Violent Emergence Research Articles

Emergence Patterns from General Anesthesia after Epilepsy Surgery: An Observational Pilot Study.

Objective Emergence from anesthesia starts from the limbic structures and then spreads outwards to brainstem, reticular activating systems, and then to the cortex. Epilepsy surgery often involves resection of limbic structures and hence may disrupt the pattern of emergence. The aim of this study was to explore the pattern of emergence from anesthesia following epilepsy surgery and to determine associated variables affecting the emergence pattern. Setting and Design Tertiary care center, prospective observational study. Materials and Methods We conducted a prospective observation pilot study on adult patients undergoing anterior temporal lobectomy and amygdalohippocampectomy for epilepsy. Anesthesia management was standardized in all patients, and they were allowed to wake up with "no touch" technique. Primary outcome of the study was the pattern of emergence (normal emergence, agitated emergence, or slow emergence) from anesthesia. Secondary outcomes were to explore the differences in preoperative neuropsychological profile and limbic structure volumes between the different patterns of emergence. Quantitative variables were analyzed using Student's t -test. Qualitative variables were analyzed using chi-square test. Results Twenty-nine patients completed the study: 9 patients (31%) had agitated emergence, and 20 patients had normal emergence. Among the agitated emergence, 2 patients had Riker scale of 7 indicating violent emergence. Patient demographics, anesthetic used, neuropsychological profile, and limbic structure volumes were similar between normal emergence and agitated emergence groups. However, two patients who had severe agitation (Riker scale of 7) had the lowest intelligence quotient. Conclusion Our pilot study showed that emergence agitation is not uncommon in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. However, due to smaller sample size, the role of preoperative neuropsychologic profile and hippocampal volumes in predicting the pattern of emergence is inconclusive.

Coping with a post-war world: Protestant student internationalism and humanitarian work in Central and Eastern Europe during the 1920s

ABSTRACT This article explores the political and social contexts in which Protestant student internationalism gave rise to a particular vision of students’ basic needs and responsibilities that was closely entwined with the violent disruption of the continental empires in the context of the First World War. To this end, it focuses on European Student Relief (ESR), a branch of the World Student Christian Federation. ESR was founded in 1920 to provide humanitarian assistance to students in Central and Eastern Europe. From 1922 onwards, it gradually transformed into International Student Service, an interconfessional movement with global ambitions. The article focuses on this transformation process during which the denominational aspect of pre-war Protestant student internationalism gave way to an earthly vision of educational mobility that sought to counterbalance the political upheavals of the early post-war years – the violent emergence of the ethnically defined nation state and the continuance of colonial hierarchies and differences. The article makes the case for a global social history of higher education that conceptualises student activism from the perspective of Central and Eastern Europe, that discusses the entanglement of political transformations and social issues in terms of distress, ethnicity and ‘race’, and that connects humanitarianism with educational mobility.

Bystander Affiliation Influences Intervention Behavior: A Virtual Reality Study

Traditional work on bystander intervention in violent emergencies has found that the larger the group, the less the chance that any individual will intervene. Here, we tested the impact on helping behavior of the affiliation of the bystanders with respect to the participants. We recruited 40 male supporters of the U.K. Arsenal football club for a two-factor between groups study with 10 participants per group. Each participant spoke with a virtual human Arsenal supporter (V), the scenario displayed in a virtual reality system. During this conversation, another virtual character (P), not an Arsenal fan, verbally abused V for being an Arsenal fan leading eventually to physical pushing. There was a group of three virtual bystanders who were all either Arsenal supporters indicated by their shirts, or football fans wearing unbranded shirts. These bystanders either encouraged the participant to intervene or dissuaded him. We recorded the number of times that participants intervened to help V during the aggression. We found that participants were more likely to intervene when the bystanders were out-group with respect to the participant. By comparing levels of intervention with a “baseline” study (identical except for the presence of bystanders), we conclude that the presence of in-group bystanders decreases helping. We argue therefore that, other things being equal, diffusion of responsibility is more likely to be overcome when participant and victim share group membership, but bystanders do not. Our findings help to develop understanding of how diffusion of responsibility works by combining elements of both the bystander effect and the social identity approach to bystander behavior.

