Violent Juvenile Crime Research Articles

「소년법」에서의 우범소년 규정에 관한 비판적 고찰

Unlike other subjects of 「Juvenile Act」, the status offender under 4 (1) 3 of 「Juvenile Act」 can only be disposed the possibility of committing a crime. The regulations on status offenses are designed for the purpose of welfare intervention to emphasize the responsibility of the state and society for delinquency and to block delinquency early. However, due to the increase in violent juvenile crime, the notification system is being actively used and cases of abuse are being found. Contrary to the purpose of Juvenile Protection Ideology, regulations on the status offender are becoming an early entry into the juvenile justice system and adds to the social stigma associated with that system. Judgment regulations on the propensity and the reasons for fear of committing a crime are also unclear, so there is room for interpretation depending on the subjectivity of the judge. 「The Riyadh Guidelines」 and 「General Comments by the United Nations Commission on the Rights of the Child」 have expressed concerns about status delinquency. As a result of the National Report on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Republic of Korea was also advised to “Repeal article 4 (1) 3 of Juvenile Act on ‘crime-prone juveniles’.” The rules of the status offender can be used as a means of dissolving the protection of their guardians in combination with the notification system. Because status offenders and general juvenile offenders are treated in the same procedures, the status offenders will be subject to the stigma experienced by general juvenile offenders. Therefore, regulations on status offenders in the 「Juvenile Act」 should be improved. Some argue that the government should change its notification system to one of voluntary regulation or make the requirements clearer. But, the status offenders are runaway or crisis youths and so their welfare must be addressed. This should be improved by resolving the gap caused by repealing the regulations on status offenders, preparing an implementation plan for the provisions of ‘out-of-school juveniles’ and ‘crisis juveniles’ under 「the Act on Support for Out-of-School Juveniles」 and “protective children” under 「the Child Welfare Act」.

Schools and neighborhood crime: The effects of dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile crime

ABSTRACT Most scholars have focused on the simple presence of schools when examining their influence on neighborhood crime. This paper instead examines two school characteristics that might affect local juvenile crime. More specifically, this study uses negative binomial and logistic regression models to estimate the effects of high school dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile violent crime in Orange County, CA. An integrated theoretical approach based on social bond and routine activity theories is utilized to guide this research. Findings from this study suggest that dropouts are associated with increases in aggravated assault and robbery incidents, but high-performing schools do not significantly affect these crime types. Finally, the models predicting juvenile crime are compared with models predicting all crime (both juveniles and adults), supporting our argument that juvenile crime is the theoretically appropriate crime measure.

소년강력범죄의 사전 대응에 관한 소고

While various debates are being discussed on the juvenile violent crimes, the fact that more than 3,000 cases of juvenile delinquency per year could be the decisive indication of the problem of current juvenile justice. However, we haven`t activated the study on appropriate measures yet. On the other hand, there are several systems that give us meaningful solutions such as diversion in America, educational disposition in Germany, and juvenile independency supporting institutions in Japan which have reasonal disciplines and authentic care for juvenile. Although care for juvenile should be the most basic ideal of the Juvenile Act and juvenile justice, there are some problems that we can`t judge juveniles who abuse codes of the Juvenile Act only by the conventional concept of protection. They couldn`t be seen before. In other words, today, advanced mass media and changes of the home · school education not always affect juvenile affirmatively. So, if the intention of care for juvenile merely don`t want to punish juvenile, it couldn`t be real care for juvenile. And revision of the codes of juvenile delinquency is needed as pre measures for juvenile violent crime. Also it is necessary that we prevent juvenile from being a unpunishable delinquent or juvenile delinquent by managing them in practice through revising obscure provisions on juvenile delinquency. Also we need to enhance the programs of the `Center of raising the dreams of Youth` so the programs work properly in practice. Practical programs related to schools should be implemented because the current education system is so formal that it is less helpful to juvenile. Because juvenile delinquency is often committed by youth who are emotionally damaged in unfortunate environments such as broken families, we need measures that can basically protect juvenile and prevent crime through psychotherapy for youth based on medical disposition in probation No. 7.

Learning to blast a way into crime, or just good clean fun? Examining aggressive play with toy weapons and its relation with crime.

