Risk Of Violation Research Articles

Visual Content Privacy Protection: A Survey

Vision is the most important sense for people, and it is also one of the main ways of cognition. As a result, people tend to utilize visual content to capture and share their life experiences, which greatly facilitates the transfer of information. Meanwhile, it also increases the risk of privacy violations, e.g., an image or video can reveal different kinds of privacy-sensitive information. Scholars have persistently pursued the advancement of tailored privacy protection measures. Various surveys attempt to consolidate these efforts from specific viewpoints. Nevertheless, these surveys tend to focus on particular issues, scenarios, or technologies, hindering a comprehensive overview of existing solutions on a broader scale. In this survey, a framework that encompasses various concerns and solutions for visual privacy is proposed, which allows for a macro understanding of privacy concerns from a comprehensive level. It is based on the fact that privacy concerns have corresponding adversaries, and divides privacy protection into three categories, based on computer vision (CV) adversary, based on human vision (HV) adversary, and based on CV & HV adversary. For each category, we analyze the characteristics of the main approaches to privacy protection, and then systematically review representative solutions. Open challenges and future directions for visual privacy protection are also discussed.

A Research on the Protection of Personal Information in the Context of Face Recognition Technology

The rapid development of science and technology, coupled with the extensive use of the Internet, has led to the emergence of face recognition technology as a prominent high-tech power, which has become an integrated part of people’s daily life. While facilitating convenience in life, face recognition technology also presents a multitude of legal risks and challenges. The diversity and opacity of the Internet provide an optimal environment for those engaged in illicit activities to exploit its shortcomings for a range of illegal and criminal pursuits. As restrictions on the use of face recognition technology are lifted and its scope of application expands, the risk of data leakage and violations of individual privacy, as well as its potential use as a tool for crimes, continues to rise. China still has deficiencies and vulnerability in the implementation of face recognition technology. For instance, the pertinent legislation and regulatory frameworks governing the face recognition industry and the collection and utilization of personal data remain somewhat ambiguous and incomplete, which may result in the infringement of privacy rights. It would be prudent for China to draw upon the experiences and solutions that have been developed domestically and abroad to improve and tailor the existing legal system and regulations to the country's specific circumstances. This approach would serve to reinforce the protection of personal information, facilitate the more effective utilization of the technology for the benefit of the nation and society, enhance convenience for citizens, and reinforce their sense of security and well-being.

Privacy and Personal Data Protection v. the Protection of National Security and the Fight Against Crime: An Analysis of EU Law and Judicial Practice

Considering the risks that accompany technological progress, the need for personal data protection has significantly increased in today’s world. While digital technology offers many benefits, it has also created unprecedented opportunities for surveillance, posing a threat to human rights and democratic values. Fighting against crime and safeguarding national security are important legitimate aims, and processing data related to electronic communications is one of the means for their achievement. At the same time, the state’s extensive power can create a sense of constant surveillance and give rise to a chilling effect. The wide discretion of state authorities and the covert nature of implemented measures generate a high risk of human rights violations. Therefore, one of the main challenges in human rights law is finding a balance between combating crime and protecting national security, on the one hand, and safeguarding human rights, on the other. Over the past few years, the Court of Justice of the European Union has delivered significant judgments on the compliance of legal regimes governing the retention and transmission of electronic communications data with EU law. When ensuring a fair balance between different interests, the CJEU appropriately considers both the threats present in the modern world and the importance of human rights protection. The present article discusses the processing of personal data in the electronic communications sector under EU law and analyses the development of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Infringement Risk and Assessment Indicator Construction for Smart Classroom Application Scenarios

Infringement Risk and Assessment Indicator Construction for Smart Classroom Application Scenarios

Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: overcoming challenges in the educational and scientific activities of Ukraine and foreign countries

