoperatively. Navigation-assisted PN procedures using 3DVR images have become increasingly common, especially in robotic surgery. Some studies found that these systems produced improvements in surgical outcomes. Once its accuracy has been confirmed, it is hoped that this technology will spread further and become more generalized.

Virtual Reality Images of the Home Are Useful for Patients With Hospital-Based Palliative Care: Prospective Observational Study With Analysis by Text Mining.

Malignancy patients who need long-term hospitalization can feel loneliness affecting their quality of life. The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused visiting restrictions that could mean patients who might be missing out on family support and palliative care, therefore, need to adapt and change. We used virtual reality (VR) technology with the aim of reducing feelings of loneliness among these patients. In a small cohort setting, we aimed to clarify the usefulness of VR viewing for this purpose by text mining interviews with the patients in palliative care after their VR experience, and to clarify the feasibility of this program. Four consecutive Japanese patients in the palliative care unit viewed personalized familiar persons or places through VR goggles, while communicating by telephone. After the VR experience, text mining of the patients' interviews was used to extract the words for the frequency count and co-occurrence analysis. Four clusters were extracted: "relief from the pain of hospitalization by feeling safe and secure with family members nearby," "using VR to regain daily life," "immersive feeling of being in the same space as family," and "loneliness due to the realistic feeling of separation from the family through VR experience." There were no cases of VR sickness. Our results attained by text mining suggest the promising potential of VR imaging of familiar surroundings for patients in palliative care.

3d Holographic Virtual Reality Imaging Evaluation of Aortic Valve Leaflet Reconstruction With Three Same-Sized Autologous Pericardium Leaflets

Aortic valve leaflet reconstruction using three same-sized autologous pericardium leaflets (ATLAS) has been performed for strictly selected patients. This study evaluated outcomes of ATLAS with three-dimensional (3D) holographic virtual reality (VR) images.