Vineland Social Maturity Scale Research Articles

Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua, Lingkungan Dan Pendidikan Terhadap Kemandirian Anak Di SDN Lanbau 01

A thesis is an important element in the higher education process, which is also proof of a student's integrity in applying the knowledge gained during their studies. However, the process of preparing a thesis is often faced with various problems, especially by final year students who experience high levels of anxiety. Independence is an attitude of being able to stand alone without depending on the people around him, especially parents, being able to choose and determine his own choices according to what he wants.The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between parenting styles, environment and education on children's independence at SDN Lanbau 01. The research method used by researchers is a correlational analytical research method with a cross sectional design. The data collection method involves using the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) questionnaire to determine parental parenting patterns, environmental modification questionnaire, education level questionnaire, Parenting Style and Dimension Question (PSDQ). The results of this research obtained a P-value of 0.010, which means sig 0.010 0.05, so there is a correlation or relationship between parenting patterns and independence. Independence. If the P-value is 0.000, which means the sig value is 0.000 0.05, then there is a correlation or relationship between education and children's independence at SDN Lanbau 01. Based on the results of the analysis, parenting patterns, environment and education are related to children's independence at SDN Lanbau 01

Assessing specific items of Indian VSMS: Perspective of medical and rehabilitation professionals

Background: Adaptive behavior plays a crucial role in daily functioning, involving a complex interplay between individuals and their environment. In India, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) has been the preferred assessment tool for measuring adaptive behaviors, despite its age of over 85 years. However, periodic evaluation is necessary to ensure its continued relevance. Aim: This study aims to critically evaluate selected items of the Indian version of the VSMS. Materials and Methods: A survey form was developed through a focus group discussion (FGD), comprising 20 items from the Indian adaptation of the VSMS. The form was converted into a Google Form and distributed to medical and rehabilitation specialists across India. The responses were collected, recorded, and analyzed in an Excel sheet. Results: Of the 107 responses received, 14 were incomplete and excluded, leaving 93 complete for analysis. The analysis revealed that less than half of the surveyed items and domains received ratings of disagreement from over a quarter of the respondents concerning their frequency, relevance, and diagnostic value. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for a dynamic approach to defining and assessing adaptive behavior, especially in the Indian context. It highlights the importance of revising existing scales, incorporating technology-related items, and considering societal and cultural norms shifts. While acknowledging its limitations, this research sets the stage for future investigations to gain a more nuanced understanding of adaptive behaviors amidst changing societal dynamics. Ultimately, these efforts aim to develop more comprehensive and relevant assessment tools for adaptive behavior in today's rapidly evolving world.

Does body mass index distinguish motor proficiency, social and emotional maturity among adolescent girls?

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate whether different body mass index (BMI) groups could serve as a distinguishing factor for assessing motor proficiency and social and emotional maturity in adolescent girls.Methods140 girls ranging from 12 to 14.5 years old were selected from the schools of Tabriz city, Iran. After their height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index, they completed the following questionnaires: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency, Second Edition,Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and Emotional Maturity scale.Resultsnormal-weight girls had a meaningful advantage against overweight and underweight participants in the gross motor factor of motor proficiency (p = 0.004), but there wasn’t a meaningful difference in the fine motor p = 0.196) and coordination factors (p = 0.417). Also, social maturity showed an advantage of normal and underweight adolescent girls in the self-help dressing factor (p = 0.018), while the locomotion skills (p = 0.010) factor revealed a better performance of normal weight and overweight groups over underweight adolescents. No significant differences were observed in the emotional maturity subscales (p = 0.63) between the groups.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that BMI has a direct influence on adolescents’ gross motor proficiency and social maturity.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PARENTING SKILL PROGRAM ON CHILDS ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORAMONG PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY

Background: A child brings happiness, love and joy in the family and society and if a child born with Intellectual Developmental Disability (IDD), then parenting of IDD children requires a huge amount of liability, accountability, commitment and dedication. Children with intellectual disability are having debilitate physical and mental health conditions, lower longevity1. As parents are the primary caregivers, but lives of parents of children with IDD are much more complicated and stressful as compared to the lives of non-disabled childrens parents. Methodology: Quasi-experimental Time Series Research Design was used to assess the effectiveness of Parenting Skill Program on childs adaptive behavior among parents of children with Intellectual developmental disability in selected Special Schools of Delhi NCR.The tools used for data collection included a socio-demographic proforma and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). Structured interviews and pre-assessment tools, such as socio-demographic proforma and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS), were administered to both experimental and control groups in the first month. Subsequently, the parenting skills program, consisting of 12 sessions, was implemented over a three-month period, with one session per week for parents in the experimental group. At the 6th, 9th, and 12th months, structured interviews using post-assessment tools were conducted with parents from both groups. Results: The findings of the study revealed thatthere was an improvement in the mean posttest score of childs adaptive behavior over the time. Specifically, at 6th month, it increased to (53.425±8.95), followed by (52.850±9.77) at 9th month and (55.288±8.87) at 12th month when compared to baseline score (46.362±8.09).This increase was found to be statistically significant within the group (F= 163.040, p 0.001).However, the control group, showed no significant change in the mean score of childs adaptive behavior and it remained same in 6th month, 9th month and 12th month as baseline, and no significant difference was observed within the group (F= 6.00, p 0.112). Hence, it could be interpreted that parenting skill program was effective in improving the childs adaptive behavior score of children with IDD in experimental group than in control group. Conclusion:It was concluded thatparenting skill program was effective in improving the childs adaptive behavior of children with IDD.

Development and Standardization of Low-Verbal Material for Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Arabic Language

Development and Standardization of Low-Verbal Material for Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Arabic Language

Study to assess incidence and type of congenital heart defect in children with down syndrome presenting to tertiary care teaching hospital of Southern Rajasthan

Background: Down syndrome occurs in people of all races and economic levels. Cardiac anomalies with a prevalence of about 50% are the most common anomaly responsible for death during the 1st two years of life in children with down syndrome. Objective of the study was to Assess the incidence and type of congenital heart disease in children with down syndrome presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Hospital based descriptive study. Participants: All children (0 to 18 years) diagnosed (clinically or on karyotyping) with Down syndrome, presenting in RNT Medical College, Udaipur Each patient was evaluated with a pre-set Performa which contained detailed sociodemographic profile, maternal and clinical history including age of conception, detailed physical examination to look for features of down syndrome. Degree of Intellectual / Developmental retardation was assessed by Vineland Social Maturity Scale. 2D- echo, karyotyping was done in all patient. CBC, thyroid profile, CXR, USG- abdomen, Invertogram were done as per need. Results: Total 144 participants included in the study, 75 (52%) were females and rest were males 48%. Out of these 111 (77%) were aware about dog bite causes disease and among these 52 (46.8%) were aware that dog bite causes rabies. Among the participants, 138 (95.8%) were aware about the vaccine availability and 125 (90.5%) knew vaccine is available in Government Hospital. In the study 88% of dog bite victims received treatment. Conclusions: More than half of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease, mostly Acyanotic, more specifically VSD. Early screening and diagnosis re the key to avoid irreversible hemodynamic consequences.

The Effect of an Exercise Package for Students with Intellectual Disability on Motor and Social Development.

Physical activity and reducing inactivity improve health and well-being and benefit young people's social development with an intellectual disability (ID) lasting into adulthood. Therefore, given the importance of encouraging an active lifestyle in adolescents, researchers developed and evaluated the feasibility and potential effect of a novel "Sport Science Research Institute (SSRI) exercise package for young people with intellectual disability" to improve the motor and social development of these individuals. In a Randomised controlled trial between October 2019 to February-2020, Thirty-six 7-18-year-old students with mild intellectual disabilities who were studying in a special school in Tehran received the invitation to the study. Students were randomly divided into intervention (18 students) and control (18 students) groups. Before and after the exercise program, three sessions per week for 12 weeks, motor proficiency was measured using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2), and social development was measured using the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). Pupils in the intervention group completed 92% of the sessions. The results of the ANCOVA test showed that the exercise program led to a statistically significant improvement in total motor proficiency (P<0.01) and total social maturity score (P<0.015). According to this study, the SSRI training package achieved good adherence and increased physical activity and showed the potential to improve motor and social skills in young people with an intellectual disability.

