Violation Of Traffic Regulations Research Articles

The characteristics of mandibular fracture in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia

ABSTRACT 
 INTRODUCTION Mandibular fracture poses a fatal complication because the mandible plays an essential role in occlusion and aesthetics. The mandible is one of the bones most affected by facial fractures commonly resulting from trauma to the face and may be associated with severe morbidity and serious consequences METHODS The records of 282 patients referred to RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia between January 2017 and January 2021 were analysed retrospectively. Data including age, sex, etiology of mandibular fracture, type of mandibular fracture, and treatment. Incompleted data from the medical record were excluded. 
 RESULTS Men aged 17-30 years were the most common victims of mandibular fracture. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were responsible in 84% of cases. The most common anatomic site for mandibular fracture was parasymphysis region 28.7 with simple fractures 79%, and 82% of the total fractures were treated with open reduction 
 CONCLUSION The characteristics of mandibular fracture patients describe trauma patterns in the community. This finding is similar with some readily available literature with RTAs was the most common etiology and parasymphysis was the most common fracture site. Reasons for this high frequency may include the large number of poorly maintained, overloaded vehicles on unsuitable roads, violation of traffic regulations particularly by inexperienced young drivers.

The Characteristics of Mandibular Fracture In Rsup Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia

Introduction Mandibular fracture poses a fatal complication because the mandible plays an essential role in occlusion and aesthetics. The mandible is one of the bones most affected by facial fractures commonly resulting from trauma to the face and may be associated with severe morbidity and serious consequences Methods The records of 282 patients referred to RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia between January 2017 and January 2021 were analysed retrospectively. Data including age, sex, etiology of mandibular fracture, type of mandibular fracture, and treatment. Incompleted data from the medical record were excluded. Results Men aged 17-30 years were the most common victims of mandibular fracture. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were responsible in 84% of cases. The most common anatomic site for mandibular fracture was parasymphysis region 28.7 with simple fractures 79%, and 82% of the total fractures were treated with open reduction Conclusion The characteristics of mandibular fracture patients describe trauma patterns in the community. This finding is similar with some readily available literature with RTAs was the most common etiology and parasymphysis was the most common fracture site. Reasons for this high frequency may include the large number of poorly maintained, overloaded vehicles on unsuitable roads, violation of traffic regulations particularly by inexperienced young drivers. Keywords: Fractures, Mandibular, Parasymphisis, Reduction

Ugrožavanje javnog saobraćaja - krivičnopravna regulativa i praktične nedoumice

Due to their frequency and importance, traffic crimes are an important subject of theoretical study. Violation of traffic regulations is sanctioned by the norms of misdemeanor and criminal law, which makes this area complex, but also leads to certain difficulties in the interpretation and application of law. The authors thoroughly analyze the legal description of the criminal offense of endangering the public transport and its qualified forms. A particular attention is paid to the the interpretation of certain subjective and objective elements of this criminal offense (consequence, mens rea and objective conditions of incrimination). The authors point out certain inconsistencies in the court practice and propose legislative changes to improve criminal protection and establish a more legitimate and pragmatic distinction between criminal and misdemeanor acts.

Knowledge Acquisition from Pedestrian Flow Analysis using Sparse Mobile Probe Data

Autonomous vehicles require high-level semantic maps, which contain the activities of pedestrians and cars, to ensure safe navigation. High-level semantics can be obtained from mobile probe sensor data. Analyzing pedestrian trajectories obtained from mobile probe data is an effective approach to avoid collisions between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians. Such analyses of pedestrian trajectories can generate new information such as pedestrian behaviors in violation of traffic regulations. However, pedestrian trajectories obtained from mobile probe data significantly sparse and noisy, making it challenging to analyze pedestrian activity. To address this issue, we propose multiple daily data and graph-based approaches to treat sparse and noisy data for estimating the flow of pedestrians based on mobile probe data. To improve the sparseness of the data, multiple daily data are fused. After that, a pedestrian graph is created to enhance the region’s coverage by connecting the sparse data indicating the flow of pedestrians. This proposed approach successfully obtained pedestrian trajectory data from the sparse and noisy data. Moreover, it was possible to identify the potential locations where pedestrians tend to cross the street by analyzing the pedestrian flow. The results indicate that 83% of well-known regions where pedestrians tend to cross the street corresponded with those extracted using the proposed approach. Furthermore, a high-level semantic map of the regions where pedestrians tend to cross the street along a 1-km road is presented. The trajectory information obtained using the proposed approach is expected to be essential for understanding different scenarios of the interactions between individuals and autonomous vehicles.

