Violation Of Children's Rights Research Articles

Occupational Impact on The Rights of the Children of Manual Scavengers: A Critical Analysis

Objective: The Children of Manual Scavengers suffer socio-legal exclusion based on their traditional occupation of manually remove human excreta. As it is inhuman practice enforced by the caste system they are stigmatized as socially untouchable, economically disadvantaged, and legally neglected. Moreover it leads to continuous human rights violations. The aim of this study is to examine the occupational impact on the rights of children of manual scavengers and critically analyse the legislative protection and judicial consciousness on the empowerment and protection of these children’s rights. Methods: The legal research as it aims to analyse the legislative provisions, precedents along with legal principles and programs this research is a type of normative legal research. Results and Conclusion: Despite the Constitutional protection of child rights, the children of manual scavengers suffer on the violation of their right as right to education, wellbeing, social inclusion and protection against child. The legislative protection on child rights and judicial activism on the empowerment of child rights are not positively effected in the life of the children of manual scavengers against the occupational impact. Therefore it is imperative to have special legislative measures along with executive mechanism to effectively enforce and special judicial care in protecting and promoting the rights of these children whose rights are violated due to the occupation of manual scavenging as traditional and caste forced work. Research implications: The research highlights that the traditional occupation of manually removing the human excreta as caste forced occupation impacts in the violation of child rights in the entire facet.

The Legal Complexities of Terrorism as an International Crime Following the Recruitment and Enlistment of Child Soldiers in the Cabo Delgado, Mozambique Insurgency War

The conscription of children in military conflicts within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region was more peculiar to the Democratic Republic of Congo after the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars subsided into peace during the late 1990s. The resurgence of child soldiers in Mozambique under a new Islamic-inspired terrorist phenomenon adds a terrifying dimension that brings legal complexities around defining terrorism and resituating it separately as a crime within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The spectre of terrorism—as the current prime inducement of children into hostilities in Mozambique—has regional, political, economic and security implications, given its magnitude and recurring nature. This research is qualitative in form and its objective is broadening the understanding of terrorism, addressing the recurring recruitment of children into armed conflicts within the SADC region, and making a case for the inclusion of terrorism in the Rome Statute. This is important for the SADC, which had sloughed off the heinous side of civil wars. Research demonstrates that systemic violation of child rights takes an enormous toll on societies, given its extensive physical and psychological harm, and that often children in war-torn societies make up half the population. The findings are that the inclusion of terrorism within the scope of the ICC broadens international accountability mechanisms and acts as a deterrent for the future enlistment of children into armed conflicts.

The Irie Classroom Toolbox: Mixed method assessment to inform future implementation and scale-up of an early childhood, teacher-training, violence-prevention programme.

Violence against children (VAC) is a violation of child rights, has high prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, is associated with long-term negative effects on child functioning, and with high economic and social costs. Ending VAC at home and at school is thus a global public health priority. In Jamaica, we evaluated an early childhood, teacher-training, violence-prevention programme, (the Irie Classroom Toolbox), in a cluster-randomised trial in 76 preschools. The programme led to large reductions to teachers' use of VAC, although the majority of teachers continued to use VAC at times. In this paper, we describe a mixed-method evaluation of the Irie Classroom Toolbox in the 38 Jamaican preschools that were assigned to the wait-list control group of the trial. In a quantitative evaluation, 108 preschool teachers in 38 preschools were evaluated at pre-test and 91 teachers from 37 preschools were evaluated at post-test. One preschool teacher from each of these 37 preschools were randomly selected to participate in an in-depth interview as part of the qualitative evaluation. Preschool teachers were observed to use 83% fewer instances of VAC across one school day after participating in the programme, although 68% were observed to use VAC at least once across two days. The qualitative evaluation confirmed these findings with all teachers reporting reduced use of violence, but 70% reporting continued use of VAC at times. Teachers reported that the behaviour change techniques used to deliver the intervention increased their motivation, knowledge and skills which in turn led to improved child behaviour, improved relationships and improved professional well-being. Direct pathways to reduced use of VAC by teachers were through improved child behaviour and teacher well-being. The main reasons for continued use of VAC were due to barriers teachers faced using positive discipline techniques, teachers' negative affect, and child behaviours that teachers perceived to be severe. We describe how we used the results from the mixed-method evaluation to inform revisions to the programme to further reduce teachers' use of VAC and to inform the processes of training, supervision and ongoing monitoring as the programme is scaled-up through government services.

