Viral Ones Research Articles

Skin infections in atopic dermatitis: clinic, treatment. A review

Infection is the most common complication of atopic dermatitis (AtD). In particular, some patients with AtD exhibit increased susceptibility to skin infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiologies. In some cases, infections can even be systemic. Bacterial skin infections are more common than viral and fungal ones. An especially severe infection caused by the herpes virus is herpetic eczema, which can cause life-threatening complications. Infections of fungal etiology are represented mainly by the Malassezia species, especially in patients with dermatitis of the head and neck. The review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms identified to date that are thought to predispose to skin infections. The main ones are impaired skin barrier function, complex immunological changes, as well as poorly understood factors such as environmental exposure and skin dysbiosis. The review also includes the clinical characteristics of patients with various skin infections, as well as appropriate treatment for complications of AtD.

Acute Approach to Central Nervous System Infections in Kazakhstan

Background Neuroinfections in children are a socially significant problem of our time, as they can lead to disability and death of the patient, which actualizes the need for their early clinical diagnosis. The purpose of the study: to identify patterns of clinical manifestations of central nervous system lesions in children with neuroinfections. Materials and methods The cases of neuroinfections in 101 children treated at the “City Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital” (Shymkent) in the period from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed, of which 37 patients with viral neuroinfections, 64 with bacterial ones. Results The predominance of bacterial neuroinfections over viral ones was revealed, with a predominance among young boys. Headache or its equivalents (in children under one year old) were observed in 72.5%; most often in children with viral infections of the nervous system (81.2%), less often in patients with bacterial infections (65.4%), p 0.01. In most cases, the disease manifested with the phenomena of fever and vomiting. When assessing the neurological status, the duration of preservation of two frequently occurring meningeal signs (rigidity of the occipital muscles, Kernig’s symptom) was taken into account, which was 6 ± 1.3 days and 5 ± 1.1 days in the group with bacterial neuroinfections, and 4 ± 1.8 and 5 ± 1.7 days, respectively, in the group with viral neuroinfections (p 0.05). With pneumococcal etiology, the most severe and protracted cases of the course of neuroinfections are recorded. Frequent emergency conditions in infectious lesions of the central nervous system in the form of cerebral edema, septic shock, which occur more often in bacterial neuroinfections, have been identified. Conclusion Neuroinfections are characterized by a symptom complex of clinical manifestations, which should be interpreted by doctors in a timely and correct manner in order to diagnose early and minimize adverse outcomes of the disease. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1206-1212

A hidden element governing immunogenicity in tumoral neoepitopes

The search for what characteristics define an epitope as either an immunogenic or a non-responsive target for immunotherapy has eluded researchers for years. Several studies demonstrate that certain positions in the peptide sequences, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) anchor residues, have a preferential composition of amino acids (allelic motifs), being those epitopes more likely to display a better immunogenic response. First of all, not all MHC ligands are immunogenic, considering that unnumbered self-epitopes are continuously presented on the cell surfaces. In this work, we analyzed data to evaluate an additional element, central to our hypothesis that alterations in tumor protein sequences result in a structural change that shifts the electrostatic surface of the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules, pivotal for T-Cell receptor (TCR) recognition and the initiation of an immunogenic response. Firstly, previously neoepitope sequences presenting differential immune responses when compared with their wild-type counterparts were recovered. Even though the sequences were very similar, they triggered responses that were considerably different, and currently, there is no well-established explanation for why they conspicuously differ in immunogenic aspects from each other. The pMHCs structures harboring the epitope sequences were modeled and then used to generate images of their electrostatic surfaces, looking for qualitative differences that indicate the distinct responses. We noticed that no significant alteration occurred between immunogenic tumor peptides and their wild-type non-immunogenic counterparts when comparing their electrostatic surface. An additional comparison was made against structures of pMHCs containing immunogenic epitopes recovered from the Crosstope Database (https://crosstope.com.br/). In this sense, it was also possible to verify if immunogenic tumor epitopes were similar to viral immunogenic ones. Surprisingly, both wild-type (WT) sequences and neoepitopes shared an electrostatic surface distribution with pathogen targets, which could indicate their immunogenic predisposition. So we theorized that a “hidden element” may be responsible for the immunogenicity shift in neoepitopes.