Outcome of tuberculous meningitis in children aged 9 months to 12 years at the end of intensive phase of treatment

BackgroundTuberculous meningitis (TBM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Most of the literature focuses on outcomes at the end of therapy when it may be too late for intervention to improve the outcomes. So, the present study addresses outcomes by the end of intensive course of therapy. MethodsIt was a prospective cohort observational study that enrolled 80 patients with TBM between 9 months and 12 years of age. Participants were classified into Definite, Probable and Possible TBM using Marais criteria. Survival/Mortality was evaluated at the end of hospital stay. Demographic, clinical, cerebrospinal fluid and radiological parameters were evaluated for predictors of morbidity and mortality. Standardized tools were used to assess possible impairments in different domains at the end of intensive phase of treatment, namely Gross Motor Functional Classification System for motor functional ability, Pediatric-Mini Mental score examination (MMSE), Blantyre Coma Scale (BCS) score and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) for cognitive outcome, Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses for hearing outcome and using Teller's/Snellen's visual acuity charts to assess visual impairment. ResultsA high Mortality rate of 42.5% was seen in the enrolled patients. Out of the total 80 patients, 20% recovered completely while 36.25% survived with disability (morbidity). Motor, Hearing, Cognitive and Vision impairment was present in 33.3%, 4%, 33.3% and 48.9% of the survivors respectively. On multivariate regression, raised intracranial tension and stage III disease were significantly associated with mortality. Morbidity was significantly associated with Stage III disease on multivariate analysis. ConclusionsDespite advances in treatment, Tuberculous meningitis is associated with high burden of deaths and devastating neurological sequelae. Timely diagnosis and intervention of neurological impairments is needed to improve the outcome of TBM in survivors.

Exploring the genetic landscape of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccination-associated seizures or subsequent epilepsies

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and whole-cell Pertussis (DTwP) vaccination-associated seizures form the commonest type of serious adverse event following immunization in India and are an important reason for vaccine hesitancy. Our study explored the genetic explanation of DTwP vaccination-associated seizures or subsequent epilepsies. Between March 2017 and March 2019, we screened 67 children with DTwP vaccination-associated seizures or subsequent epilepsies, and of those, we studied 54 without prior seizures or neurodevelopmental deficits. Our study design was cross-sectional with a 1-year follow-up having both retrospective and prospective cases. We performed clinical exome sequencing focused on 157 epilepsy-associated genes and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of the SCN1A gene at enrolment. We applied the Vineland Social Maturity Scale for neurodevelopmental assessment at follow-up. Of 54 children enrolled and underwent genetic testing (median age 37.5 months, interquartile range 7.7–67.2; diagnosis at enrolment: epilepsy 29, febrile seizure 21, and febrile seizure-plus 4), we found 33 pathogenic variants of 12 genes. Of 33 variants, 13 (39%) were novel. Most pathogenic variants were found in SCN1A gene (n = 21/33; 64%), SCN8A in 2 children, and 10 children had one variant in CDKL5 , DEPDC5 , GNAO1 , KCNA2 , KCNT1 , KCNQ2 , NPRL3 , PCDH19 , RHOBTB2 , and SLC2A1 . Five or more seizures (odds ratio [OR] = 5.3, confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–18.4, p = 0.006), drug-resistant epilepsy (OR = 9.8, 95% CI: 2.6–30.7, p = 0.001) and neurodevelopmental impairment (social quotient < 70) (OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 1.65–17.6, p = 0.006) were significant predictors of genetic diagnosis. Our study provides proof-of-concept for genetic aetiology in children with DTwP vaccination-associated seizures or subsequent epilepsies and has important implications for vaccination policies in developing countries. International Pediatric Association Foundation, Inc. (IPAF): İhsan Doğramaci research award 2016/2017; Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India: No.3/1/3/JRF-2016/HRD/LS/71/10940.

Gadget Use Duration and its Impact on Learning Motivation and Social Development of Children

Development in communication technology such as smartphones and the internet are able to easily solve all information needs. However, there are many misuses of the sophistication of these tools by many children. This study aimed to determine the impact of using gadgets on learning motivation and children's social development at Islamic Elementary School Yaabunayya Mojokerto. The design of the study used cross-sectional analysis. The population was all students at Islamic Elementary School Yaabunayya with a total of 146 children. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with the inclusion criteria of children in grades two to six who were willing to be researched with the consent of their parents. Samples that meet the inclusion criteria were 85 respondents. The instruments used were the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). Data analysis used the Spearman Rho test. The results of the analysis found that there was a correlation between the duration of using gadgets and the social development of children with a ρ value (0.013). Children who don’t play with gadgets tend to look for playmates who can improve social development. The results of the study there is no correlation between the duration of gadget use and learning motivation in children with a ρ value (0.095). This is because children use gadgets to get lots of interesting lessons on the internet. For this reason, parents are expected to always accompany their children in using gadgets.

