Number Of Villi Research Articles

Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila improved intestinal barrier and immunity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk), a second-generation probiotic known for its ability to regulate intestinal function in mammals, is not yet fully understood in the context of aquaculture. This study aims to investigate the effects of different forms of Akk on intestinal barrier function and immune response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) under high-fat diet conditions. The experimental groups included a control group, a high-fat diet group, an Akk group, and a group receiving various concentrations of pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (P-Akk) along with a high-fat diet. Evaluation methods included histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining, ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy, real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis, and transcriptome sequencing technology. The results showed that both the Akk and P-Akk groups exhibited a significant increase in villi number and length compared to the high-fat group. Furthermore the expression levels of claudin, claudin-2, occludin A, occludin B, and other genes were significantly upregulated, while the expression levels of intestinal proinflammatory factors genes and proteins were significantly downregulated. Compared to the high-fat group, the Akk group showed a more complete and well-preserved nucleus, mitochondria, and tight junction structures. Additionally, the morphology of intestinal epithelial microvilli in the medium and high concentration Akk group was complete and dense. The expressions of tlr2 and nf-κb were upregulated, while the expressions of myd88 and nod2 were downregulated in the medium- and high-concentration Akk groups. Akk may improve immune dysfunction in high-fat fed zebrafish through the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, which requires further study. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant upregulation of the immune-related gene pigr, significant downregulation of stat3, and significant upregulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule f11r. In conclusion, dietary Akk supplementation alleviated intestinal barrier damage and immune dysfunction in high-fat zebrafish. This study provides important insights into the potential use of Akk in fish and lays the foundation for further studies on its role in fish immunity.

Effect of Azolla microphylla and Pellets Combination on Meat Quality and Ileal Villi in Muscovy Duck (Cairina moshata)

This study aims to evaluate the combination of Azolla microphylla and pellets on meat quality, and ileal villi in muscovy duck (Cairina moshata). The material used was 60 male and female DOD (unsex). The method in this study was an in vivo experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatment consisted of giving basal feed in the form of pellets and Azolla as much as 0% (P0), 5% (P1), and 10% (P2). The variables measured in this study included meat pH, cooking loss, water holding capacity, tenderness, number of villi, villi length, crypta depth, and villi surface area. The data obtained were then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with the smallest real difference (BNT). The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on meat pH, cooking loss, tenderness, number of villi, villi length, crypta depth, and villi surface area but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on water holding capacity. The addition of Azolla microphylla in the basal feed in the form of pellets to the carcass characteristics of ducks (Cairina moshata) up to 10% level can increase the water holding capacity. Keywords: Azolla, Muscovy Duck, Meat quality, Ileal villi

Growth and Gastrointestinal Conditions of Green Lobster (Panulirus Homarus) With Different Natural Feeding, Which are Raised in a Longline Submerged Cage System on the East Coast of Pangandaran Regency

The purpose of this study was to test what type of natural feed provides growth and physiological conditions of the green lobster gut. One important factor to support the development of aquaculture is appropriate feed to support growth. Efforts can be made in optimizing the growth of sand lobsters through feeding that contains calcium and in natural feed consistently. This study consisted of 4 treatments of natural feed types rich in Calcium and Posfor, namely anchovies, rebon shrimp, gold snails and barnacles. The purpose of this study was to observe different types of natural feed that can increase lobster survival (SR), weight growth rate, intestinal histological features and hepatopancreas in green lobsters and water quality at the study site. The highest survival rate in this study was found in the treatment of rebon shrimp and gold snails of 96%. While the highest growth rate parameter is the treatment of anchovy feed of 113.9 ± 30.7020. Furthermore, the highest intestinal histological condition is the treatment of anchovy feed, namely the area of villi of 1857,667 (?m2) and the number of villi in the intestine in green lobster 1857,667

МОРФОЛОГИЯ ПРОВИЗОРНЫХ ОРГАНОВ ЛОШАДИ ВО ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ С ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТЬЮ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ЖЕРЕБЯТ