The article presents the results of scientific research on a comprehensive analysis of the problem of compliance with the principles of academic integrity in the context of active use of artificial intelligence tools in the educational and scientific activities of Ukraine and foreign countries. The author emphasizes that the modern vector of education declares the concept of academic integrity as a prerequisite for the formation of an effective system of education and science free from academic fraud and other types of related violations. It is established that the extremely rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies significantly affects all spheres of human activity, creating unique opportunities for learning and research, but at the same time giving rise to new ethical dilemmas. An analysis of the literature on this topic shows that global issues of using artificial intelligence in education and science are the subject of study and active discussion by many domestic and foreign scholars. At the same time, the peculiarities of observing and ensuring academic integrity by students, teachers and researchers in the context of preventing violations related to the misuse of artificial intelligence technologies remain insufficiently studied. The article analyzes the process of implementation of the provisions of international acts, in particular, the Magna Carta of Universities (1988) and the Bucharest Declaration of Ethical Values and Principles of European Higher Education (2004) into the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as the impact of the Bologna Process on the reform of the educational and scientific environment of our country. It is established that Ukraine’s desire to comply with the generally recognized European principles of development of the education and science system places increased demands on the implementation of the concept of academic integrity in order to reduce the risks of violations in this area. The author emphasizes the need to adopt special legislation on academic integrity as soon as possible, given the relevance and importance of the issue under study.

Perspectives of Generative AI in the Context of Digital Transformation of Society, Audio-Visual Media and Mass Communication: Instrumentalism, Ethics and Freedom

2022 is called the year of “generative AI,” and the increased interest in ChatGPT in 2023 proves not just a sign of the popularity of neural networks among the mass audience but rather a trend. The number and quality of neural network models are growing, accelerating the digital transformation of society and its subsystems towards a new paradigm – Society 5.0. In this study, the authors analyze the functional potential of generative AI in the fields of social development, mass communication, and audiovisual media and identify several serious ethical challenges and dilemmas directly related to the operationalization of this digital technology. Along with the techno-optimistic concepts of “digital happiness” and “super smart society” and the excitement of fast and efficient operation of technologies using FM and LLM, even the most progressive adherents of Society 5.0 do not deny the existence of a number of risks to society and humans generated by AI, among other things. It goes about the threat of rapid and convincing multiplication of fake news and narratives, excessive dependence, the risk of copyright infringement and related ethical dilemmas, challenges to freedom of creativity, the instrumentalization of intellectual and artistic (including audiovisual) practices, digital manipulation of consciousness, and social exclusion associated with the deformation of the existential foundations of human life and communication.

Legal Perspective on the Risk of Copyright Infringement by AI-Generated Contents in China

Legal Perspective on the Risk of Copyright Infringement by AI-Generated Contents in China

Evaluating the Ethical Frameworks of Information Security Professionals: A Comparative Analysis

Information Technology (IT) networks have become a cornerstone of business communication, evolving alongside the Internet, which now facilitates the interconnection of independent IT infrastructures. This interconnectedness has increased the risks of information disclosure and privacy violations, presenting ethical challenges for information security professionals. This study aims to evaluate the ethical codes of four major information security professional organizations in computing sciences to identify critical ethical considerations for these professionals and highlight areas for potential improvement. The study analyzes the ethical frameworks and guidelines provided by these organizations, examining their alignment with the multidimensional aspects of security, including technical, organizational, legal, social, and ecological factors. The analysis reveals that information security extends beyond technical measures, encompassing broader organizational and societal dimensions. Ethical concerns cannot be effectively addressed without engaging all stakeholders. While existing codes of ethics and security policies are valuable, they require updates to address the evolving challenges of the information society. For effective information security, professional codes of ethics must integrate comprehensive stakeholder considerations and adapt to meet the growing demands of a connected digital world. Enhancing these ethical frameworks is crucial for fostering trust and resilience in the information society.

How to combat stigma surrounding mental health disorders: a scoping review of the experiences of different stakeholders