Epidemiology of Fatal Road Traffic Accidents: A Six Year Retrospective Study in the Medico legal Centre of a Tertiary Care Health Set Up in Western Maharashtra

Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is a public health concern globally. Rapid urbanisation and increase in thenumber of motor vehicles, lack of discipline and violation of traffic regulations has led to a rapid rise inthe deaths in vulnerable road users. A retrospective study was undertaken in the autopsy centre of a tertiarycare hospital to observe the pattern and trends of deaths between 2013-2018 due to RTAs. Out of 248 RTAcases analysed in this study, 75.4% were male and 24.6% were female. The most vulnerable age group was21-40 years in both two-wheeler and four-wheeler accidents while in pedestrians it was 41-50 years. Highrate of accidents was seen during summer in afternoon in cases of pedestrians as well as motor vehicleoccupants and in the evening after 6 PM in two-wheeler motorcyclists. Observation of the pattern of headinjuries showed fracture of the skull was a common occurrence in two and four-wheeler accidents whereasa greater number of pedestrians reported no skull fracture. Non helmet users suffered higher mortality in theage group of 21-30 years. Subdural haemorrhage caused maximum deaths in two-wheeler motorcyclists andpedestrians while sub arachnoid haemorrhage was seen in four-wheeler accidents. Our study agreed with theWHO report of 2018 and various other studies from India and abroad. Increased number of fatalities wasfound to occur at a particular time of the day with seasonal preference. Two-wheeler motorcyclists withouta helmet suffered maximum deaths. Real time analysis of data in various parts of the country would help inensuring safe road user practices.

Aetiology, prevalence, fracture site and management of maxillofacial trauma.

Maxillofacial fractures are often associated with severe morbidity, functional deficit, disfigurement and significant financial implications. The aim of this review was to investigate whether the aetiology, prevalence and management modalities of facial trauma can identify the common causes of facial trauma with a view to recommending measures to the appropriate governing bodies to change the current practice wherever possible. The records of 1,112 patients referred to our oral and maxillofacial unit in Andhra Pradesh, India, between February 2008 and October 2017 were analysed retrospectively. Data including age, sex, aetiology, fracture site and treatment were evaluated. Men aged 20-40 years were the most common victims of facial trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were responsible in 70% of cases. Mandibular fractures constituted 47% of the overall fractures, and 55% of the total fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The main cause of maxillofacial injury among patients reporting to our hospital was RTAs. Mandibular fractures were the most common, accounting for almost half of the cases. Over half (55%) of all maxillofacial fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Reasons for this high frequency may include the large number of poorly maintained, overloaded vehicles on unsuitable roads, violation of traffic regulations (particularly by inexperienced young drivers), abuse of alcohol or other intoxicating agents and the sociocultural behaviours of some drivers.

Pedestrians’ Non-Compliance with Road Safety Regulations in Dhaka City

Since the Dhaka City's population is increasing, there is an urgency for sustainable transport policy forDhaka to retain and expand the modal share of walking trips, which share the bulk of all short tripsmade. However, pedestrian facilities are perhaps the most neglected and unattended ones in transportplanning of Dhaka city. Day by day, the rate of fatality is increasing in an unabated manner. If the ratehas to be controlled, it is imperative to know the various factors which result in the violation of trafficregulations by the pedestrians. This paper aims to know the various underlying reasons behind thepedestrians' non-compliance with the road safety regulations using both qualitative and quantitative toolsof social research. The findings of the study suggest that the existing road crossing facilities (overpass,zebra crossing) are inadequate as per demand. Poor monitoring and maintenance of the overpasses havemade them a hub for hawkers, beggars, addicts which demotivates the pedestrians in using them. Failureto provide and maintain road signs and markings, lack of education of road users, poor enforcement oftraffic regulations etc. are some of the other factors which result to traffic rules violation by thepedestrians. The study provides a modest suggestion to the government that they should think of givingroad safety issue a priority in the policy agenda. Moreover, necessary steps should be taken to increasethe current road crossing facilities along with the formation of a watchdog body that will monitor theviolations from time to time. Lastly, mass awareness building programs have to be initiated for educatingboth the pedestrians and the drivers regarding the road safety regulations.