The aim of the study is to identify the morphofunctional features of the fetal part of the equine placenta in relation to prenatal growth and development of newborn foals. The fetal parts of the placentas of the most viable foals of the first subtype have a maximum weight of (8.02 ± 0.24) kg, area of (14287.48 ± 311.72) cm2, length of the umbilical cord of (57.68 ± 0.75) cm, thickness of (3.76 ± 0.07) cm. The diameter of the arteries and veins in the umbilical cord is almost the same – 11–12 mm, their lumen is strongly narrowed, the thickness of the wall of the umbilical arteries and vein is also equal to (5–6 mm). The thickness of the chorion reaches (8.00 ± 0.91) mm, the number of villi per 1 cm2 of the chorion is (41.80 ± 1.56) pcs., the thickness of the allantoamnion is (6.20 ± 0.58) mm, and the diameter of the vessels is from 4 to 6 mm, their number on the allantoamnion section of 100 cm2 is 5–10. The weight of the fetal parts of the placentas of less viable foals of the second subtype is (5.93 ± 0.24) kg, the area is (10854.92 ± 407.67) cm2, the length of the umbilical cord is (60.00 ± 0.84) cm, the diameter is (3.62 ± 0.06) cm. The diameter of the vein in the umbilical cord is slightly larger (12 mm) than the arteries (11 and 8 mm). The thickness of the chorion decreases to 4–6 mm (5.20 ± 0.37) mm, the number of villi per 1 cm2 of the chorion is 38.40 ± 1.17, there are areas in which the height and density of the villi are even smaller. The thickness of the allantoamnion is (4.06 ± 0.45) mm, and the diameter of the vessels is from 4 to 6 mm, from 3 to 7 vessels are found in an area of 100 cm2 of the allantoamnion. The weight of the fetal parts of the placentas of the third subtype of the least viable foals is significantly (by 37.37 %) lower than the first, as is the area, the length of the umbilical cord is (57.20 ± 0.66) cm, the diameter is (3.44 ± 0.05) cm. The diameter of the vein in the umbilical cord is slightly smaller (9 mm) than the arteries (12 and 11 mm). The chorion is unevenly covered with small, slightly branching villi, not shiny, its thickness reaches (2.84 ± 0.07) mm, and the number of villi per 1 cm2 is from 20 to 40. The diameter of the walls of the allantoamnion vessels decreases and is no more than 3.5 mm at most, their number is from 3 to 5 per 100 cm2.

Placental differences between severe fetal growth restriction and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy requiring early preterm delivery: morphometric analysis of the villous tree supported by artificial intelligence

The "great obstetrical syndromes" of fetal growth restriction and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy can occur individually or be interrelated. Placental pathologic findings often overlap between these conditions, regardless of whether one or both diagnoses are present. Quantification of placental villous structures in each of these settings may identify distinct differences in developmental pathways. To determine how quantity and surface area of placental villi and vessels differ between severe, early-onset fetal growth restriction with absent/reversed umbilical artery Doppler indices, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and the two conditions combined among subjects with disease severity warranting early preterm delivery. We hypothesize that trajectories of placental morphogenesis diverge after a common initiating insult of deep defective placentation. Specifically, we postulate that only villi are affected in pregnancy-related hypertension, whereas both villous and vascular structures are proportionally diminished in severe fetal growth restriction, with no additional effect when hypertension is concomitantly present. In this retrospective cohort study, paraffin-embedded placental tissue was obtained from four groups: [1] Severe fetal growth restriction with absent/reversed umbilical artery end-diastolic velocities and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, [2] Severe fetal growth restriction with absent/reversed umbilical artery Doppler indices and no hypertension,[3] Gestational age-matched, appropriately grown pregnancies with hypertensive disease, and [4] Gestational age-matched, appropriately grown pregnancies without hypertension. Dual immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin-7 (trophoblast) and CD34 (endothelial cells) was performed followed by artificial intelligence-driven morphometric analyses. Number of villi, total villous area, number of fetoplacental vessels, and total vascular area across villi within a uniform region of interest were quantified. Quantitative analyses of placental structures were modeled with linear regression. Placentas from pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exhibited significantly fewer stem villi (-282 stem villi, 95% CI: [-467, -98], p<0.01), smaller stem villous area (-4.3 mm2, 95% CI: [-7.3, -1.2], p<0.01), and fewer stem villous vessels (-4967 stem villous vessels, 95% CI [-8501, -1433], p<0.01), with no difference in total vascular area. In contrast, placental abnormalities in severe growth restriction were limited to terminal villi, with global decreases in number of villi (-873 terminal villi, 95% CI: [-1501, -246], p<0.01), villous area (-1.5 mm2, 95% CI: [-2.7, -0.4], p<0.01), number of blood vessels (-5165 terminal villous vessels, 95% CI: [-8201, -2128], p<0.01), and vascular area (-0.6 mm2, 95% CI: [-1.1, -0.1], p=0.02). The combination of hypertension and growth restriction had no additional effect beyond the individual impact of each state. Pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exhibited defects in the stem villi only, whereas placental abnormalities in severely growth restricted pregnancies with absent/reversed umbilical artery end-diastolic velocities were limited to the terminal villi. There were no significant statistical interactions with the combination of growth restriction and hypertension, suggesting that distinct pathophysiologic pathways downstream of the initial insult of defective placentation are involved in each entity and do not synergize to result in more severe pathologic consequences. Delineating mechanisms underlying the divergence in placental development after a common inciting event of defective deep placentation may shed light on new targets for prevention or treatment.