Researchers, such as Bandura, have proposed that children's mere exposure to the use of play weapons encourages deviant displays of aggression, but there is very little research to support this hypothesis of 20years. To examine the relationship between amount of weapon play and concurrent aggression as well as later violent juvenile crime, while controlling for other variables possibly influencing criminal pathways. Using longitudinal survey data collected from mothers and children (n=2019) from age 5, with follow-up at age 15, correlations between children's play with toy weapons and juvenile criminality were examined. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to determine to what extent early childhood aggression, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and symptoms of depression were antecedents of juvenile crime. For bivariate analysis between toy weapon play and juvenile criminality, the effect size was small and not significant. The relationship remained not significant once control variables were introduced into the model. The act of pretending to be aggressive in childhood thus plays little role in predicting later criminality after other factors, such as gender, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or depression, have been taken into account. Involvement in imaginative play with toy gun use in early childhood is unlikely to be useful as a risk marker for later criminal behaviour. Play fighting and war toy games may even be considered necessary components within the frame of normal development. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Traits of Juvenile Violent Crime on PAI

본 연구는 비행청소년 선도프로그램의 일환으로 비행청소년들 중 2010-2016년 경찰에 입건된 폭력청소년 91명과 일반청소년 190명을 대상으로 PAI 프로파일을 살펴보았다. 폭력청소년들의 전체 프로파일을 살펴보면 일반 청소년에 비해 타당도 척도에서 긍정적 인상(PIM), 임상 척도에서 조증(MAN), 경계선적 특징(BOR), 반사회적 특징(ANT), 알코올 문제(ALC), 치료고려 척도에서 공격성(AGG), 자살관념(SUI)에서 높았으나 비지지(NON) 척도에서는 유의미하게 낮았다, 대인관계 척도에서는 지배성(DOM)과 온정성(WRM)이 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. 그리고 18개척도점수를 예언변인으로 하여 일반청소년들과 폭력청소년들을 판별하기 위하여 단계적 판별분석을 한 결과, 경계선적 특징(BOR), 반사회적 특징(ANT), 공격성(AGG), 자살관념(SUI), 비지지(NON) 척도가 산출되었으며 분류예언률은 76.7%이었다. 이러한 결과들은 기존 연구결과와 유사하였으며 폭력청소년들의 프로파일 유형은 일반청소년들보다 임상척도가 전반적으로 높아 행동상 문제점이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 입건된 폭력청소년의 PAI에 관한 많은 연구가 이루어진다면 소년사건 처분에 필요한 자료를 제공하게 되여 이를 기반으로 한 실제 선도 프로그램과 연결되어 질 것이다The purpose of this study was to investigate the PAI profile of the violent adolescents. They were used through the PAI inspection result of 48 male violent adolescents group and 43 females violent adolescents group. Their PAI profiles were examined and then compared with those of 190 non-offenders, regular high school students, who were, at the time of the study, enrolled in public high schools in ChoongBuk province, The results are summerized as follows; In the comparison of mean scores on the PAI scales 91 violent adolescents and non-offenders, PIM, MAN, BOR, ANT, ALC, AGG, SUI and DOM, WRM showed high whereas they scored significantly lower on NON. In addition, as a result of discriminant analysis with the 18 upper scales scores of the group of violent adolescents and the non- offenders group as the predicator variable, the BOR, ANT, AGG, SUI, NON scales were shown to be the scales that contribute the most in classifying the violent adolescents and non-offenders. Looking into the above results, the group of violent adolescents is not psychologically stable, and the personality characteristics shown from the group of violent adolescents is more clear in the act, rather than non-offenders. The correlation of the personality type and crime shown in this study shows that the personality may be a factor in violent adolescents. Based on these findings, conclusion and implications were discussed.

近年の粗暴的非行の再検討:「いきなり型」・「普通の子」をどうみるか(

近年の粗暴的非行の再検討:「いきなり型」・「普通の子」をどうみるか(

Sex differences in predictors of violent and non‐violent juvenile offending

In response to concerns regarding the rise in female juvenile violent crime and the dearth of gender-specific research, this study aimed to identify predictors of violent offending in female offenders. Data were extracted from risk assessments of 586 male and female juvenile offenders (aged 11-17 years) conducted between 2005 and 2009 by the Youth Offending Service in Gloucestershire, an English county. Information regarding the young people's living arrangements, family and personal relationships, education, emotional/mental health, thinking and behavior, and attitudes to offending was recorded. Comparisons were made between the violent male offenders (N = 185), the violent female offenders (N = 113), the non-violent male offenders (N = 150), and the non-violent female offenders (N = 138) for these variables. These were followed by a multinomial logistic regression analysis. The findings indicated that engaging in self-harm was the best predictor of being a female violent offender, with the predictors of giving into pressure from others and attempted suicide nearing significance. Furthermore, non-violent females were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to give in to pressure from others than their violent counterparts. Non-violent males were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to self-harm and give in to pressure from others than violent males. Although many similarities existed between sexes for predictors of violent offending, the findings of this study indicate that more attention needs to be paid to the mental health of female offenders.