Irregularities in transnational adoptions and child appropriations: Challenges for reparation practices

Transnational adoption is a global movement of children across borders to new permanent and irreversible legal relationships. It is a circulation that involves social, economic, cultural and political relations marked by geographies of inequalities of power on a global scale. Many of these circulations have been shrouded by illicit practices which mean the violation of child rights. This special issue of the journal Childhood examines individual, social and political narratives on illicit processes surrounding this practice. Drawing from social and political sciences research, the contributors of this collection show the contradiction between ‘silences’ around certain practices in some societies, while in others ‘truth recovery’ has been central to the transition towards democracy. The authors raise concerns about policies and practices that complicate the interests and rights of individual actors.

Physical and sexual abuse against young athletes in sport in light of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

Numerous young athletes have suffered from physical and sexual abuse at the hands of their coaches. Despite this, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has never dealt with a violation of child rights under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the case of physical and sexual abuse in sport. In this situation, a question that may arise is how young athletes can argue a violation of their substantive rights under the Convention before the ECtHR in the case of such abuses? In this regard, the right to physical and mental integrity under Articles 10 (2) and 27 (2) of the Swiss Federal Constitution (SFC) as well as the prohibition of an excessive limitation of personal freedom under Article 27 (2) of the Swiss Civil Code (SCC) may play an essential role to build a bridge between the Convention rights and the fundamental human rights under national law in light of the SFT’s precedents within the meaning of substantive public policy under Article 190 (2) (e) of the Swiss Private International Law Act (PILA). Although the International Federations (IFs) have not recognised a legal standing of young athletes suffering from physical and sexual abuse, state parties to the ECHR must implement positive obligations under Article 8 (1) of the ECHR to take necessary measures to protect young athletes against such abuses by non-state actors and may require sports governing bodies within the jurisdiction to comply with Article 8 (1)’s obligations. Accordingly, this article might serve to clarify a duty of sports governing bodies to protect young athletes against such abuses through a lens of the ECHR.

Violation and Protection of Children`s Rights in Armed Conflicts: An Overview of Syrian Crisis (2011-2019)

Children are not the instigators of armed conflicts, however, they are the ones who greatly suffer in various ways. Despite international efforts, we are still witnessing the violation of children's rights in armed conflicts. Given the significance of the issue, this study examines the effects of armed conflicts on children and how to protect them, especially the Syrian children. Considering the significance of the issue, the present study aims to examine the violation and protection of children's rights in armed conflict in the Syrian crisis (2011-2019). The findings of this paper show that the occurrence of war has different effects on human societies one of which is the vulnerability of children which has seriously concerned human rights institutions. In armed conflicts, the rights of children are flagrantly violated by the aggressors. Children do suffer a lot of harm tough they have no role in provoking and ending these conflicts and setting the rules. In Syria, even the basic rights of children are not respected and they are engaged in war as fighters and face detention and torture. Unfortunately, due to the special political interests of the states and powers, no proper action is taken to prosecute the violators. International authorities must play a powerful role in obligating the governments to defend and safeguard the rights of children in wars.

A Cash Plus Program Reduces Youth Exposure to Physical Violence in Zimbabwe.

Violence against children and adolescents, a highly prevalent problem, is a clear violation of child rights and has detrimental effects on later life outcomes. Programs that alleviate poverty address a structural determinant of child vulnerability and can thereby reduce child abuse. This paper investigates whether the Government of Zimbabwe's Harmonized Social Cash Transfer (HSCT) Program, which combines cash transfers with complementary services, affects youth exposure to physical violence. The analysis uses data from a non-experimental impact evaluation and a difference-in-differences approach. Results show a 19-percentage point decline in the incidence of physical violence among youth four years into the program. HSCT-induced enhancements in beneficiary households' purchasing capacity and food security, improvements in caregiver subjective well-being, and reductions in youth participation in economic work for pay could be mediating the program's effects on youth abuse. This paper adds to the relatively scarce evidence on the impacts of anti-poverty policies on young people's susceptibility to physical violence in developing countries.