Refusing abjection: transphobia and trans youth survivance

This article argues that Julia Kristeva’s Powers of Horror: an Essay on Abjection lays out a theory that is not universal in its application, but rather details the violent emergence and defence of Eurocentric, colonial and orientalist subjectivities and related hierarchical social orders. The Eurocentrism found in Kristeva’s political and theoretical stances are referenced, with detailed attention paid to explicating how her theory of abjection describes a brutal, colonising, psychological and social mechanism. This framework is applied to transphobia and its manifestations. It is centrally argued that gender diversity, trans rights and trans inclusivity may be the targets of multiple and compounding abjection processes. The essay concludes with looking at how young trans people are starting to refuse transphobic abjection to survive, to thrive and to revitalise gender diversity.

Social relations and presence of others predict bystander intervention: Evidence from violent incidents captured on CCTV.

Are individuals willing to intervene in public violence? Half a century of research on the “bystander effect” suggests that the more bystanders present at an emergency, the less likely each of them is to provide help. However, recent meta‐analytical evidence questions whether this effect generalizes to violent emergencies. Besides the number of bystanders present, an alternative line of research suggests that pre‐existing social relations between bystanders and conflict participants are important for explaining whether bystanders provide help. The current paper offers a rare comparison of both factors—social relations and the number of bystanders present—as predictors of bystander intervention in real‐life violent emergencies. We systematically observed the behavior of 764 bystanders across 81 violent incidents recorded by surveillance cameras in Copenhagen, Denmark. Bystanders were sampled with a case–control design, their behavior was observed and coded, and the probability of intervention was estimated with multilevel regression analyses. The results confirm our predicted association between social relations and intervention. However, rather than the expected reversed bystander effect, we found a classical bystander effect, as bystanders were less likely to intervene with increasing bystander presence. The effect of social relations on intervention was larger in magnitude than the effect of the number of bystanders. We assess these findings in light of recent discussions about the influence of group size and social relations in human helping. Further, we discuss the utility of video data for the assessment of real‐life bystander behavior.

Generalized zero-shot learning for action recognition with web-scale video data

Action recognition in surveillance video makes our life safer by detecting the criminal events or predicting violent emergencies. However, efficient action recognition is not free of difficulty. First, there are so many action classes in daily life that we cannot pre-define all possible action classes beforehand. Moreover, it is very hard to collect real-word videos for certain particular actions such as steal and street fight due to legal restrictions and privacy protection. These challenges make existing data-driven recognition methods insufficient to attain desired performance. Zero-shot learning is potential to be applied to solve these issues since it can perform classification without positive example. Nevertheless, current zero-shot learning algorithms have been studied under the unreasonable setting where seen classes are absent during the testing phase. Motivated by this, we study the task of action recognition in surveillance video under a more realistic generalized zero-shot setting, where testing data contains both seen and unseen classes. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first works to study video action recognition under the generalized zero-shot setting. We firstly perform extensive empirical studies on several existing zero-shot leaning approaches under this new setting on a web-scale video data. Our experimental results demonstrate that, under the generalize setting, typical zero-shot learning methods are no longer effective for the dataset we applied. Then, we propose to deploy generalized zero-shot learning which transfers the knowledge of Web video to detect the anomalous actions in surveillance videos. To verify the effectiveness of methods, we further construct a new surveillance video dataset consisting of nine action classes related to the public safety situation.

Caring collectives and other forms of bystander helping behavior in violent situations

Social science research has traditionally described bystanders in violent emergencies as being passive. Recent evidence, however, stresses that bystanders typically intervene proactively and successfully in violent, dangerous emergencies. This article examines the multiple ways bystanders act in situations of violence, with the aim of moving beyond the understanding of bystanders as being either passive or active. Based on a qualitative analysis of surveillance camera recordings of urban public assaults, the study maps different types of bystander behaviors as they unfold in real-life violent events. The first part of the analysis is summarized in a typology that covers three types of bystander action: distancing, ambivalence, and involvement. The second part shows that the involvement action also unfolds through coordinated interactions between the bystanders, what the article characterizes as a ‘caring collective.’ This interactional aspect of bystander involvement has rarely been examined in the bystander literature, which tends to focus on individual bystander actions and motivations.