Effects of Dietary Sodium Propionate on Growth Performance, Fillet Texture, Hematologic and Plasma Biochemical Parameter, Immune Responses, and Intestine Histology of Juvenile Trachinotus ovatus

Seven graded levels of sodium propionate (SP) diets with 0 (SP1), 0.2% (SP2), 0.4% (SP3), 0.6% (SP4), 0.8% (SP5), 1.0% (SP6), and 1.2% (SP7) were prepared to feed Trachinotus ovatus (initial body weight: 8.64 ± 0.08 g) for 56 days. The results showed that increasing dietary SP levels quadratically increased significantly final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR) of T. ovatus but linearly and quadratically decreased significantly viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of T. ovatus (P&lt;0.05). In the SP4 treatment, FBW, WGR, and SGR presented the highest values. Both positive linear and quadratic trends were detected between crude lipid content of whole fish, adhesiveness of dorsal muscle, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), blood performance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), intestinal villus height, and dietary SP level, while negative linear and quadratic trends were found between firmness of dorsal muscle, triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), and dietary SP level (P&lt;0.05). The increasing SP led to quadratic increases in lymphocyte (Lym), complement 3 (C3), chymotrypsin, villus number, and muscle layer thickness, and a quadratic decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDAP&lt;0.05). A significant negative linear trend was found between the content of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and dietary SP level, while significant positive linear trends were presented between C4, immunoglobulin M (IgM), α-amylase and dietary SP level (P&lt;0.05). The increasing SP resulted in linear and quadratic increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of livers and C3, C4, IgM of head kidney (P&lt;0.05). The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were linearly and quadratically decreased, while the mRNA levels of growth factor beta (TGF-β) were linearly and quadratically increased with the increasing SP level (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, SP could be considered as a beneficial feed additive for enhancing growth and immunity of fish. And dietary SP level at 0.6% is optimal for the growth of Trachinotus ovatus based on a quadratic regression model of WGR.

Effect of Feeding A Combination of Probiotic Feed Additives, Phytobiotics, And Microencapsulated Acidifiers On Broiler Villi Characteristics

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the addition of natural feed additives on the production performance and quality of broilers. The sample used in this study was DOC (Day Old Chicken) Cobb strain with the trademark CP 707 as many as 75 heads. The method used was experimentally designed using a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates using five broilers per replicate. The treatments were T0 = basal feed, T1 = basal feed with 0.5% natural feed additive, and T2 = basal feed with 1.0% natural feed additive. The variables used in this study include villous length, number of villi, and depth of villous crypts. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the test of villi characteristics using combination of probiotics-phytobiotics-acidifier microencapsulation gave a significantly different effect (P&lt;0.05) on the number and depth of villi crypts, but gave a very significantly different effect (P&lt;0.01) on villi length. The use of a combination of probiotics-phytobiotics-acidifiers gives effective results on the characteristics of intestinal villi in the ileum section giving good results at the level of use of 1.0% and can be used to replace antibiotics.

Effects of Sodium Acetate Supplementation on Growth, Hematologic and Plasma Biochemical Parameter, Lipid Deposition, and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus Fed High‐Lipid Diets