BackgroundThe stigma associated with mental health disorders (MHDs) results in delayed help-seeking, limited access to health services, suboptimal treatment, poor treatment outcomes, and an increased risk of human rights violations. This scoping review summarizes qualitative research on the lived experiences of different stakeholders regarding strategies and interventions to combat stigma for people with MHDs.MethodsThis study was a six-step scoping review using the Arksey and O’Malley framework. A comprehensive search of the following electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant records: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar, as well as a manual search of the reference lists. All steps, including screening of eligible studies, data extraction, and analysis, were performed independently by multiple reviewers, with disagreements resolved by discussion. The data were synthesized based on the for-content synthesis guidelines.ResultsA total of 25 studies were included in this review of the 32,976 initial identified citations. The included studies were from all countries (low, middle, and high income), stigmatized disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.) and target populations (e.g., people with MHDs and their families, health care providers, the general community, and students and school members). The thematic synthesis revealed six types of interventions and strategies and 17 themes related to reducing stigma in patients on MHDs. Strategies and interventions were classified by patient (self-stigma), family (family stigma), healthcare professionals’ stigma, workplace stigma, public/societal stigma, and structural type of stigma (institutional stigma).ConclusionsThis review contributes new evidence that should be considered in future interventions and policies to reduce stigma against MHDs. Multilevel and multistakeholder strategies and interventions are needed to reduce the stigmatization of MHDs.

Copyright administration in academic libraries: Challenges of library patrons

The application of stricter copyright laws in academic libraries leaves users of reprographic materials at the mercy of rightsholders thereby inhibiting knowledge acquisition and dissemination. This study interrogated the copyright challenges faced by academic library users in Ghana using data from 530 postgraduate students in two private and two public universities. Among the major challenges faced by students were: (i) Digital technology has made it easier to access, reuse and share content (ii) Unintentionally exposing the institution or library to the risk of copyright infringement (iii) Piracy (iv) Undue concerns of authorities about copyright infringement, (v) Publishers and other intermediaries put impediments in the provision of learning resources, (vi) Difficulties in locating the rightsholder to seek permission for the use of material, (vii) Difficulties in supervising content use, (viii) Content is available from many different sources, including the open web, and (ix) Rights licensing are not always straightforward, easy or efficient. The support by some students (i.e., those at the Writing of findings/results or Discussion stage of their thesis writeup as well as fourth-year PhD students) of the commercial interests of publishers may be a positive contribution in promoting copyright compliance in academic libraries.

Robust deadline-aware network function parallelization framework under demand uncertainty

The orchestration of Service Function Chains (SFCs) in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) becomes crucial for ensuring efficient service provision, especially under dynamic and uncertain demand. Meanwhile, the parallelization of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) within an SFC can further optimize resource usage and reduce the risk of deadline violations. However, most existing works formulate the SFC orchestration problem in MEC with deterministic demands and costly runtime resource reprovisioning to handle dynamic demands. This paper introduces a Robust Deadline-aware network function Parallelization framework under Demand Uncertainty (RDPDU) designed to address the challenges posed by unpredictable fluctuations in user demand and resource availability within MEC networks. RDPDU to consider end-to-end latency for SFC assembly by modeling load-dependent processing latency and load-independent propagation latency. Also, RDPDU formulates the problem assuming uncertain demand by Quadratic Integer Programming (QIP) to be resistant to dynamic service demand fluctuations. By discovering dependencies between VNFs, the RDPDU effectively assembles multiple sub-SFCs instead of the original SFC. Finally, our framework uses Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to assemble sub-SFCs with guaranteed latency and deadline. By integrating DRL into the SFC orchestration problem, the framework adapts to changing network conditions and demand patterns, improving the overall system's flexibility and robustness. Experimental evaluations show that the proposed framework can effectively deal with demand fluctuations, latency, deadline, and scalability and improve performance against recent algorithms.

Multimodal Operation Data Mining for Grid Operation Violation Risk Prediction

With the continuous expansion of the power grid, the issue of operational safety has attracted increasing attention. In power grid operation control, unauthorized operations are one of the primary causes of personal accidents. Therefore, preventing and monitoring unauthorized actions by power grid operators is of critical importance. First, multimodal violation data are integrated through information systems, such as the power grid management platform, to construct a historical case database. Next, word vectors for three types of operation-related factors are generated using natural language processing techniques, and key vectors are selected based on generalized correlation coefficients using mutual information, enabling effective dimensionality reduction. Independent component analysis is then employed for feature extraction and further dimensionality reduction, allowing for the effective characterization of operational scenarios. For each historical case, a risk score is derived from a violation risk prediction model constructed using the Random Forests (RF) algorithm. When a high-risk score is identified, the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm is applied to locate similar scenarios in the historical case database where violations may have occurred. Real-time violation risk assessment is performed for each operation, providing early warnings to operators, thereby reducing the likelihood of violations, and enhancing the safety of power grid operations.