Lipoplexes' Structure, Preparation, and Role in Managing Different Diseases.

Lipid-based vectors are becoming promising alternatives to traditional therapies over the last 2 decades specially for managing life-threatening diseases like cancer. Cationic lipids are the most prevalent non-viral vectors utilized in gene delivery.The increasing number of clinical trials about lipoplex-based gene therapy demonstrates their potential as well-established technology that can provide robust gene transfection. In this regard, this review will summarize this important point.These vectors however have a modest transfection efficiency. This limitation can be partly addressed by using functional lipids that provide a plethora of options for investigating nucleic acid-lipid interactions as well as in vitro and in vivo nucleic acid delivery for biomedical applications. Despite their lower gene transfer efficiency, lipid-based vectors such as lipoplexes have several advantages over viral ones: they are less toxic and immunogenic, can be targeted, and are simple to produce on a large scale. Researchers are actively investigating the parameters that are essential for an effective lipoplex delivery method. These include factors that influence the structure, stability, internalization, and transfection of the lipoplex.Thorough understanding of the design principles will enable synthesis of customized lipoplex formulations for life-saving therapy.

NOSOLOGICAL FEATURES OF INFECTIOUS ABORTIONS IN COWS

Providing the country's population with high-quality products is a priority task of modern animal husbandry. However, there are a number of problems in the industry that prevent obtaining quality products of animal origin in the required volume. The intensification of dairy farming and the increase in milk productivity of cows is often accompanied by a metabolic disorder, which reduces the body's resistance, contributing to the development of immune-deficiencies, which increase the susceptibility of animals to infectious diseases, some of which have an abortive form of manifestation and, accordingly, the consequence is a lack of offspring and potential income due to abortions. Abortion in cows should be considered not only as a gynecological problem, but also as an economic one, because animal husbandry accounts for more than 38% in the structure of gross agricultural products of the country and the lack of keeping of young animals significantly affects the development of the livestock industry. This publication is devoted to the results of the nosological profile of infectious abortions in cows on the territory of Ukraine, among which 64% of cases are infectious agents - 41.4% of bacterial origin and 22.6% of viral origin. The most frequent factors of bacterial etiology of abortions in cows are leptospira, coxiella, salmonella, mycoplasma, campylobacter, chlamydia, toxoplasma and listeria, and the most common viral ones are flavo-virus, gamma-herpesvirus and alpha-herpesvirus.

Immunological lectins in shrimp Penaeus vannamei challenged with infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) under low-salinity conditions

Lectins are proteins capable of recognizing and binding to glycan in a specific way. In invertebrates, lectins are a crucial group of Pattern Recognition Proteins (PRRs), activating cellular and humoral responses in the innate immune system. The shrimp Penaeus vannamei is the main crustacean cultivated worldwide, however, the productivity of cultures is strongly affected by diseases, mainly viral ones, such as Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN). Thus, we investigated the participation of five lectins (LvAV, LvCTL4, LvCTL5, LvCTLU, and LvLdlrCTL) in IMNV-challenged shrimp. We verified upregulation gene profiles of lectins after IMNV-challenge, especially in hepatopancreas and gills, in addition to an increase in total hemocytes count (THC) after to 12 h post-infection (hpi). The bioinformatics characterization also revealed several sites of post-translational modification (PTM), such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which possibly influence the action and stabilization of these lectins. We conclude that LvLdlrCTL and LvCTL5 are the lectins with greater participation in the activation of the immune system against IMNV, showing the greatest potential for PTM, higher upregulation levels, and overlapping with the THC and IMNV viral load.