Experimental diets were formulated including the suitable lipid level (10%, PC), the high‐lipid level (16%, HL), and HL containing sodium acetate diets (HS). Three diets were fed golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) (initial body weight: 12.88 ± 0.03 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed HL diets significantly increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) and abdominal fat percentage (ASF), aggravated liver lipid deposition, and caused blood metabolic disorder and liver damage (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the fish fed HL diets significantly decreased intestinal villus number (VN) and muscular layer thickness (MLT) (P &lt; 0.05), accompanied with an increased trend in the relative abundance of intestinal pathogenic bacteria such as Mycoplasma and Photobacterium. However, the fish fed HS diets significantly decreased the HSI and AFP, relieved hepatic lipid deposition, improved blood and liver metabolism, and intestinal morphology in comparison to the fish fed HL diets (P &lt; 0.05). More importantly, sodium acetate addition improved intestinal microbiota by inhibiting the proportion of pathogens (Mycoplasma and Vibrio) and increasing the abundance of probiotics (Bacteroidales_S24-7_group_norank, Cetobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between these bacteria (Mycoplasma, Vibrio, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group_norank, Bacteroides, and Cetobacterium) and main physiological indices. In conclusion, sodium acetate improved blood performance, alleviated hepatic lipid deposition induced by HL diets, and boosted the growth and intestinal health for golden pompano.

Effect of Supplementation of Chlorogenic Acid to High-Fat Diet on Growth, Lipid Metabolism, Intestinal and Hepatic Histology, and Gut Microbiota of Spotted Sea Bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).

The study investigated the impact of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on growth, lipid metabolism, intestinal and hepatic histology, as well as gut microbiota in spotted sea bass. A total of 540 fish were fed six experimental diets, including a normal fat diet (NFD), a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg CGA (named HFD1, HFD2, HFD3, and HFD4, respectively) for 7 weeks. The results showed that HFD feeding increased growth and hepatic lipid deposition compared to that in the NFD group. Inclusion of 300 mg/kg CGA in HFD decreased the HFD-induced hyperlipemia (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the HFD group, the HFD4 group showed significant reductions in serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while also improving liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05). In the CGA-containing groups, hepatocytes were arranged more neatly than those in the HFD group, and there was a reduction in lipid deposition and hemolysis in the liver. Supplementation of CGA had effects on intestinal structure including an increase in mucosal thickness, as well as villus number and width. The diversity of intestinal flora in the CGA-containing groups was higher than those in the HFD group, and supplementation of 200 mg/kg CGA significantly increased the abundance of intestinal bacteria (p < 0.05). HFD4 feeding increased the intestinal Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio and decreased the abundance of Vibrio. The highest value abundance of Actinobacteriota was found in the HFD2 group. Overall, HFD caused negative effects, and supplementation of 200-400 mg/kg CGA to HFD improved fat deposition, lipid metabolic disorders and liver and gut histology, and increased gut bacterial diversity in spotted sea bass.

Modulation of Small-Intestine Morphology in Mice by a Novel Supplement Containing Silybum marianum, Yeast β-Glucan, Prebiotics, and Minerals

AbstractSilymarin, derived from Silybum marianum, has recently demonstrated its potential to improve health in conditions such as obesity and metabolic disturbances. Understanding the impact of nutraceuticals on intestinal morphology is crucial for developing supplements that promote a higher quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of nutraceutical supplementation with silymarin on the morphology of the small intestine. Sixty-day-old adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: one receiving a standard chow (control) and the other receiving a novel silymarin supplement (experimental). Following the experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and fragments of the small intestine were collected for histochemical analysis using Masson's trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff with Alcian blue staining techniques. Our results revealed an increase in the number of villi per analyzed field in the experimental group, accompanied by a decrease in basic mucin, crypt depth, mucosal thickness, and villus spacing. In conclusion, this novel nutraceutical supplementation may play a crucial role in modulating small intestine morphology and enhancing absorption capacity.

Ameliorative role of dietary acidifier potassium formate on growth metrics, blood chemistry, gut health and well-being indices of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings.

Organic acids and their derivatives have been attributed to growth and well-being improvement in fish when supplemented in their diets. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative role of potassium formate (PF) in rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings. A total of 240 healthy rohu fingerlings (9.0 ± 0.5 g ± SE) were randomly divided into four equal groups in triplicates. Fish were fed with isonitrogenous feeds: PF10 (10 g PF/kg), PF20 (20 g PF/kg) and PF30 (30 g PF/kg). Feed without PF supplementation served as control. The results indicated that the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in PF10. Total serum globulin content was found significantly (p<0.05) elevated in PF10 after the bacterial challenge. Non-specific lysozyme activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) after the challenge. The digestive protease enzyme activity was significantly (p<0.05) improved in PF10 treatment. Additionally, the digestive morphology of the treated fish was seen to be improved. Greater villus area, increased villus number, reduced lumen space in the hindgut, reduced vacuolation in mucosal folds and proliferation of goblet cells-like changes were observed in the PF-supplemented fish. Significantly (p<0.05), a higher relative percentage of survival (RPS) was observed in PF10 and PF20 treatments. The study revealed that the dietary supplementation of rohu fingerlings with lower levels of potassium formate could enhance the nutritional efficiency and physiological activities of rohu fingerlings. This study serves as a baseline for future research on the application of formic acid derivatives and other acidifiers in carp culture.