State of scientific development issues identity of a minor selfish and violent criminals

In a scientific article on the basis of system analysis of concepts such as "self-interested person-but-violent offender", "face a juvenile offender," is its own definition of "person selfish and violent juvenile crime nick." In addition, the scientific article is to review the provisions that determine the identity of the minor issues elaboration selfish and violent criminals at the present stage of development of criminological science.

Myth versus Reality: Comparing the Depiction of Juvenile Delinquency in Metropolitan Newspapers with Arrest Data*

While the extant literature on the social construction of crime in the media is extensive, little literature exists on the media's construction of juvenile delinquency in newspapers, particularly in small cities. Even though smaller metropolitan areas have lower crime rates, how these newspapers construct delinquency undoubtedly impacts the attitudes, behaviors, and fears of residents, perhaps more so than in larger metropolitan areas. The purpose of this research is to assess how newspapers from five of the smallest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) socially construct juvenile delinquency, offenders and victims, and to assess whether or not these images perpetuate myths related to juvenile delinquency. An analysis of 231 articles indicates that small‐MSA newspapers construct an inaccurate image of juvenile offenders that significantly promotes the myth of juveniles as violent predators. Specifically, juvenile offenders are constructed as violent predators with innocent, random victims. In contrast, newspapers construct a more accurate picture of victims, with females represented as the most common juvenile victim, and sexual assault victimization as the most common of all juvenile violent crime victimization.

What is it with kids these days?

What is it with kids these days?

Public School Segregation and Juvenile Violent Crime Arrests in Metropolitan Areas

Previous research has established an association between residential segregation and violent crime in urban America. Our study examines whether school-based segregation is predictive of arrests of juveniles for violent crimes in U.S. metro areas. Using Census, Uniform Crime Report, and Common Core data for 204 metro areas, a measure of school-based racial segregation, Theil's entropy index, is decomposed into two components: between- and within-district segregation. Findings reveal evidence of a significant interaction term: Within-district segregation is inversely associated with arrests for juvenile violence, but only in metropolitan areas with higher than average levels of between-district segregation.

The Relationship between Juvenile Transfer Laws and Juvenile Crime

As a response to an increase in violent juvenile crime from the mid-1980s through the mid 1990s, state governments passed harsher laws governing the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal system. This paper finds that changes in juvenile transfer laws cannot be definitively linked to increases or decreases in juvenile criminal activity. Controlling for other factors, two types of juvenile transfer laws (statutory exclusions and direct file provisions) show negative correlations with juvenile crime, but other types show positive correlations with juvenile crime. Even after attempting to account for the endogeneity of the transfer laws, there does not appear to be a consistent relationship between juvenile transfer laws and juvenile criminal activity.

Who Gets a Second Chance? An Investigation of Ohio's Blended Juvenile Sentence

Factors differentiating blended sentencing cases (Serious Youthful Offenders or SYOs) from conventional juvenile cases and cases transferred to the adult criminal court in Ohio were investigated using a two-stage probit. Conventional juvenile cases differed from cases selected for non-conventional processing (i.e., SYO or transfer) according to offense seriousness, number of prior Ohio Department of Youth Services placements, age and gender. Controlling for probability of selection for nonconventional processing, transfers differed from SYOs according to age, gender, and race. Minorities were significantly more likely than Whites to be transfers rather than SYOs, suggesting possible bias in the decision-making process. Objective risk and needs assessments should be used to identify the most suitable candidates for blended sentences and adult transfer and enhanced services should be provided to juvenile offenders given blended sentences.

