Virtual Battlespace Research Articles

Examining the applicability of virtual battle space for stress management training in military personnel-A validation study.

Military personnel are often exposed to high levels of both physical and psychological challenges in their work environment and therefore it is important to be trained on how to handle stressful situations. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether military-specific virtual battle space (VBS) scenarios could elicit a physiological and subjective stress response in healthy military personnel, as compared to that of a virtual reality height exposure (VR-HE) stress task that has shown to reliably increase stress levels. Twenty participants engaged in two VBS scenarios and the VR-HE during separate sessions, while measurements of heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), respiration rate, and subjective stress levels were collected. Contrary to our initial expectations, analysis revealed that neither of the VBS scenarios induced a significant stress response, as indicated by stable HR, HRV, and low subjective stress levels. However, the VR-HE task did elicit a significant physiological stress response, evidenced by increased HR and HRV changes, aligning with previous research findings. Moreover, no discernible alterations were detected in cognitive performance subsequent to these stressors. These results suggest that the current VBS scenarios, despite their potential, may not be effective for stress-related training activities within military settings. The absence of a significant stress response in the VBS conditions points to the need for more immersive and engaging scenarios. By integrating interactive and demanding elements, as well as physical feedback systems and real-time communication, VBS training might better mimic real-world stressors and improve stress resilience in military personnel. The findings of this study have broader implications for stress research and training, suggesting the need for scenario design improvements in virtual training environments to effectively induce stress and improve stress management across various high-stress professions.

Using combat simulations to determine tactical responses to new technologies on the battlefield

Although military technology can provide a tactical edge in combat, its efficacy often diminishes once the opposing force adapts. To address this issue, the study proposes a systematic approach to predict, model, and quantify the responses of soldiers on the battlefield to new technology. The method uses virtual simulations to identify changes in behavior and tactics, which are then modeled in constructive simulations to quantify lethality, survivability, and mission effectiveness. The approach is demonstrated through a case study on grenade-equipped quadcopters using the Infantry Warrior Simulation, a constructive simulation, and Virtual Battlespace 3.0, a virtual simulation. The study found that this tactic was initially successful at disrupting operations of soldiers. However, after seven iterations, the soldiers implemented changes in their tactics to minimize the effects of the drone. This process provides insight into better understanding the dynamic, responsive nature of the modern battlefield.

Design, Implementation and Preliminary Testing of a Virtual Reality System Used to Train Military Personnel on a Simulated Battlefield

Abstract In this article, we present the design, implementation, and testing of a virtual reality-based training solution for military personnel. The aim of using virtual reality instead of traditional training processes is to simulate battlefield conditions as realistically as possible and to save financial resources that could be directed to other educational processes. The system was implemented using the Virtual Battlespace 4 (VBS4) virtual simulation software application, interconnected with Virtual Reality Headset and Controllers, to provide an enhanced simulation training experience. A wireless network has also been set up and tested for increased flexibility and quick setup during multiplayer simulation.

The impact of expressive flexibility and self-control on moral competence following exposure to simulated combat-like environments in 18-22-year-old U.S. Military Recruits

The impact on moral competence following exposure to combat-like environments can be found in soldier narratives, however, limited scientific research investigates such effects. Moreover, the influence of one’s expressive flexibility and self-control on moral competence following combat-like environments is unknown. Employing a univariate design, this study recruited 107 participants (i.e., ages 18 to 22) from a private U.S. Military university to examine the impact on moral competence, including potential moderating effects of expressive flexibility and self-control, following exposure to combat-like environments. To simulate a combat-like environments, participants were placed in either immersive (i.e., Bravemind) or non-immersive (i.e., Virtual Battlespace 3) virtual environments. Self-reported expressive flexibility, self-control, and moral competence were assessed. Results revealed that following exposure to combat-like environments, an individual’s moral competence increased. A main effect of self-control on moral competence indicated that an individual’s self-control directly effects an individual’s moral competence. Findings from this study offers a richer comprehension of how, following simulated combat environments, moral competence can be influenced, and how expressive flexibility and self-control can aid in protecting mental health and wellbeing, even in judging moral dilemmas.

The effects of grit and resilience on moral competence following simulated combat exposure

ABSTRACT Individuals exposed to combat-like environments are often challenged with moral conflict. The scientific investigation of moral competence on adverse environments is limited, although soldier narratives have shown how, in combat, military personnel must face challenging moral dilemmas. Additionally, the impact of grit and resilience on moral competence following combat-like environments is unknown. Recruiting 107 participants from a private US Military university, this study investigated the impact of moral competence, including the moderating effects of grit and resilience, following exposure to combat-like environments. To simulate a combat-like environment, participants were placed in either an immersive (i.e., Bravemind) or non-immersive (i.e., Virtual Battlespace 3) environment. Self-reported resilience, grit, and moral competence were measured using Resilience Scale for Adults, the Grit Scale, and the Moral Competence Test, respectively. Findings showed that following exposure to simulated combat-like environments, moral competence scores were higher in participants exposed to combat-like environments. Furthermore, results revealed a main effect of grit on moral competence, suggesting that grit could have functioned as a buffer following simulated combat. These findings can provide a richer understanding of how, following combat-like environments, moral competence can be impacted and how grit and resilience can help protect the ability to successfully face moral dilemmas.