Алгоритм составления модели последствий аварий на автомобильном транспорте по видам нарушений ПДД

Алгоритм составления модели последствий аварий на автомобильном транспорте по видам нарушений ПДД

Особенности моделирования ситуаций для проведения испытаний по оценке тактико-психологической подготовленности сотрудников дорожно-патрульной службы Госавтоинспекции

The article is devoted to the analysis and description of technology of simulation of professional situations for testing the evaluation of the tactical and psychological preparedness of employees dorozhno-patrol service of traffic police. The algorithm development simulated situations, which includes such stages as: 1) analyzing the statistics of traffic accidents and violations of traffic regulations; 2) analysis of typical behavioral responses of drivers and other road users; 3) determination of the basic tactical and psychological techniques that are modeled in role-playing situations and complicating the interaction; 4) selection of the model (base) behavioral responses of drivers; 5) assessment of the possibility of modeling and adaptation of driver behaviors. Examples of descriptions of the simulated situations. Cited in the article, the material can be used in the design and conduct of the competition on the tactical and psychological training of the personnel of the state traffic Inspectorate and the education of future employees of the traffic police.

Risky Behaviors and Stress Indicators between Novice and Experienced Drivers

Background: Road accidents are a serious public health problem and one of the leading causes of unnatural death. This study aimed to compare the incidence of physiological and representational indicators of stress and risky behaviors while driving, in a sample of drivers in an advanced stage of the learning process in driving schools, with respect to the indicators presented by a group of experienced drivers. Methods: It was used a sample of 120 drivers of Bogota (Colombia), divided in two groups: drivers in learning process and drivers with one or more years of experience driving any vehicle, who answered to four self-report scales: Driving Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) including subscale for positive behaviors; Global Scale of Perceived Stress (EPGE); Driver Social Desirability Scale (DSDS) and a complementary questionnaire about physical symptoms of stress. Results: Comparative analysis showed that the drivers with more driving experience had more self-reported risky behaviors while driving, lapses, aggressive violations and violations of traffic regulations. Additionally, significant associations between measures of positive driving behaviors, social desirability and perceived stress were found, as well as stress indicators shows a positive and significant association with driving errors and violations. Conclusions: The protective role of driving experience seems to be relative regarding to risky and positive behaviors while driving, taking into account that some of the risk factors that have been evaluated have a higher prevalence among the most experienced drivers. It is appropriate to emphasize on the need to raise the inclusion of components directed to the promotion of mental health and recognition/coping with risk factors such as stress and risky behaviors in the programs designed for driver training.

A model of Beijing drivers’ scrambling behaviors

A major, but unstudied, cause of crashes in China is drivers that “scramble” to gain the right of way in violation of traffic regulations. The motivation of this study is to explore the features of drivers’ scrambling behaviors and the attitudes and driving skills that influence them. In this study, we established a scrambling behavior scale, and developed a driving attitude scale and a driving skill scale using factor analysis of an Internet survey of 486 drivers in Beijing. A structural equation model of scrambling behavior toward cars and pedestrians/cyclists was developed with attitudes and skills as predictors of behavior. Skills and attitudes of approval toward violations of traffic rules did not predict scrambling behaviors, while the motivation for safety and attitudes against violating traffic rules led to reduced scrambling behaviors. The current work highlights this peculiar aspect of Chinese roads and suggests methods to reduce the behavior.

ROAD TRAFFIC AND EFFICIENT FINES

Road traffic is a typical example of an occupation with bilateral care and activity choices. In such a setting, common liability rules which simply divide damages cannot induce efficient outcomes. It is shown that fines for the violation of traffic regulations which depend on the occurrence of an accident can induce optimal behaviour. The properties of such efficient fines are derived. In particular, efficient fines tend to increase more than proportionally with the severity of an offence, while fines for repeat offenders can rise at a decreasing rate with the number of violations. To evaluate the scope for efficiency-enhancing reforms of fine systems, it is investigated whether actual regulations particularly for speeding conform to the non-proportionality requirement in selected European countries.

Enforcement of Violations of Traffic Regulations with a Foreign Element

Enforcement of Violations of Traffic Regulations with a Foreign Element

Why are experts not better in judging the danger of filmed traffic conflicts?

Earlier studies on the subject of subjective judgment of traffic conflicts showed that untrained subjects can reliably judge the dangerousness of filmed traffic conflicts. It was concluded that these judgments were based on a concept of dangerousness. In line with these findings two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that traffic experts (traffic energineers trained to evaluate and improve traffic safety) and lay people use the same concept of dangerousness when judging filmed conflicts. Experiment 2 investigated which aspects of the conflicts are considered by experts when making these judgements. The results show that (i) experts and lay people are equally reliable in judging traffic conflicts, (ii) experts base their judgement on the same concept of dangerousness, (iii) experts do not base their judgement on aspects that they themselves regard as important for the conflict, (iv) a weak relation is found between violations of traffic regulations and judgements of dangerousness.

Criminal Law and Procedure: Automobiles: Violation of Traffic Regulations: Liability of Registered Owner

Criminal Law and Procedure: Automobiles: Violation of Traffic Regulations: Liability of Registered Owner