Miejsce hipotezy podboju w milenijnym kanonie powstania państwa polskiego

In the years 1960 – 1966, communist Poland witnessed celebrations held to mark the thousandth anniversary of the rise of the Polish state. In organizing these events, the communist authorities hoped to neutralize the celebrations of the thousandth anniversary of the baptism of Poland, to be held in 1966, as announced by Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski in 1957. For obvious reasons, the question of the role of Christianity and the church organization in the formation of the Polish state was fundamental to the ideological struggle which the communist state waged against the Church. The traditional and well-established interpretation of the creation of the Polish state was based on the opposition between the idea of the state’s ‘self-generated’ and gradual birth on one hand and that of its violent emergence as a result of a foreign invasion and conquest on the other. In approaching the issue from the perspective of the latter variant, the author characterizes the key elements of the millennial interpretation of the creation of the Polish state. Although his focus is essentially on the historiography of the Polish People’s Republic, some attention is also devoted to the Polish historiography in exile.

At Work in the Early Modern Theater: Valuing Labor by Matthew Kendrick (review)

Reviewed by: At Work in the Early Modern Theater: Valuing Labor by Matthew Kendrick Elizabeth Rivlin Matthew Kendrick. At Work in the Early Modern Theater: Valuing Labor. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2015. Pp. xix + 185. $75.00. Matthew Kendrick’s At Work in the Early Modern Theater opens with an absorbing anecdote about the author, the child of a working class family, finding himself uncomfortably cast in the role of Richard III in a middle school production: he uses this episode to narrate both the distance he felt from Shakespeare as an icon of high culture and to introduce his later discovery that the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries did in fact portray “the struggles” of laboring characters with whom he could identify (x). This is the only personal detail in an otherwise traditionally structured monograph, but it offers an early indication of the unwavering value that the author attaches to labor and to laboring bodies as they are represented in the early modern theatre. The author is adamant in his view that there is a direct line of descent from early modern laborers to Marx’s industrial-era working classes and, further, that labor in late sixteenth-century England (as today) is invested with an inherent dignity. These certainties are both a strength of the book and, at certain moments, a limitation. At Work might be said to respond to Michelle Dowd’s call in a 2010 Literature Compass piece on “Shakespeare and Work” for research on the relationship between work and subjectivity in Shakespeare…. To what degree might the practice of labor as an embodied act produce an understanding of subjectivity that is based as much in physicality and economics as in interiority or sexuality? While the desiring body has been pervasive in recent Shakespearean scholarship, the laboring body…remains relatively unexplored. (190) And if this observation holds for the study of Shakespeare, how much more relevant for the larger body of early modern drama, much of which remains comparatively understudied? Like Dowd in that essay, At Work defines labor as an embodied practice that is fundamentally constitutive of subjectivity. Within the generic parameters of early modern drama, the book thoroughly explores the ramifications of that claim. In seeking to articulate laboring subjectivities, At Work actually treads some ground that will be familiar to early modern scholars. What distinguishes Kendrick’s approach is his detailed engagement with Marxist theory. In the introduction, he argues that “anxiety over the objectification and dispossession of labor in its various forms is enacted on stage and that drama helps to formulate, by merit of the theater’s socioeconomic position, an emerging working-class identity engendered by the violent emergence of capitalism” (xii–xiii). Chapter 1, “The Theater between Craft and Commodity,” fills in the outlines, taking [End Page 372] issue with the periodization established by E. P. Thompson, which dated the development of the working classes as a discrete and self-conscious entity to the rise of mass industrialization in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Kendrick sees an opening for an earlier date in Thompson’s own insistence that class formation is an extended struggle playing out along a spectrum between self-determination and external agency. Following in Richard Halpern’s footsteps, Kendrick derives even more fundamental justification from Marx’s primitive accumulation, under the theory of which the early modern period was the moment when the detachment of capital and labor from feudal structures consolidated the interests of dispossessed laborers against those who owned the means of production. To bear out this theory of labor’s rising self-consciousness, the first half of chapter 1 surveys “the emerging view of labor as a commodity, as a productive force to be tamed and harnessed in the pursuit of profit” (6). In the second half, Kendrick turns to the theatre as a workplace that exemplifies the contradictions and challenges facing early modern labor, his point being that the theatre’s defenders represented theatrical work as autonomous and skilled in the face of its detractors’ attempts to devalue and commodify it. This section is premised on the notion that previous critics have neglected the economic precarity of theatrical labor...