Main Manifestations of the Epidemic Process of Acute Intestinal Infections in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022

Background: Diarrheal diseases consistently occupy one of the leading positions in the structure of infections, especially in children under the age of 5 years. A decrease in the incidence of bacterial intestinal infections and an increase in viral ones have been observed recently with an uneven territorial distribution of registered cases. Objective: To characterize the main manifestations of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections in the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2022. Materials and methods: Based on official statistics, we analyzed the incidence of acute intestinal infections by age groups, types, and administrative territories of the federal district; we also examined the outbreaks of these infections registered in 2022. Results: We established that the incidence rates of almost all leading acute intestinal infections (except for shigellosis) in the Far Eastern Federal District were higher than the Russian averages. Viral infections prevailed in the diarrhea cases with identified pathogens. Children under 6 years of age were found to be the most affected population while the highest incidence was observed in the age group of 1–2 years. We noted differences between the areas of the District and established higher disease rates in 4 of its 11 regions. Oral and direct contact routes of transmission generally prevailed, especially in collectives, leading to outbreaks. Conclusion: In general, the manifestations of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections noted in 2022 indicate the persistence of potential epidemiologic risks of both sporadic cases and outbreaks on the territories of the Far East.

Digital advertising in smart cities – methods for raising consumer engagement

The paper discusses the opportunities that lie before digital advertising in smart cities and how its effectiveness could be raised through engaging consumers. The theoretical framework of visual attention and banner blindness is analyzed, so as to outline the challenges but also opportunities before digital advertising. The main objective is to propose methods for raising the efficiency of mobile ads with regard to their surrounding area. Previous studies are also analyzed regarding digital advertising and smart cities. Through content analysis the main aspects of digital advertising and smart cities are analyzed, so that a proposition could be made regarding their integration aiming at raising ads visibility and thus their effectiveness. Key component of user engagement regarding mobile advertising is interactivity. It is found to play a vital role in negating the effects of banner blindness. It also enables users to turn the ads into viral ones and thus raise brands’ awareness. The paper could be of interest to practitioners, academicians and students in the field of marketing, advertising, sales promotion and brand communication.

Interactions of Nucleosomes with Acidic Patch-Binding Peptides: A Combined Structural Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling, Fluorescence Polarization, and Single-Molecule FRET Study.

In eukaryotic organisms, genomic DNA associates with histone proteins to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes provide a basis for genome compaction, epigenetic markup, and mediate interactions of nuclear proteins with their target DNA loci. A negatively charged (acidic) patch located on the H2A-H2B histone dimer is a characteristic feature of the nucleosomal surface. The acidic patch is a common site in the attachment of various chromatin proteins, including viral ones. Acidic patch-binding peptides present perspective compounds that can be used to modulate chromatin functioning by disrupting interactions of nucleosomes with natural proteins or alternatively targeting artificial moieties to the nucleosomes, which may be beneficial for the development of new therapeutics. In this work, we used several computational and experimental techniques to improve our understanding of how peptides may bind to the acidic patch and what are the consequences of their binding. Through extensive analysis of the PDB database, histone sequence analysis, and molecular dynamic simulations, we elucidated common binding patterns and key interactions that stabilize peptide-nucleosome complexes. Through MD simulations and FRET measurements, we characterized changes in nucleosome dynamics conferred by peptide binding. Using fluorescence polarization and gel electrophoresis, we evaluated the affinity and specificity of the LANA1-22 peptide to DNA and nucleosomes. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the different patterns of intermolecular interactions that can be employed by natural and designed peptides to bind to nucleosomes, and the effects of peptide binding on nucleosome dynamics and stability.