Factor XIII Deficiency Managed With Individualized Homoeopathic Medicine In Intellectually Disabled Child: An Evidence Based Case Report

AbstractFactor XIII deficiency is an inherited bleeding disorder, which is rare, ∼1 in 5,000,000, while its combination with an intellectual disability is seldom. It is mostly a result of genetic mutation caused due to consanguineous marriage. Due to deficiency of fibrin stabilising factor, a clot formed is weak and leads to fibrinolysis, which is evident as unstoppable bleeding from umbilical cord stump, epistaxis and bleeding from various organs. The condition is made worst due to intellectual disability as the patient is more prone to injuries due to lack of knowledge of impending dangers. The latest provision of gene therapy is yet to be achieved in such cases and therefore the biggest challenge lies in keeping these patients fit and functional with optimum quality of life. The anxiety of parents is intensified due to the overall condition of the patient. This case report presents homoeopathic management of one such case. The patient was under treatment for almost a decade. Acute homoeopathic medicines efficiently managed acute haemorrhagic episodes. Constitutional medicine Bufo Rana was prescribed in the asymptomatic phase, which helped to reduce the frequency and intensity of bleeding and also helped to improve social quotient of the patient. The social quotient was assessed employing the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and the result shows that the social quotient of the patient has improved from 8.3 to 41.66. The anxiety of parents also reduced, which was measured using the Family Interview for Stress and Coping in Mental Retardation Scale. The case analysis was done using a paired t-test. The p-value is less than 0.0001 and highly significant. The evaluation of the homoeopathic treatment was done using modified Naranjo criteria for homoeopathy. Homoeopathy medicines efficiently managed the acute episodes of bleeding and also showed improvement in the intellectual disability.

Long-Term Neurological, Behavioral, Functional, Quality of Life, and School Performance Outcomes in Children With Guillain-Barré Syndrome Admitted to PICU

BackgroundMost children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) recover but may suffer from long-term sequelae, interfering with development and quality of life. Owing to the lack of published data, we aimed to assess the long-term neurological, behavioral, functional, quality of life, and school performance outcomes them. MethodsDesign: Cross-sectional observational. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit. Patients: Children, aged one to 12 years, with GBS admitted over five years (July 2012 to June 2017) were enrolled during one year (July 2017 to June 2018). These children were assessed for the following outcomes: neurological (Hughes disability score, Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category [PCPC], Pediatric Overall Performance Category [POPC], and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric version [GOS-E Peds] scales), behavioral (Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule [CPMS]), functional (Vineland Social Maturity Scale [VSMS]-Indian Adaptation), quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life [PedsQL]), and school performance (Parent-Directed Questionnaire). ResultsEighty children were enrolled after a median of 3.0 (1.3-4.2) years from discharge. The majority (95%) had favorable neurological recovery (Hughes disability score 0 to 1). Favorable outcome was noted in 95% of children on PCPC, 87.5% on POPC, 60% on GOS-E Peds, 86.2% on CPMS, 92.5% on VSMS, and 98% on PedsQL. The majority (97.5%) of childre were attending schools, and 57.7% had satisfactory school performance. The presence of quadriparesis at admission, mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy requirement, poor ambulatory status at discharge, and longer pediatric intensive care unit and hospital stay predicted unfavorable neurological outcome on different tools. Absence of quadriparesis at admission and no requirement of mechanical ventilation predicted a favorable result on all outcome measures. ConclusionsOn long-term follow-up, most children with severe GBS showed favorable neurological, behavioral, functional, and quality of life outcomes. Severe clinical presentation and prolonged intensive care unit stay predict poor long-term outcome.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Clinical Profile and Co-morbidity.

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in preschool children is challenging and complicated owing to the presence of developmentally appropriate overactivity and a dynamic developmental/learning phase shaping their behaviour. We aimed to study the clinical profile and co-morbidity of ADHD in preschool children. Fifty consecutively presenting preschool children with ADHD were enrolled from our child guidance clinic (CGC) between January 2017 and December 2018. The diagnosis and assessment of comorbidities were based on the DSM-5 criteria and Vanderbilt teacher and parent rating scales. Relevant clinical and sociodemographic profiles were assessed and analyzed for association with ADHD subtypes and comorbidity. Preschool children with ADHD constituted 8% of all patients visiting the CGC and one-fifth of all children with ADHD. Male:female ratio was 11.5:1. Hyperactive-impulsive was the commonest type, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was the commonest comorbidity. Most children belonged to the lower-middle socioeconomic group. Language delay was observed in 20%. Median social quotient measured using the Vineland Social Maturity Scale was 83. Preschool children predominantly have the hyperactive impulsive type of ADHD. Isolated language delay was the predominant comorbid developmental disorder, and ODD was the predominant comorbid behavioural disorder. Addressing these issues would help in the appropriate management of these children.