Fact and Fiction in the Debate Over Video Game Regulation

Recent federal, state and local proposals to regulate electronic game content are driven by myths that should not serve as the basis for government intervention. Six myths commonly used in support of government regulation of game content are addressed as follows: Contrary to current misconceptions about voluntary ratings enforcement, the industry's self-imposed ratings system is the most sophisticated, descriptive, and effective ratings system ever devised by any major media sector in America. Additionally the vast majority of video games sold each year do not contain intense violence or sexual themes, despite what can be perceived otherwise. The expectation that proposals to restrict the sale of violent video games will be deemed constitutional in the courts is misguided as well, given that state and local laws attempting to regulate video games were struck down as unconstitutional in the past, citing First Amendment concerns, vague legislative language, and lack of scientific evidence of a link between aggressive behavior and video games. And despite the myth that federal regulation will build on the industry's ratings system, in reality congressional intervention could cause game developers to abandon the industry's voluntary ratings system because of fear of legal liability. Also opposite what industry critics may have us believe, there is no direct correlation between exposure to violent video games and decline in social and cultural indicators. Moreover, almost every social/cultural indicator of importance, such as juvenile violent crime, has been improving in recent years and decades even as media exposure and video game use among youth has increased. Finally in contrast to the notion that video games have no social or educational value, video games might have some beneficial effects, especially that of a cathartic nature, that critics often overlook.

Exploring State-Level Variation in Juvenile Incarceration Rates

Despite large-scale increases in juvenile incarceration rates nationally, relatively little attention has been given to explaining why some states invest more heavily than others in the long-term confinement of young offenders. This article explores four potential explanations. First, investment in juvenile incarceration may be greater where symbolic threats to social order are higher. Second, it may be greater in states where crime, especially juvenile violent crime, is more prevalent. Third, juvenile incarceration practices may simply reflect those deemed suitable for adult offenders; thus, states with higher adult incarceration rates may incarcerate more juveniles. Finally, cultural acceptance of punitive policies, as in the South, may contribute to higher rates of juvenile incarceration. Using state-level data, the article focuses primarily on the first explanation and the extent to which the alternatives can account for any observed symbolic threat effect. The study’s implications for policy and research are discussed.

Legislative Waiver Reconsidered: General Deterrent Effects of Statutory Exclusion Laws Enacted Post‐1979

In recent years, the juvenile justice system has undergone a “get tough” transformation. One component of the system which has experienced substantial alteration is the mechanism by which states allow for the waiver of juvenile offenders to adult criminal court. Most of the state systems now have some form of transfer procedure in place and many allow for the automatic transfer (or statutory exclusion) of juveniles who have been charged with certain offenses. Although the effects of waiver laws on individuals have received much empirical attention, their effects on the respective states’ aggregate level violent juvenile crime rates are less understood. In this study, we examine the relative effects of legislative waiver laws in 22 states that have added statutory exclusion provisions since 1979. In doing so, we assess whether legislative waiver should be reconsidered.

A STUDY OF PROSECUTORIAL CERTIFICATION PRACTICE IN VIRGINIA

Research Summary:In response to the growing trend of violent juvenile crime, the Virginia legislature enacted the Juvenile Justice Reform Package in 1996. This legislation created two new classes of transfers: automatic and prosecutorial certifications. This article examines the prosecutor's decision to certify a juvenile offender to adult court in Virginia for intake cases in 1997 and 1998. Although the law gives the prosecutor the authority to certify all cases that meet certain criteria, only a portion of those are actually certified, which indicates that other factors must be impacting the decision. A number of factors relating to present and prior offenses, offender's social history characteristics, and the location of the courts were examined. Location of the court was important in influencing prosecutorial certification in Virginia.Policy Implications:The policy implications of the following three key findings are discussed: (1) Small percentage of waiver‐eligible offenders at intake are actually transferred; (2) Considerable variation in certification practice across localities; (3) Serious juvenile offenders are more likely to be waived. The analysis of juvenile records was supplemented with qualitative interviews with key decision makers in the transfer process, including a sample of judges, prosecutors, court service unit directors, and probation officers. These key decision makers provided feedback to improve the certification processes. Key feedback included the need for information systems to follow the flow of transfer cases through the system and the need for a three‐tiered placement system within the adult system whereby offenders are separated by age and maturity.