Creating Modeling and Simulation Scenarios Using Dedicated Tools

Abstract Simulating military actions has been an important element since ancient times, the fighting ability being intricately connected to training and exercises simulating real combat. The paper describes the steps followed to create a scenario used for online teaching activities during the pandemic, using the facilities of the Centre for Modelling and Simulation of Military Actions. The scenarios were created by using two modelling and simulation software - JCATS (Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation) for constructive simulation and the VBS (Virtual Battlespace) for virtual simulation.

Use of an aerial reconnaissance model during the movement of oversized loads

The paper sets out the results of an experiment carried out using the Virtual Battle Space 2 simulator to verify the applicability of an autonomous unmanned aerial system (UAS) reconnaissance model when moving oversized loads. The model is originally implemented within a decision-support system under military conditions. The aim of the experiment is to verify the possibilities of using the model for civilian needs. The basic output of the experiment presented in the paper is confirmation that the autonomous UAS reconnaissance model can be applied in the actual transportation of oversized loads: the experiment confirms the author’s hypothesis. Based on the result of the experiment it is possible to state that a slightly modified UAS model can significantly influence the execution phase of the oversized load movement in a positive way. It shows that the use of the model reduces the time of the movement and avoids unexpected interferences.

ARTILERY BATTLE SPACE SIMULATOR – TRAINER “ANTRACYT PLUS”

The paper presents a combat field artillery simulator-trainer ANTRACYT PLUS developed in the Military Institute of Armament Technology. The principle of operation is based on deployment of real equipment to be used by the trainees whereas the effects of their actions are reflected in a virtual space. The simulator is driven by VBS (Virtual Battle Space) which provides a faithful simulation of terrain and troops operations at various combat scenarios. It is used by many NATO armies in designs of different simulators and trainers. A wide spectrum of animations for terrain, weather, field conditions, types of ordnance, personnel, reaction of objects against different actions, etc., provides a dynamic and realistic battle field. A simulator presented in the paper is designated for training and practising parts and complete artillery subunits on fire control, mission planning, and interoperability with the supported troops and assigned reconnaissance means (UAV, radar station, plane, helicopter and other).

Adaptive instruction for medical training in the psychomotor domain

The adaptive instruction provided by Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) tailors direction, support, and feedback to enhance/maintain the learning needs (e.g., lack of knowledge or skill) of each individual. Today, ITSs are generally developed to support desktop training applications, with the most common domains involving cognitive problem solving tasks (e.g., mathematics and physics). In recent years, implementations of game-based tutors authored using the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), an open-source tutoring architecture, provided tailored training experiences for military tasks through desktop applications (e.g., games including Virtual Battlespace and Virtual Medic). However, these game-based desktop tutors have also been limited to adaptive instruction for cognitive tasks (e.g., problem solving and decision-making). The military requires adaptive instruction to extend beyond the desktop to be compatible with the physical nature of many tasks performed by soldiers, sailors, and airmen. This article examines how commercial sensor technologies might be adapted to work with GIFT and support tailored computer-guided instruction in the psychomotor domain for a military medical training task, specifically hemorrhage control. Toward this goal, we evaluated the usability and system features of commercial smart glasses and pressure-sensing technologies. Smart glasses were selected as the focus of this study over handheld mobile devices in order to promote a hands-free experience during the training of hemorrhage-control tasks on a mannequin. Pressure sensors were selected to provide direct measures of effectiveness during the application of tourniquets and pressure bandages. Each set of technologies (smart glasses and pressure sensors) was evaluated not with respect to each other, but with respect to their capabilities to support adaptive instruction in the wild at the learner’s point-of-need and criteria based on established usability heuristics. Instruction in the wild is training provided in an environment outside the classroom and areas where tracking and sensing infrastructure are available (e.g., deployed areas of operation). We examined a wide range of features and capabilities, and evaluated their compatibility with the hemorrhage-control task, to answer the following question: what system design features (e.g., usability and interaction) are needed to support adaptive instruction for this individual psychomotor task at the point-of-need in locations where no formal training infrastructure is available?