Senolytic Treatment Improve Small Intestine Regeneration in Aging.

Aging induces a series of alterations, specifically a decline in the stature and number of villi and crypts in the small intestine, thus compromising the absorbent capability of the villi. This investigation employed a senolytic combination of dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) to examine its impact on the intestinal tract of elderly mice. Our findings demonstrate that D+Q treatment leads to a decrease in the expression of p21, p16, and Ki67, while concurrently triggering removal of apoptotic cells within the villi. Additionally, D+Q treatment exhibits the ability to promote growth in both the height and quantity of villi and crypts, along with stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production in aged mice. The study presented a model to assess strategies to alleviate age-related senescence in the intestinal tract of elderly mice. Importantly, D+Q showcases promising potential in enhancing intestinal functionality within the aging.

Histopathological alterations in the white leg shrimp L. Vennamei supplemented with farm isolated probiotic (LAB) upon challenge with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)

A 21-day feeding trial followed by an injection with inoculum of White Spot Syndrome Virus were performed to evaluate the effect of farm isolated feed probiotic (LAB) on some tissues of the white leg shrimp L. vennamei. The effect of probiotic supplementation on the histopathological changes in L. vennamei juveniles (6.0± 0.02 g) challenged with known pathogenic strain of WSSV are reported. The histological observations revealed that probiotic supplementation enhances the thickness of the gut epithelium, number of villi. Hepatopancreas exhibits star shaped lumen with numerous tubules. Gills also exhibited clear gill lamella occluded with numerous haemocytes. But after infection there are significant changes in the hepatopancreas, mid gut and gill tissues of both the experimental and the control groups. These changes are minimal in probiotic supplemented animals compared to controls which were fed without probiotic that indicates the present probiotic bacterium is a safe candidate probiont for the observations. From this study stated that probiotic supplementation improves the histological status of the tissues by lessening the histopathological indices due to WSSV infection in the marine shrimp.

Morphological structure of cotyledons with non-contrasted blood vessels in the placenta of women who had an exacerbation of mono- and mixed-cytomegalovirus infection in the second trimester of pregnancy