Viral Encephalitis (Human Herpes Virus Type 6) after COVID-19 in a Child: Clinical Case

Background. Immune system disorders early after COVID-19 are associated with high risk of other infections development, including viral ones. Their diagnosis is complicated especially in the absence of clinical symptoms of primary infection and alongside with serious disease course. There are no reports on encephalitis development due to reactivation of latent viral infection.Clinical case description. Girl, 4 years-old, had psycho-neurological symptoms followed by tonic seizures on the next day. The child was hospitalized on the 3rd day after disease onset with preliminary diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The child has contacted with patients with laboratory-confirmed new coronavirus infection 3-4 weeks before the disease onset, later she had signs of mild respiratory infection (no examination of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out). Autoimmune nature of central nervous system injury was suspected after excluding a wide range of infections (negative PCR results for SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, toxoplasma, enterovirus), however it was not confirmed later on. Human herpes virus type 6 was revealed via blood tests and oropharyngeal swаb on the 15th day of disease. High concentration of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was found was revealed as well. Treatment (antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anticoagulant, antiviral, immunosupportive, and sedative therapy, glucocorticosteroids) did not achieve significant improvement. Brain MRI (on the 23rd day of the disease) has shown leukoencephalopathy zones in subcortical white matter of convexital surfaces of parietal and occipital lobes, subatrophic changes in white matter of cerebral hemispheres with moderate vicarious enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces. Disease progression led to patient’s death on the 32nd day after first signs appearance.Conclusion. The development of severe viral encephalitis (as a result of primary herpes virus infection or its reactivation) in the early period after mild COVID-19 is shown. Its cause-effect relations require further examination.

P91 MYOCARDITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMPILOBACTER J. INFECTION IN TWO BROTHERS: A COMMON FATE?

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory process of the heart muscle and represents a potential complication of different infectious and non–infectious pathogens. Bacterial infections are more rarely counted than viral ones among the causes of myocarditis and, for example, few cases of myocarditis associated with Campilobacter J. infection are described in the literature. J. Piero, 28 years old, arrives in ED for oppressive chest pain. He does not report any CV risk factors, he had diarrhea in recent days after eating chicken meat. CRP rise and increase in myocardionecrosis enzymes are found in blood chemistry; ECG within limits; echocardiogram: mild left ventricular dysfunction due to hypokinesia of the basal middle segments of the lateral wall (EF 50%). Giulio is hospitalized in the UTIC for suspected myocarditis confirmed in the study with CMR after 1 week according to the Lake Louisse criteria: myocardial edema and early enhancement in the lower basal site of the LV. A few hours later, Piero‘s brother, Giulio, also went to the ED for atypical chest pain and diarrhea; immediately undergoes a cardiological examination with subsequent hospitalization in the cardiology department with a diagnosis of: suspected myocarditis. In fact, even Giulio in the blood chemistry tests shows: increase in PCR and myocardionecrosis enzymes, albeit with an electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram within normal limits. The MRI performed after about one week shows myocardial edema in the lower lateral area of ​​the left side confirming the diagnosis of myocarditis. In both cases, a gastrointestinal film array was performed during hospitalization which highlighted the presence of Campilobacter J. as a pathogen present in the faeces and antibiotic therapy with azithromycin was started for both Piero and Giulio. The CMR of Piero and Giulio, performed in Follow up, shows: subepicardial post–inflammatory scar of the basal inferior lateral wall of the left ventricle withb persistence of a subtle late impregnation of modest entity. The presented clinical case involving two brothers with myocardial involvement after campylobacter J. enteritis supports a hypothesis of "genetic predisposition" at the basis of the myocarditis process. Subsequent clinical evidence and scientific studies are needed to evaluate the genetic background of myocarditis, which is still unknown today.