Clinical and genetic characterization of patients segregating variants in KPTN, MINPP1, NGLY1, AP4B1, and SON underlying neurodevelopmental disorders: Genetic and phenotypic expansion.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are heterogeneous genetic conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary phenotypes of NDDs include epilepsy, loss of developmental skills, abnormal movements, muscle weakness, ocular anomalies, hearing problems, and macro- or microcephaly. NDDs occur due to variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the structure and function of CNS, thus interrupting its normal physiological role. In the study presented here, four consanguineous families (A-D), with members showing neurodevelopmental symptoms, were recruited for clinical and genetic characterization of the phenotypes. Clinical examinations, including Seguin Form Board Test (SFBT), Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS), brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, were employed to characterize the disease phenotypes. Whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing was employed to search for the genetic basis of the neurological symptoms observed in four families (A-D). Two of these families (A, B) were of Saudi Arabian origin, and two others (C, D) were of Pakistan origin. Two homozygous missense (KPTN: NM_007059.4:c.301T>G: NP_008990.2; p.(Phe101Val) and MINPP1:NM_001178118.2:c.1202G>A: NP_001171588.1; p.(Arg401Gln)) variants in families A and B, respectively, and two homozygous nonsense (NGLY1:NM_018297.3:c.1534_1541dup: NP_060767.2; p.(Ser515LysfsTer51) and AP4B1:NM_001253852:c.1668G>A: NP_001240781.1; p.(Trp556X)) variants in families C and D, respectively, were identified. Interestingly, additional heterozygous nonsense variant in SON: NM_138927.2: c.5753_5756del: NP_620305.3; p.(Val1918GlufsTer87) and a homozygous variant in FLG (FLG: NM_002016.2:c.7339C>T: NP_002007.1; p.(Arg2447X) were detected in families A and D, respectively. Further, we determined the deleteriousness of each variant through computational approaches. The present study expands the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of NDD-associated genes (KPTN, MINPP1, NGLY1, and AP4B1). Moreover, additional nonsense variants (SON: c.5753_5756del and FLG: c.7339C>T) identified in two families segregating with the phenotype might explain the phenotypic variability and severity in our patients.

Efficacy of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone in epileptic encephalopathy: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundHigh-level evidence for using steroids in epileptic encephalopathy (EE), other than West syndrome (WS), is lacking. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in EE...

Predictors of Developmental Outcome in 4- to 6-Year-Olds With Developmental Disability.

Objective Studies on the early trajectories of developmental disability (DD) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic stability and developmental trajectories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), and to determine baseline clinical characteristics that affect future diagnosis. Methods We analyzed 192 children who were referred for possible DD through retrospective chart review. Clinical diagnosis was assessed once at baseline, aged 2–4, and at follow-up, aged 4–6. The participants’ developmental profiles were measured by Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS), Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results On comparing the diagnostic change, 5% of children were no longer diagnosed as ASD, and 13% of children were no longer diagnosed as ID at follow-up. Trajectories of developmental profiles were compared between children with and without ID at follow-up, and significant time-by-group interaction were observed in PEP-R (p<0.001), VSMS (p<0.001), and VMI (p=0.003) scores, indicating that children without ID at follow-up showed significant improvement over time compared to children with ID. ASD diagnosis (p<0.001) and CARS score (p=0.007) at baseline were significantly associated with ASD at follow-up, while VSMS score (p=0.004) and VMI score (p=0.019) at baseline were significantly associated with ID at follow-up. Conclusion A subset of children lost their diagnosis at follow-up, and such diagnostic change was significantly more common in ID compared to ASD. Baseline autism symptomatology was related to ASD at follow-up, and baseline adaptive and visuo-motor function was related to ID at follow-up.