Identifying Juvenile Crime Suspects: A Survey of Ohio TV Stations, Newspapers

For much of the 20th century, journalists protected the identities of juvenile crime suspects with a traditional sense of paternalism that shielded young offenders from the harsh glare of negative publicity. Newspapers followed the lead of the juvenile court system that generally kept its proceedings confidential-a practice that dates to the late 189Os when the system was conceived as a mechanism for rehabilitating young people who had run afoul of the law.From 1977 to 2003, a string of shootings at public schools across the U.S. thrust the subject of violent juvenile crime into the national consciousness, and with it, called in question the practice of shielding juveniles' identities. The most deadly shooting occurred when 15 students, including the two alleged gunmen, were killed at Columbine High School in Littleton, CoIo. Littleton heads the list of cities that have suffered deadly school violence: Jonesboro, Ark.; Springfield, Ore.; Paducah, Ky.; Edinboro, Pa.; Pearl, Miss.; Miami, FIa.; Santee, Calif.; New Orleans, La. and Red Lion, Pa.These stories raise an interesting dilemma for journalists: should the names of the accused be publicized? Two of the shootings illustrate the point. In the New Orleans case, a teenaged boy was killed and four girls were wounded at a suburban high school in a dispute over drugs in the spring of 2003. The three alleged gunmen, two 17-year-olds and an 18-year old, were all identified in the news reports about the crime.1 Less than a month later, a high school student killed a teacher and then himself in Red Lion, Pa. In news reports of that shooting, the teen gunman was not identified.2 Why is the gunman identified in one story but not the other? Ironically, these high profile cases often mask the journalist's dilemma. It's easy for an individual newspaper to print a child's name when it has already been reported widely as part of a nationwide blitz of news coverage. In such cases, the consequences of one additional story are usually minimal. The journalist's decision is more difficult when the crime takes place in the newspaper or television station's hometown when the impact of the story can be felt immediately.The number of juvenile crimes reported in the United States decreased more than 30 percent from 1992 to 2001. The number of juvenile males who were arrested dropped 37.7 percent during the same period.3 In 1996, midway through that reporting period, the number of violent crimes committed by all ages was the lowest since the federal government began tracking crime statistics 25 years ago.4 The decline masks a significant increase in violent juvenile crime that began in 1985. The number of murders committed byjuveniles doubled between 1980 and 1993, and the murder rate climbed 165 percent among youths between the ages of 14 and 17.5The specific criteria for identifying juvenile suspects in news stories have not been examined in the academic literature to any great degree. Codes of ethics admonish journalists to treat persons with respect and minimize harm.6 Newsroom policies are often unclear as to whether juvenile suspects should be named. Many editors and news directors appear to treat the issue on a case -by-case basis.Literature ReviewThe modern juvenile court system began in Illinois in 1899. Prior to that year, offenders over the age of seven were tried in adult courts and housed in adult jails. Reform-minded progressives envisioned a system patterned after the family courts of the time that would focus on rehabilitating youthful offenders instead of punishing them.7 The proceedings were designed to be non-adversarial, and hearings would be covered in secret to ...hide youthful errors from the full gaze of the public.8 By the 1960s, the public attitudes regarding juvenile crime had begun to change amid a growing frustration over the seriousness of the juvenile offenses being committed. Consequently, more juvenile delinquents were transferred to adult courts, harsher sentences were given to those juveniles convicted of serious crimes and juvenile court proceedings were less likely to be kept confidential. …

Child and Adolescent Violence

Although the juvenile violent crime rate has decreased steadily during the past 5 years, the problem of violence and violence-related behaviors in the lives of our children and adolescents remains. The incidence of violent victimization against children and violence and violence-related behavior by today's youth is related to a variety of factors. Exposure to violence in the home, school, community, or video games and other entertainment significantly influences aggressive behaviors among children and adolescents. Other childhood violence predictors include alcohol and drug use, gender, and low self-esteem. The childhood violence risk indicators have implications for child and adolescent violence prevention and intervention programs. Nurses who recognize dangerous and potentially dangerous behavior in children and adolescents are better able to provide violence prevention and intervention services and referrals to children at risk or in danger. Because orthopaedic nurses often see adolescents who have already sustained injury from violence, identification of those at risk is particularly important.

Juvenile Delinquency in Search of a Practice Model: Family Health, Differential Association, and Social Control

ABSTRACT Historically, practice research on juvenile delinquency has often been guided by the theories of differential association and social control. However, current research indicates that no matter what theory of delinquency is pursued, it has had little effect on decreasing juvenile arrest and violent crime rates. This article will explore the dynamics of the theories of differential association and social control in relation to juvenile delinquency. These linear, normative, and deficit-based theories are then contrasted with family health practice, an alternative theory and intervention model which focuses on the multiple forms and needs of families and their strengths. Specific family health practice principles and interventions are suggested for practice with families in which juvenile delinquency occurs. Finally, a case example utilizing family health interventions is presented.