Effect of Viral Infection on the Ultrastructural Organization of Black Currant Leaf Tissue Cells

Effect of Viral Infection on the Ultrastructural Organization of Black Currant Leaf Tissue Cells

Effect of Modisco-Cookies Combined with Auriculopuncture therapy on Increment of Body Weight

Being underweight is a common problem in developing countries, including Indonesia, that may cause infections, including viral ones. The solution to this problem is to provide Modisco cookies and auriculopuncture therapy with seed-pressing methods. Auriculopuncture is a traditional Chinese therapy using the seed-pressing method at the auricular point stimulating to relieve other body pathologies. While Modisco cookies have energy-dense, high- calories, digestible cookies that aim to help accelerate weight gain. This study aims to determine the effect of Modisco cookies compared to a combination of Modisco cookies with auriculopuncture on the increase of body weight among male adolescents. This study observed 22 male teenagers with low body weight for three weeks. The subjects are categorized into two treatment groups: (1) the Modisco cookies group and (2) the combination of Modisco cookies and the auriculopuncture treatment group every day for three weeks (26 days). This study compared the mean of the pretest and posttest of the weight changes using a T-test. Furthermore, the average weight changes between the two groups were compared using Manova repeated measured test. The Modisco cookies have nutrient-dense and easy to digest, while Auriculopuncture may stimulate to a certain point in the ear. The hypothalamus has a role in the production of the ghrelin hormone. The therapy may increase hormone appetite and reduce the use of fat reserves. It may increase the body weight of underweight adolescents significantly (p=0.00). A combination of Modisco cookies and auriculopuncture therapy gave a significant increase in adolescent body weight compared to modisco cookies.

Harmlessness, biostimulating and antiviral action of probiotic “Apinormin” for honey bees

Viral diseases of bees, in particular the sac brood, are an urgent problem of the industry, which brings great losses. The situation worsens in the case of parallel infestation of insects by the Varroa mite. Today, a complex approach is used for the treatment of viral diseases of bees, which is based on a connection of antiviral and antiparasitic measures in combination with drugs that have general strengthening and biostimulating effects. Nevertheless, the issue of developing ecologically safe and effective schemes for the prevention and treatment of bee diseases, in particular viral ones, is relevant today. In this work, the positive effect of using a specific probiotic for bees “Apinormin” for sac brood was investigated. Research in laboratory conditions was carried out on bees of the summer generation, selected into cages. The oral effect of the drug was determined by feeding bees with sugar syrup, the contact effect by spraying the body of insects with an aqueous solution in concentrations of 0.4; 0.8; 4.0; 8.0 %. Under natural conditions, the therapeutic effectiveness of a 4 % solution of “Apinormin” compared to the creation of an infertile period for the period of removal of queens for bee sac brood was determined. In laboratory conditions, the drug was proven to be harmless for bees when used orally in all tested concentrations. It has been established that “Apinormin” significantly increases the life expectancy of insects. Thus, feeding an 8 % probiotic solution slowed down the process of natural dying of bees from 7.24 to 27.75 % in the dynamics of observations. Under natural conditions, the drug did not show an antiviral effect. The effectiveness of the infertile period in the treatment of this viral disease is shown. The obtained positive effect of “Apinormin” on the life extension of bees and the presence of a number of biologically active compounds in its composition serve as a basis for the use of the drug to increase the strength and productivity of families, in case of stress, protein starvation, various technological violations of maintenance and the development of schemes for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases of bees. The expediency of using the infertile period for the period of removal of the queens in the following studies, both for self-administration and for working out the schemes of complex therapy of infectious diseases of bees together with the appropriate veterinary drugs, is substantiated.

Capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: Data from the European pharmacovigilance database Eudravigilance.

Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) emerged as new adverse event after immunization (AEFI) associated to COVID-19 vaccination. CLS is a rare condition characterized by increased capillary permeability, resulting in hypoalbuminemia, hypotension, and edema mainly in the upper and lower limbs. Our pharmacovigilance study aims to evaluate the CLS onset following receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2) compared to viral vector vaccines (Ad26.COV2-S and ChAdOx1-SARS-COV-2). We carried a cross-sectional study using all Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) reporting a COVID-19 vaccine as suspected drug and CLS as AEFI, which were collected in the pharmacovigilance database EudraVigilance from January 1st, 2021, to January 14th, 2022. We applied the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) 95% CI for the disproportionality analysis. During our study period, CLS was described as AEFI in 84 out of 1,357,962 ICRs reporting a vaccine COVID-19 as suspected drug and collected in the EV database. Overall, the ICSR reported by CLS were mainly related to the viral vector COVID-19(ChAdOx1-SARS-COV-2 = 36; Ad26.COV2-S = 9). The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were reported in 39 ICSRs (BNT162b2 =33; mRNA-1273 =6). Majority of ICSRs were reported by healthcare professionals (71.4%). Majority of the patients were adult (58.3%) and the female gender accounted in more than 65% of ICSRs referred both to classes vaccines. In particular, women were more represented in ICSRs referred to mRNA-1273 (83.3%) and to ChAdOx1-SARS-COV-2 (72.2%). The CLS outcome was more frequently favorable in mRNA ICSRs (33,3%) than the viral vector ones (13.3%). Among the ICSRs reporting CLS with unfavorable outcome, we found also 9 fatal cases (BNT162b2 = 1; ChAdOx1-SARS-COV-2 = 4; Ad26.COV2-S = 4). From disproportionality analysis emerged a lower CLS reporting probability after vaccination with mRNA vaccines compared to viral vector-based ones (ROR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.7; p <0.001).Our findings, even if subject to the limitations of spontaneous reporting systems, suggest a small but statistically significant safety concern for CLS following receipt of COVID-19 viral vector vaccines, in particular with Ad26.COV2-S. Cytokine-release following T-cell activation could be involved in CLS occurrence, but a precise mechanism has been not yet identified. COVID-19 vaccines remain attentive as possible triggers of CLS.

Антиоксидантные и антибактериальные свойства кумыса

In order to search for effective means that increase the body’s resistance to pathogens the analysis of literature data on the composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of kumis – a traditional food product in the North. The study was conducted using Information and Search (PubMed) and Library Databases (eLibrary). The beneficial properties of kumis are due to the unique composition of mare’s milk, which in terms of the content of protein, milk sugar and mineral salts is closer to that of a woman’s, unlike cow’s. The microbiocenosis of kumis is dominated by lactic acid bacteria and yeast, producing antibiotic substances and vitamins during fermentation. The anti-inflammatory effect of kumis is due to its low molecular weight antioxidants in the composition of kumis, which inhibit the generation of ROS – LPO initiators. Under the action of kumis, there is a decrease in pro-inflammatory interleukins, with a parallel increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Considering the fact that one of the most dangerous complications in coronavirus infection is a cytokine storm, data on the effect of kumis on the cytokine status are of particular relevance. The intake of mare’s kumis has a positive effect on the indices of erythrocytes and their morphology, as well as normalizing the leukogram, and has a positive effect on the body’s immune system. The use of one-day Yakut kumis contributes to the correction of secondary immune deficiency states and is a promising product in the prevention of a number of diseases, including viral ones, not excluding the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Kumis, as a functional food, preserves and improves health and can be recommended for daily consumption in food diets by all age groups.

Selection of the starting material with winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for selection for virus resistance