Effect of cartoon viewing habits on developmental skills and attention span of preschool children

Background: Mass media has an important role in the development of behaviour of children as they are exposed to it at very young age itself. Computers, television, video games and other entertainment media have become a part of their day-to-day life. The present study aimed at identification of the effect of cartoon viewing habits on developmental skills and attention span of preschool children.Methods: The correlational research study was conducted on consecutively selected 200 preschool children from selected schools of Calicut district. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to identify the cartoon viewing habits of children and four tests (colour cancellation test, number cancellation test, colour trails test and Knox cube test) were used to detect the attention span and Vineland social maturity scale was used to detect the developmental skills. Through individual interview data from 200 preschool children and their parents were collected during a period of 6 weeks after validating the tools and the data analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: Children who watched fewer cartoons have more social quotient (98%). Developmental skills are more in younger children (96%). Cartoon viewing habits have significant association with age, gender, birth order, number of siblings, and the class of study. Significant relationship between cartoon viewing habits and developmental skills.Conclusions: The study concluded that to assess the impacts of cartoon viewing habits on developmental skills and attention span of preschool children revealed that increased duration of cartoon viewing can have detrimental effect on the attention span and developmental skills of preschool children.

Advanced Scoring and Interpretation of Vineland Social Maturity Scale: Procedure to obtain 'Impairment Adjusted Social Quotient

Advanced Scoring and Interpretation of Vineland Social Maturity Scale: Procedure to obtain 'Impairment Adjusted Social Quotient

The Effectiveness of Zhu Scalp Acupuncture and Body Acupuncture Therapy Methods on Increasing Intellectual Quotients and Emotional Quotients in Pre-School Children

BACKGROUND: Intellectual Quotients (IQ) is the ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. Emotional Quotients (EQ) includes empathy, expressing and understanding, feeling, controlling anger, independence, adaptability, liking, interpersonal problem-solving ability, perseverance, solidarity, friendliness, and respect; important for a person's success. Acupuncture therapy with Zhu Scalp and body acupuncture methods can be used to increase IQ and EQ in children.&#x0D; AIM: This study was to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture therapy with Zhu Scalp acupuncture and body acupuncture methods on the IQ and EQ of pre-school children.&#x0D; METHODS: The research method is a quantitative pre and post-test design with cross-sectional control with a paired T-test. The research sample was pre-school children in Sukoharjo district with a total of 54 respondents. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire for respondent characteristics, IQ test, and EQ measurement using VSMS (Vineland Social Maturity Scale).&#x0D; RESULTS: The research results showed chitosan 5%; a combination of chitosan 9% and snail seromucous 50% (ratio 1: 1) is a microbicide against MTB TB patient isolates. Snail seromucous was ineffective as a microbicide against MTB tuberculosis patients.&#x0D; The results showed that there was a significant difference in the IQ and EQ levels of children before and after acupuncture therapy using the Zhu Scalp method and body acupuncture with a p-value of 0.000. The results of the N Gain test showed that there are differences in the effectiveness of the Zhu Scalp acupuncture and the body acupuncture method on increasing IQ and EQ in pre-school children.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The Zhu Scalp acupuncture method is more effective than the body acupuncture method to increase IQ and EQ of pre-school age children, which can be applied in the management of acupuncture therapy to improve child development.&#x0D;

Nutritional Status and Intelligence Quotient of Preschool Children in Sunsari, Nepal

Introduction: Nutritional status has vital role on brain development of children during pregnancy and the first two years of life. Children who suffered from early childhood malnutrition have generally been found to have poorer IQ levels.&#x0D; Objective: To find out Nutritional Status and Intelligence Quotient of Preschool Children in Bhutaha VDC, Sunsari, Nepal.&#x0D; Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study. Proportionately 250 preschool children were selected. Data was collected by using self developed semi structured questionnaires for socio-demographic profiles, stadiometer and weighing scale for height and weight measurement respectively. Nutritional status was classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) standard. For an assessment of IQ, Indian Adaptation of Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) and Developmental Screening Test (DST) scale were used. These scales provide an estimate of social quotient (SQ) and development quotient (DQ) and are designed to measure social maturation of age group 'below 15 years'. Data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square.&#x0D; Result: Among all, 51.2% of the children were male and most (80%) of the children were from Muslim ethnicity. Mean ± SD age of the children was 51.80±12.31 months. Almost all i.e., 98.4% of the children were delivered by normal vagina delivery and majority i.e., 78% of the children were delivered at home. Nearly equal proportions of children were from nuclear and non nuclear family. Prevalence of stunting and wasting were 28.4% and 8.4% respectively. Among 250 children, 11.6% had superior IQ, 52.4% had bright normal and 36% had average IQ. Mother’s education and malnutrition of children were significantly associated with IQ of children i.e., p=0.006, p=0.011 respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Mother’s education has great impact on Intelligence Quotient of children. Intelligence is strongly related to nutritional status. Poor nutrition leads to poor IQ, which results in poor academic achievements. To prevent this, priority should be given for the prevention of malnutrition which ultimately improves the intelligence of children.