Causes and Effects of Child Marriage in Bangladesh: A Case Study at Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh

Child marriage is one of the social diseases in Bangladesh which is an obstacle to overall progress of the country. It is still remaining a strong social custom in Bangladesh which causes high population growth rate of the country. It is a social phenomenon in Bangladesh that might be defined in many ways such as a legal problem, social problem, health problem, population problem and gender discrimination problem. Child marriage is the violation of child rights and an apparatus of discrimination against women. A considerable portion of the population of the country is children and in order to convert them into productive human resources of the country the problem of child marriage has to be addressed properly and steps should be taken immediately. This paper attempts to highlight the socio-economic causes and consequences of child marriage in Bangladesh. This paper also suggests some procedure to eliminate child marriage in Bangladesh. This research is conducted on the basis of primary and secondary data. For primary data a survey is conducted from September, 2018 to December, 2018 among 150 women aged 25 to 45 who got married before 18 years and live in slum at Santibag Area, Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Secondary data are collected from various journals, books, reports and news paper writings.

Shattered Dreams and Stolen Childhood: A Study of Child Labour and Child Rights in Restaurants and Hotels of Pokhara, Nepal

Nepal is committed to end child labour expressed by the ratification of ILO convention and its national plan of action for children and Master Plan to end child labour. However, the wicked problem’ of child labour is increasing at an alarming rate in urban areas. New hotels and restaurants have been opened and along with it a new way of child labour exploitation has emerged in urban centres. Most of the workers in restaurants/hotels of Pokhara are children. The employers of such business prefer child labour as they are cheap and can be easily exploited. This study attempts to determine the extent to which child labour constitutes a violation of child rights. Pedestal on theories of exploitation and structural-functionalism the study result reveals that condition of child labourers is disgraceful with a shattered dream and stolen childhood—a result of family dysfunction and child rights violation by employer that has thwarted the opportunities for healthy adulthood under a vicious cycle of deprivation, abuse and exploitation. Amid noxious relationship between child labourer and the employer, child labourers face violence and sexual harassment by employer, senior staff and customers. Heavy workload, trouncing and dragging by hair and ill-treatment are the common violence faced by child labourer. Most of the employers are ignorant of child rights. It is a paradox that child labourer is valuable for employer but the life of child labourer is worthless. Most of the child labourers are willing to rehabilitate.

Okul Öncesi Öğretmen Adayları İçin Çocuk Hakları Eğitimi Programının Geliştirilmesi

In this study, it was aimed to develop the Children's Rights Education Curriculum (CREC) for prospective preschool teachers (PPTs). In the study, 42 PPTs studying at the second-grade level were provided education with CREC for 28 weeks. Within the scope of the CREC, an education process consisting of three stages aimed at developing understanding, skills and attitude was organized for children's rights (CR) and children's rights education ( CRE). In the first stage, studies were carried out to develop understanding and attitude for CR, the violation of CR and the UNCRC. In the second stage, studies were carried out for the development of the characteristics of CRE and CRE-based educational environment and the development of attitude towards CRE. Also, in this process, attitude development studies for CR were maintained. In the third stage, studies were carried out for the development of activity planning and material designing skill and the development of attitude. The study results showed that positive developments occurred in the understanding regarding the violation of CR, CR and UNCRC, the attitudes towards CR and CRE, and the event planning and material designing skills related to CRE of PPTs after the CREC. The study is important in terms of being a model application for the integration of CRE into pre-school teacher training programs and providing information in this context.

Child Welfare – Measures to Combat Violation, Exploitation, & Abuse

Biologically, Child falls within the state of human development in between the stages of birth and puberty below the age of 14 years of age. Child is a gift of almighty which need to be nurtured, cared, respected, loved and protected. The children during their tender age require abundant care, love and affection from their parents, relatives and friends. Almost 40 percent approximately 440 million of Indian population comprises of children. Small children are the victims of erroneous offenses including Child Labour, Rape, Sexual Exploitation, Forced Marriage, Torture, Kidnapping, Negligence, Deprivation, etc. The violation of Child Rights in the name of tradition, religion, gender, class, caste, race and reputation causes physical or mental injury or even death of innocent children. Many children are frequently subjected to physical or sexual abuses at home, school, and society. Child Right falls within the ambit of Human Rights for food, basic needs, education, health care, identity and freedom of children. Child Protection shall be emphasized within the policy framework of both Central and State Government. Child Welfare is possible through the collective efforts of Police, social workers, health care professionals, local authorities, volunteers and general public. This paper describes about various problems faced by the children, child welfare schemes implemented in the multifaceted areas, statutory protection and various efforts to combat violence, discrimination, neglect, abuse and exploitation against children in India.