Process time distribution simulation in robotic assembly line balancing

Feedback control systems utilised in car body construction cause process time variance when compensating for external disturbances. By considering these in robotic assembly line balancing, the risk of cycle time violations can be controlled. This requires knowledge of the underlying process time distributions, which are not known in advance. Therefore, a simulation method is proposed to assess the impact of varying process time distributions on the balancing of robotic assembly lines. The initial step involves acquiring the process times of existing production processes. In the subsequent simulation, these are randomly and repeatedly selected as substitutes for the process times in the balancing of a new robotic assembly line. The impact of process time distribution variations on the result is investigated, and a single solution can be selected. The proposed method is evaluated based on the balancing of a robotic assembly line for a body-in-white rear compartment. Results are compared to normally distributed process times, which is a common assumption for modelling uncertain process times. Both approaches are evaluated utilising actual process time distributions. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields fewer and less severe underestimations of cycle times, thereby reducing the number of uncontrolled violations of cycle times.

Navigating the Dual Nature of Deepfakes: Ethical, Legal, and Technological Perspectives on Generative Artificial Intelligence AI) Technology

The rapid development of deepfake technology has opened up a range of groundbreaking opportunities while also introducing significant ethical challenges. This paper explores the complex impacts of deepfakes by drawing from fields such as computer science, ethics, media studies, and law. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we examine the technological foundations, uses, and societal effects of deepfakes. Our analysis includes case studies, expert interviews, and a thorough review of existing literature to highlight the dual nature of deepfakes—showcasing their potential benefits in entertainment and education, while also addressing the risks of misinformation and privacy violations. This study emphasizes the urgent need for improved detection methods, ethical guidelines, and strong legal frameworks to address the issues created by deepfakes. It calls for enhanced digital literacy and global cooperation to ensure that the advantages of generative AI are harnessed responsibly, while its inherent risks are minimized. The findings underscore the importance of effective detection strategies, ethical considerations, and legislative reforms to ensure deepfake technology is used in ways that benefit society.

The Use of Digital Technologies in the Administration of Justice: Positive and Negative Effects

The subject of the study is social relations in the field of the use of digital technologies in the administration of justice. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the positive and negative effects of the use of information technology in the administration of justice in their interrelation and interdependence. The hypothesis of the study assumes the existence of a set of interrelated and interdependent effects of the use of digital technologies that affect the administration of justice in different ways (positively and negatively). The categorical and symbolic method “hexagram” is applied. The most significant positive effects of the use of digital technologies in the administration of justice are: realization of the human rights; access to justice; optimization of the work of the court. The most significant negative effects of the use of digital technologies in the administration of justice are: digital inequality, risks of information security violation, the risk of losing the individualization of court decisions. The obtained result can be used in the selection of priority areas for the implementation of digital technologies in the administration of justice, as well as in the planning of this activity, prevention of risks of violation of human rights or principles of justice in connection with the use of digital technologies.

A hosting capacity based approach toward distribution system planning for high PV penetration

This paper presents an approach to estimate the hosting capacity for distribution networks considering the impact of PV penetration at different voltage levels. The estimation and the method were selected such that the results were most suitable for distribution system planning. A time-series based method was used as it covers significant aspects needed for prioritising network reinforcement. The MV background voltage was modelled varying in time, assuming the same penetration level in the other LV networks supplied by the same MV system. The hosting capacity is defined as the maximum acceptable PV size per customer for a given PV penetration. Based on the different possible combinations of PV location, the probability of overvoltage and overloading is used as a performance index. The planning risk is used as a limit for the performance criterion. The method can be automated for a large number of networks due to using an IEC 61970-based input format. It also enables linking DSO network models to customer smart metre databases. The severity and risks of limit violations are analysed with different metrics from the time-series simulations. The change in background voltage with increasing penetration is shown to impact the results significantly. When considering it, the estimated hosting capacity was reduced by 32 %, on average.