Sedating Pediatric Dental Patients by Oral Ketamine with Alternating Bi-lateral Stimulation of Eye Movement Desensitization and minimizing Adverse Reaction of Ketamine by Acupuncture and Bi-Digital O-Ring Test

Ketamine, besides being an anesthetic agent, is also a strong analgesic that can be especially useful for painful procedures. Vivid dreams and nightmare, considered as undesirable side effects of ketamine, are rarely encountered when administrated orally, making it one of the most desirable oral sedative for children because it partially protects the pharyngeal-laryngeal reflex. Besides, if used in recommended dosage, it does not suppress the cardiopulmonary function as most other sedatives do. Ketamine's bronchodilator effect makes it a good sedative for children with asthma, allergies, and hay fever. Alternating bi-lateral stimulation (ABLS) of eye movement desensitization, applying pre-operatively before ketamine was found to reduce the post-operative violent emergence and behavioral problems. Acupressure at P 6 (Neikuan) acupoint helps to decrease nausea and vomiting episodes by ketamine. 36 patients with history of unmanageable behavior were sedated with ketamine 3mg/kg and ABLS. To prevent possible adverse reaction, Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) were used to test all patients. ABLS significantly decreased tearful separation from parent. It took 15 to 20 minutes for ketamine to take effect, peak effect took 20 to 25 minutes. Working time ranged from 20 to 40 minutes. Post-operative recovery was more pleasant when ABLS was combined with ketamine, acupuncture/acupressure not only prevented vomiting and BDORT safeguard the patients from unpredictable untoward side effects but also promoting calmness.

Una retrospectiva sobre medio siglo de narrativa peruana

Según indica el título, intento ofrecer un panorama de la narrativa peruana de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, panorama del que se excluye a J. M. Arguedas y M. Vargas Llosa por haber sido objeto de un estudio aparte. Para evitar una lista superficial de autores y obras, me centraré en algunos títulos paradigmáticos y representativos para una etapa o tendencia, como son los relatos de O. Reynoso y E. Congrains para la «Generación del 50». Justa fama han obtenido J. R. Ribeyro por sus cuentos despojados y A. Bryce Echenique por sus novelas rebosantes de humor y ternura. En los años 70 la multiculturalidad toma el relevo con textos sobre los mundos judío (I. Goldenberg), negro (G. Martínez) y chino (K. W. Siu). Para la década del 90 son representativos tres textos de M. Gutiérrez, E. Rivera Martínez y L. Riesco sobre el problemático mestizaje. Sin embargo, desde la irrupción de Sendero Luminoso, muchos escritores se ocupan de la violencia que sumía a la sociedad peruana en el abismo (F. Ampuero, A. Cueto, S. Bossio).

The Concept of "Crisis": What can we Learn from the Two Dictatorships of L. Quinctius Cincinnatus?

The institution of the Roman dictatorship has been regarded as the prototype for modern-day constitutional emergency regimes. It has been touted as perhaps the most strikingly successful of all known systems of emergency government. In the annals of the Roman dictatorship, no one has been more celebrated for his actions as dictator than Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. According to tradition, Cincinnatus was made dictator in 458 BC in order to save a Roman force that was besieged by enemy forces. Upon his victory, Cincinnatus stepped down immediately - merely sixteen days after his appointment - relinquished all his special powers and returned to work his land. Cincinnatus's unwavering commitment to serve the republic and his willingness to give up the awesome powers that had been entrusted to him have come to represent the prime example of the dictatorship and the qualities that were expected of a dictator and a leader. What is far less known is that in 439 BC, the aging Cincinnatus was, once again, appointed dictator. This time the reason for his appointment was not a military but rather part of the socio-economic struggle between the Patricians and the Plebs. There is much that the story of the two dictatorships of L. Quinctius Cincinnatus can teach us about the meaning of the concept of crisis. This paper focuses on the shift of that concept and the concomitant shift of the special powers designed to overcome particular crises, from a purely military concept to one that encompasses socio-economic elements. Similar to the shift from a dictatorship designed to defend the republic against external, foreign military threats to one that is used in the context of domestic civil unrest, it traces the expanding ambit of national security and war - concepts that are closely linked to crisis - and examines the relationship between the use of emergency powers in the context of violent emergencies and their application in socio-economic contexts. The paper then examines the normalization of emergency powers and their incorporation into the ordinary, normal system both legal and institutional. That pattern also affects our understanding of crises and emergencies as those are no longer exceptional but are increasingly part of the norm.

Heroic Mexico. The Violent Emergence of a Modern Nation.

Heroic Mexico. The Violent Emergence of a Modern Nation.

Heroic Mexico. The Violent Emergence of a Modern Nation

Heroic Mexico. The Violent Emergence of a Modern Nation