Violation of Child Rights in Institutions

Violation of Child Rights in Institutions

Child Sexual Abuse: A Prime Violation of Child Rights

Child Sexual Abuse: A Prime Violation of Child Rights

Child sexual abuse: A prime violation of child rights

Child sexual abuse: A prime violation of child rights

GENDER BASED ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF CHILD LABOURERS LIVING IN KARACHI

This study aims to draw a gender based analysis of social and economic conditions of child labourers living in Karachi. Globally the issue of child labour is growing constantly and children are engaged in all sorts of hazardous forms of work, like adults, which deprives them from education, healthy life, child hood activities and balanced diet. In Pakistan the child labour is very common in all economic sectors, but it is mainly found in the informal sector and the household sector. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques of non-probability sampling are used to collect data through structured questionnaire from 900 respondents from eighteen (18) administrative districts of Karachi, which is based upon primarily quantitative and narrowly focused qualitative research methods. The findings of the study reveal that mostly children between the ages of 12 to 14 years are commonly inducted in different economic sectors. This clear violation of child rights makes them vulnerable to health and safety threats and putting them forcefully in hazardous occupations to earn bread and butter for their family by compromising their education.

Violations of Basic Children Rights at Elementary Level Education

Violations of children rights are the grey areas in Pakistan that have grave consequences for the educational progress of students especially those studying at elementary level. This study probes the major children rights contravention at elementary level schools located in Pakistan; particularly in government sector schools where the learning course is usually taken by the principals and teachers as a regular affair without any fervent approach. In order to investigate the state of children rights in schools, principal, teachers and students from rural and urban area public sector institutions of Capital Territory Islamabad were taken as the sample for this study so that the state of these institutions in terms of providing basic rights to elementary students could be analyzed and it could be seen if they affect the performance of children in class or not. The result indicates the prevalence of several nuisance areas including corporal punishment, bullying, unhygienic environment, lack of educational facilities and proper infrastructure in these institutions which are directly affecting the performance of children in form of a decline in learning outcomes, specifically in rural areas where the use of physical punishment is reported to be practiced more in ratio as compared to urban areas. The study is significant as it explores issues and causes for children rights violations and suggests the necessary measures that would make the learning environment more conducive for students.

Is injury part of sports? A children’s rights perspective

In recent years the violation of children’s rights in sports and sports injuries have become very important research areas in their own right. There are also some studies which touch upon the significant link between the two areas. However, the research that has been undertaken dealing with the relationship between the violation of child rights and sports injuries has been very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to: (a) examine the injury experiences of children who continue to receive training in volleyball as licensed athletes; (b) determine the violation of rights that have arisen in this process; and (c) explore the link between injury and violation of children’s rights. Research data were collected via in-depth interviews with 21 young volleyball players, both male and female, and data analysis was conducted using the interpretative phenomenological analysis method. This study concludes that athletes are exposed to violation of rights in various forms that lead to injury. It is hypothesized that the results of this study will be taken into consideration in policy development and training planning with regard to the violation of child rights. Hence it is believed that it will increase awareness in practice.

Child rights and protection in slum settlements of Kampala, Uganda: A qualitative study

ABSTRACTChild abuse and neglect are complex and polarizing issues in many low and middle income countries. We explore them through a situation analysis of child rights and protection in Uganda. A qualitative study, incorporating 10 focus group discussions (FGDs; N = 113) and 20 individual interviews was undertaken in Kampala, Uganda. Emerging themes were grouped into family and community-level factors; legal framework, structure and continuum of services, and human and financial resources. Violation of child rights was characterized by physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and exploitation; child neglect, homelessness, and child labor; dysfunctional families and abject poverty; and poor accommodation conditions; school drop-out due to economic hardship; early pregnancy, and social exclusion. Legal and regulatory factors included traditional harmful practices (including child sacrifice and witchcraft practices); forced marriage; and the perceived lack of the government's commitment to child protection. Without a strong legislation that protects children against abuse, promotes confidential reporting systems, and tackles domestic violence, children will still remain prone to various forms of abuses and exploitation.

Violation of Child Rights: Sexual Abuse

Violation of Child Rights: Sexual Abuse

Providing Criminological Security of Minors at the National Level

The article discusses issues related to the provision of criminological security of minors at the national level. The Author analyzes the normative legal basis and main directions of activity of subjects of prevention of the violation of child rights in the Russian Federation. The Author believes that the current system of legal guarantees of criminological security of minors not fully meet modern requirements of protection of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of adolescents. In particular, the legislation of the Russian Federation is largely focused on protecting the interests of disadvantaged segments of the population, including minors, being in socially dangerous position. It is proposed to improve the existing legislation through the adoption of a new federal law “The bases of the system of prevention of offences and security of minors”, which will be an important step towards building a legal state.