In the Volgograd region, in the dry-steppe, and especially in semi-desert zones, favorable hydrothermal conditions for obtaining maximum yields are not so often - about 20% of the years, but in these years, as a rule, various diseases, including viral ones, cause significant damage to the crop. Field and laboratory research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding, seed production and nursery breeding of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in the Kamyshinsky district, in the right-bank zone of the Volgograd region, in 2019/20. Samples of the world collection of VIR were studied, by origin they were presented from: Russia - 132 pcs., Kazakhstan - 10 pcs., USA - 8 pcs., Ukraine - 8 pcs., Poland - 3 pcs. and one - Belarus and Japan. Collection samples were sown in a wide row, with a row spacing of 0.45 cm, with a cassette seeder SKS - 6 - 10, the area of the plot for each sample was 1 m2, the number of plants on five rows of the experimental plot was 300 pcs. Collection samples were studied and evaluated in accordance with methodological guidelines, assessment of resistance to various diseases on a 5-point scale, cleaning by pulling out plants. The resistance to the harmfulness of plants was evaluated in the field during the phase of milky-waxy ripeness. To determine the harmfulness of viruses, each sample was divided into healthy and affected plants, the ratio of healthy plants to damaged plants was calculated, followed by an analysis of their elements of the crop structure. A biometric analysis of plants was carried out, which included a sample of 30 plants and the determination of: plant height (cm), ear length (cm), the number of spikelets - total and including developed (pcs), the number of grains and the weight of grain from the ear (pcs). Of the varieties of local breeding, Kamyshanka 3 and Kamyshanka 5 showed relative stability. With a viral lesion, in tolerant varieties, the greatest decrease in plant productivity structure elements was observed by the grain weight of the main ear - 27.9% (due to a decrease in the number of grains -27.5%) and the grain weight of side shoots - 49.6%, in susceptible varieties, complete plant death was observed.

2dCNN-BiCuDNNLSTM: Hybrid Deep-Learning-Based Approach for Classification of COVID-19 X-ray Images

The coronavirus (COVID-19) is a major global disaster of humankind, in the 21st century. COVID-19 initiates breathing infection, including pneumonia, common cold, sneezing, and coughing. Initial detection becomes crucial, to classify the virus and limit its spread. COVID-19 infection is similar to other types of pneumonia, and it may result in severe pneumonia, with bundles of illness onsets. This research is focused on identifying people affected by COVID-19 at a very early stage, through chest X-ray images. Chest X-ray classification is a beneficial method in the identification, follow up, and evaluation of treatment efficiency, for people with pneumonia. This research, also, considered chest X-ray classification as a basic method to evaluate the existence of lung irregularities in symptomatic patients, alleged for COVID-19 disease. The aim of this research is to classify COVID-19 samples from normal chest X-ray images and pneumonia-affected chest X-ray images of people, for early identification of the disease. This research will help people in diagnosing individuals for viruses and insisting that people receive proper treatment as well as preventive action, to stop the spread of the virus. To provide accurate classification of disease in patients’ chest X-ray images, this research proposed a novel classification model, named 2dCNN-BiCuDNNLSTM, which combines two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Bidirectional CUDA Deep Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory (BiCuDNNLSTM). Deep learning is known for identifying the patterns in available data that will be helpful in accurate classification of disease. The proposed model (2dCNN and BiCuDNNLSTM layers, with proper hyperparameters) can differentiate normal chest X-rays from viral pneumonia and COVID-19 ones, with high accuracy. A total of 6863 X-ray images (JPEG) (1000 COVID-19 patients, 3863 normal cases, and 2000 pneumonia patients) have been engaged, to examine the achievement of the suggested neural network; 80% of the images dataset for every group is received for proposed model training, 10% is accepted for validation, and 10% is accepted for testing. It is observed that the proposed model acquires the towering classification accuracy of 93%. The proposed network is used for predictive analysis, to prompt people regarding the risk of early detection of COVID-19. X-ray images help to classify people with COVID-19 variants and to indicate the severity of disease in the future. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed CUDA-enabled hybrid deep learning models, to classify the X-ray image data, with a high accuracy of detecting COVID-19. It reveals that the proposed model can be applicable in numerous virus classifications. The chest X-ray classification is a commonly available and reasonable approach, for diagnosing people with lower respiratory signs or suspected COVID-19. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the proposed model has an efficient and promising accomplishment for classifying COVID-19 through X-ray images. The proposed hybrid model can, efficiently, preserve the comprehensive characteristic facts of the image data, for more exceptional concluding classification results than an individual neural network.