Copyright protection during the training stage of generative AI: Industry-oriented U.S. law, rights-oriented EU law, and fair remuneration rights for generative AI training under the UN's international governance regime for AI

Generative AI relies on simulating and learning from complex data distributions to automatically generate new, meaningful content from large datasets. Training generative AI models carries the risk of copyright infringement. How can we balance the development of generative AI technology with copyright protection during the training stage of these models? In contrast to existing legal scholarship, this article conducts a comparative study of industry-oriented U.S. copyright law and rights-oriented EU copyright law. It draws insights from the concepts of the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anti-commons, proposing the creation of fair remuneration rights for Generative AI training under the UN's international governance regime for AI. This article offers a typological analysis of potential operational models for fair remuneration rights in Generative AI training, drawing analogies to existing remuneration rights in international copyright treaties. The goal is to provide an open framework for further discussion within the international academic community.

Влияние рисков цифровизации на обеспечение экономической безопасности региона

The article discusses the impact of digitalization risks on ensuring the economic security of regions. The relevance of the research topic is due to changes in the trends in the deve-lopment of economic relations related to the digitalization of the economy. The article notes that the identification of risks and threats makes it possible to develop risk minimization procedures, draw up tactical and strategic plans focused on the prevention of risks and threats (“Mitigation”), the second stage - providing for measures and procedures if a risky situation has already occurred and it is necessary to eliminate the consequences or minimize losses from the occurrence of a risky event (“Contingency”). Special attention is paid to the classification of types and types of risks of digitalization. Based on the conducted research, the main types of risks are identified: the risks of using foggy and cloud technologies; the risks of fraud and violation of information confidentiality; the risks of technological lag, distributed by subgroups: software and hardware. It is noted that the improvement of digitalization procedures increases the convenience of calculations and the quality of life, allows you to optimize the processes in the activities of both legal entities and individuals, at the same time, has a significant impact on the economic security of legal entities and individuals, due to the high level of risk. In conclusion, examples of minimizing the risks of digitalization are given and tools and mechanisms for minimizing risks are proposed.

Digital transformation and enterprise violation risk: A ‘motivation-opportunity-attitude’ framework

In the evolving digital economy, digital transformation has emerged as an important strategic choice for enterprises. Their comprehensive and innovative characteristics have instigated a paradigm shift in enterprise governance ideologies and models. However, this transformation has also introduced heightened demands and challenges to enterprise governance mechanisms during the transitional phase. This study examined the influence of digital transformation on enterprise violation risk using data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2017 to 2021. The analysis revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of digital transformation and enterprise violation risk. This relationship was underpinned by three fundamental dimensions: motivation, opportunity, and management attitude. These dimensions were elucidated through mechanisms involving risk perception, management agency costs, and management responsibilities. These conclusions were reached even after rigorous tests for endogeneity and stability. Furthermore, this study probed specific scenarios in which digital transformation influences enterprise violation risk. This finding revealed that internal control mechanisms and external analysts’ attention moderate this relationship. As the effectiveness of internal controls and the attention of external analysts increase, the inflection point of the inverted U-shaped curve shifts to the left, and the curve progressively smoothens. Thus, greater internal control effectiveness and the governance impact of external analysts can positively affect the correlation between digital transformation and enterprise violation risk, thereby facilitating digital resources to empower enterprise governance. This study contributes to the theoretical discourse on the implications of digital transformation for enterprise governance, particularly in the context of evolving market dynamics. It offers valuable insights and recommendations for effectively driving digital transformation processes.

HỌC THUYẾT VI PHẠM VÔ HẠI TRONG TƯ PHÁP HÌNH SỰ HOA KỲ VÀ VI PHẠM TỐ TỤNG KHÔNG LÀM THAY ĐỔI BẢN CHẤT VỤ ÁN TẠI VIỆT NAM

During the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of criminal cases, there is carry the risk of procedural violations and errors. When conducting appellate or cassation trials, it is crucial to determine the seriousness or harmlessness of any procedural offences to decide whether to cancel the judgment for re-investigation or re-trial. The authors introduce the doctrine of “harmless error” in the United States criminal justice system and analyzes the “procedural violations that do not change the nature of the case” in Vietnam. Finally, the authors recommend developing regulations on this type of violation in Vietnam’s criminal procedure lane.