Commercial-Off-the-Shelf-Technology in UK Military Training

Aim. This article gives an overview of how commercial computer game technology was introduced for training, education and decision support within the British Army. Value of the article. It records the narrative of the introduction and development of first person shooter computer games into the British Army; an area where developments are not routinely reported outside the closed world of defence training. Methodology. The research was based on interviews of key staff who worked in procurement at the Defence Academy of the UK and for the MoD during 2002 to 2012. The interviewees included two officers, an experienced defence contractor and a senior civil servant. These interviews were given on the understanding that the views expressed would not be individually attributable as they might not represent those of their current employers. The authors were also given access to a unique collection of documents, some of which were not publically available, but are held in the archives of the UK Defence Academy. These are cited in the bibliography. Limitations of the article. This article cites the evidence from the time that supported the continued use of what was a radical and contentious new way of training. Since the introduction of Virtual Battle Space 2 into the British Army, further research into the effectiveness of games based training in the military has been published. Analysis. Games based training has become a significant part of the training cycle for many parts of the British Army. These games have limitations, but are the only alternative to real operations for some types of training. However, the difficult topic of what is the correct proportion of games based training to other types? is a contested area within defence training in the UK. Conclusions. Initial evaluations on the effectiveness of the use of computer games in preparing UK forces for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan showed they had a significant positive impact. The first experience of the British Army with these games has secured the long-term application of this technology and it is unrealistic to imagine future military training without some degree of games technology.

Game controller modification for fMRI hyperscanning experiments in a cooperative virtual reality environment

Hyperscanning, an emerging technique in which data from multiple interacting subjects’ brains are simultaneously recorded, has become an increasingly popular way to address complex topics, such as “theory of mind.” However, most previous fMRI hyperscanning experiments have been limited to abstract social interactions (e.g. phone conversations). Our new method utilizes a virtual reality (VR) environment used for military training, Virtual Battlespace 2 (VBS2), to create realistic avatar-avatar interactions and cooperative tasks. To control the virtual avatar, subjects use a MRI compatible Playstation 3 game controller, modified by removing all extraneous metal components and replacing any necessary ones with 3D printed plastic models. Control of both scanners’ operation is initiated by a VBS2 plugin to sync scanner time to the known time within the VR environment. Our modifications include:•Modification of game controller to be MRI compatible.•Design of VBS2 virtual environment for cooperative interactions.•Syncing two MRI machines for simultaneous recording.

Military Training in Virtual Environments: User Interface Evaluations

Infantry platoons from both the US Army and UK Army conducted small-unit exercises in a common terrain database using two game-based simulation (GBS) systems, the On-Line Interactive Virtual Environment (OLIVE™) and Virtual Battlespace 2 (VBS2™). After introductory training and a series of exercises in each GBS, Solders completed usability questionnaires addressing avatar characteristics, general fidelity, and the control operations in the graphical user interface. Following the complete series of exercises, Leaders and Soldiers also participated in guided interviews. Results suggest that US and UK Soldiers had similar opinions of both GBS systems. Both groups rated VBS2 higher on avatar characteristics and fidelity scales after exercises were completed. During the interviews, Leaders and Soldiers identified specific functions of each GBS that were useful, and described features that were difficult to use or unrealistic. Leaders and Soldiers also suggested that for military training and rehearsal a hybrid system should be developed that combines the best features of each GBS.

Dynamic Routing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Reactive Tabu Search

Abstract : In this paper we consider the dynamic routing of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) currently in operational use with the US Air Force. Dynamic vehicle routing problems (VRP) have always been challenging, and the airborne version of the VRP adds dimensions and difficulties not present in typical ground-based applications. Previous UAV routing work has focused on primarily on static, pre-planned situations; however, scheduling military operations, which are often ad-hoc, drives the need for a dynamic route solver that can respond to rapidly evolving problem constraints. With these considerations in mind, we examine the use of a Java-encoded metaheuristic to solve these dynamic routing problems, explore its operation with several general problem classes, and look at the advantages it provides in sample UAV routing problems. The end routine provides routing information for a UAV virtual battlespace simulation and allows dynamic routing of operational missions.

The Synthetic Battlebridge: a tool for large-scale VEs

The Synthetic BattleBridge gives users interface tools that help them navigate, analyze, and comprehend a complex, active, distributed virtual battlespace environment. A primary objective for the SBB project is to develop an observatory for real time monitoring and assessment of the activities of intelligently behaving autonomous actors and manned simulators within a VE. Therefore, the SBB uses both environment and computation distribution to let users monitor and assess in real time the activity within a VE and to provide cognitive support for situation analysis. The SBB also addresses the development and evaluation of advanced user interfaces, information aggregation techniques, and information presentation techniques. For the SBB to function as we require, it must present to the user the spatial orientation, type, motion, and distribution of actors in a VE. Key issues regarding these capabilities are updating and displaying the VE at interactive display rates and providing a very large scale environment containing a wide variety of actor types, sizes, and speeds, The SBB provides these capabilities by computing vehicle position, motion, and velocity data for all actors in the battlespace and presenting this information in real time using a 3D rendering of the battlespace and its contents. The user controls the SBB and information presentation with an interface consisting of a combination of visual icons and text, which we describe.