Role of Covid-19 Preventive Measures in Post Pandemic Era

By the grace of ALLAH Almighty, the world is nearing the end of this deadly and distressing pandemic that has paralyzed life on earth for more than two years now. The preventive measures which have been proved effective in controlling/curtailing the spread of this disease were covering the nose and mouth both by the patient and general public, hand hygiene (washing/sanitizing), and social distancing at all levels (personal, family, cities &amp; countries).1 Due to aggressive advocacy for the adoption of these measures by health authorities and communication widely in social, print, and electronic media, there is a risk of developing an understanding that these are covid specific measures. Once the pandemic is over, people may abandon all those. It must be realized that these measures are very helpful not only in the prevention of diseases but also in the promotion of healthy life. Evidence of which should be communicated to masses and all the concerned, that these measures should be carried on during post-pandemic period as well. Evidence in support of hand hygiene is available in the literature. Handwashing with soap and water can effectively reduce (50% reduction)2 diarrheal diseases and foodborne illness and infections.3 It can reduce the risk of respiratory infections in the general population by 16-21%.4 Studies have shown that an organized education in the general population has significantly reduced diarrheal disease (up to 58%) in the general population. Similarly, handwashing education reduced the proration of children missing their schools due to gastrointestinal infection by 29.57%.5 It is estimated that over a million deaths can be prevented every year if hand washing is universally adopted.6 It is an established fact that the majority of respiratory infections including viral ones are airborne. Cough and sneezes produce droplets which are responsible for the spread of these diseases.7 During this pandemic, it is widely approved that covering the mouth and nose during coughing or sneezing can effectively prevent the spread of covid-19. This is equally true for all other respiratory infections as well. It is well known to the general public that if one member had flue, in due course of time, all other members are bond to get it. By proper education of covering every cough and sneeze, we can effectively reduce respiratory infections in the community. Lastly, I want to draw attention to the role of social distancing in post covid era. Every community experience small outbreaks of respiratory tract infections, especially in the winter and spring season, of course, we do not require lockdowns for this situation but anybody who suffer from an infectious disease like flue, must isolate him at home in a room for 5-7 days, the other family members, the school mats and the families of school-going children and work colleagues of adults can be saved. Keeping in mind the expected benefits of these measures, campaigns should be planned and executed at schools, working places, and community levels to educate all to adopt these precautions, rather make them a lifestyle to prevent diseases and promote health in communities and nations.

A case of Fisher-Evans syndrome in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus after a COVID-19 infection

Patient A., female, aged 57, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of an increasing general weakness, low-grade fever, discomfort in the right hypochondrium, nausea, lack of appetite, icteric skin and sclera during the last week, the appearance of bruises on the body, hemorrhages that appear after injections or taking blood samples. Patient associated her condition with the COVID-19 infection 2 months before admission. The next day after admission, multiple hemorrhages appeared on the oral mucosa, blood pressure decreased, body temperature raised. She was consulted by a hepatologist and hematologist. Myelogram showed Fisher-Evans syndrome signs. Treatment started according to the protocol. On the third day, the patient showed a progressive deterioration, which was manifested by an increase in general weakness, motor aphasia, followed by the appearance of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with spontaneous resolution. Despite the intensive therapy, according to the recommendations of the hematologist (plasma and blood transfusion, glucocorticoids pulse-therapy) the patient’s condition progressively worsened. In the dynamics, hemoglobin and platelets decreased, signs of cerebral edema developed. On day 4 patient deceased. Conclusion Special attention should be paid to the prevention of recurrence of hemolysis and (or) thrombocytolysis in the event of infectious diseases, especially viral ones. The intake of drugs that block platelet function (for example, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants) should be strictly controlled. In the presence of autoimmune pathology on an outpatient basis, clinical examination of such patients by hematologists, therapists and immunologists is necessary. Further study of the etiology and pathogenesis of the development of FES, observation of patients, identification of possible predictors of the severity of the disease and the development of an optimal therapy strategy are required.