Aim. To assess the morphological structure of cotyledons with non-contrasted blood vessels in the pla­centas in women who had an exacerbation of mono- and mixed cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) in the second trimester of pregnancy.Materials and methods. The histometric parameters of the villi were studied with different visualization on X-ray phlebograms of blood vessels in 112 cotyledons of placentas in women with pregnancy, uncomplicated and com­plicated by mono- and mixed-CMVI (combination of CMVI and reactivation of chronic herpes virus infection type 1 HSV). The first group (control) included 36 cotyledons with a clear contrasting of the vascular bed in the placentas from women with an uncomplicated gestational period. The main group was represented by 76 cotyledons: subgroup 2a - 24 cotyledons, in which the bloodstream was not detected, in placentas from patients with exacerbation of mono-CMVI as­sociated with chronic subcompensated placental insufficiency (CSPI); subgroup 2b - 16 cotyledons with blood vessels not diagnosed by X-ray phlebography, in placentas from women with mixed CMVI infection, initiating the development of CSPI; subgroup 3a - 21 cotyledons with non-contrasted bloodstream in placentas from patients with exacerbation of mono-CMVI and chronic decompensated placental insufficiency (CDPI); subgroup 3b - 15 cotyledons with a similar an­giographic picture in placentas from women who had an exacerbation of mixed CMVI in the second trimester of gestation and CDPI. Identification of cotyledons with a clear visualization of blood vessels and with a non-contrasted vascular bed in the marginal part of the placenta was carried out by dosed administration of minium on linseed oil (1:3) through the vein of umbilical cord and assessment of the angiographic picture on X-ray, which were obtained using the RUM-20M apparatus with X-ray image amplifier Sapphire (Russia). For histological analysis, tissue pieces were taken in the same places before and after injection of the contrast mass into the bloodstream of the organ, on the damaged areas of which clamps were applied.Results. In the first group, the cotyledons had clear contours of the blood vessels and the vein draining them. Avascular villi (AV) accounted for 2.05±0.22%, villi with syncytiocapillary membranes (SCM) - 33.5±2.41%, villi with one (1) SCM - 77.1±2.07%, with two (2) SCM - 20.9±1.98% and with three (3) SCM - 1.42±0.09%. In subgroup 2a, compared with the first group, there was a deformation of the lumen of the vein of the stem villi of the I and II order, in which erythrocyte aggregates, single leukocytes and rarely thrombi were determined, as well as signs of edema and partial desquamation of endotheliocytes, fibrinoid and inflammatory changes in the vessel wall. The number of AV increased (by 6.87 times, p&lt;0.001) and the number of villi with SCM decreased (by 2.05 times, p&lt;0.001) with no significant differences between villi with 1, 2, and 3 SCM. In subgroup 2b, in comparison with subgroup 2a, mod­erate folding of the endothelium, areas of its partial desquamation, AV (1.39 times, p&lt;0.01) and villi with 2 SCMs (1.44 times, p&lt;0.05) were more common against the background of a decrease in the concentration of villi with 1 SCM (by 1.19 times, p&lt;0.05). In subgroup 3b, a greater number of vessels were found that did not provide outflow of blood from cotyle­dons (12, p&lt;0.001) and had an arcuate shape (10, p&lt;0.001) compared with subgroup 3a, where their number was, respec­tively, 3 (p&lt;0.001) and 2 (p&lt;0.001). A more pronounced folding of the endothelial lining was determined, as well as ag­gregates, neutrophils, lymphocytes and thrombi in the lumen of the vessels. There was an increase in the percentage of villi with 1 SCM (by 1.13 times, p&lt;0.05), as well as a decrease in the frequency of occurrence of villi with 2 SCM (by 1.67 times, p&lt;0.05) and 3 SCM (by 2.13 times, p&lt;0.001). In cotyledons of subgroup 3b, in contrast to those of subgroup 2b, blindly ending vessels were more common (2 times, p&lt;0.05), arcuate course of veins (2.5 times, p&lt;0.05), lumen de­formity, hyperchromia of the nucleus and total desquamation of cells, thrombi with calcification, complete and partial obliteration of the arterial lumen, inflammation, fibrinoid degradation of the muscular layer of vessels and the deposition of calcium salts in it, as well as AV (1.29 times, p&lt;0.05) and villi with 1 SCM (1.40 times, p&lt;0.001); less often villi were detected with SCM (1.35 times, p&lt;0.05), with 2 SCM (2.78 times, p&lt;0.001) and 3 SCM (1.57 times, p&lt;0.05).Conclusion. In women with exacerbation of mixed CMVI in the second trimester of gestation and CDPI, in contrast to patients with reactivation of mono-CMVI leading to CDPI, angiodestructive and angioobstructive processes, as well as inhibition of angiogenesis, are more pronounced in cotyledons with non-visualized blood vessels. This increases vascular resistance and blocks the flow of the contrast mass during its dosed injection into the vascular bed of the placenta.

Effect of dietary oregano oil on growth performance, disease resistance, intestinal morphology, immunity, and microbiota of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

The study aimed to investigate the effects of oregano oil (OO) supplement in the diet on the growth performance, disease resistance, immunity, and intestinal health of hybrid grouper. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were fed to the grouper with an initial weight of 19.10 ± 0.12 g for 8 weeks, of which the dietary OO levels were 0 (Control), 0.1 (OO-0.1), 0.3 (OO-0.3), 0.6 (OO-0.6), 0.9 (OO-0.9), or 1.2 (OO-1.2) g kg-1. The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth performance among the six groups, while the OO supplement could improve the disease resistance ability of grouper. Our findings have demonstrated that the OO supplement, especially 0.3 g kg-1, could improve the intestinal morphology via increasing the villus number and muscle thickness and elevate digestive enzyme activities such as those of amylase (AMS) and lipase. The 0.3-g kg-1 OO supplement also can activate the antioxidant defense system, reduce nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression, and then enhance the immune ability via acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LYS), complement C3 (C3), and tight junction-associated signaling pathways in hybrid grouper. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the OO-0.3 group was significantly higher than that of Control group (P&amp;lt; 0.05), while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria showed a basically opposite trend (P&amp;lt; 0.05). These findings suggested that dietary OO supplementation could significantly improve intestinal health and induce the antioxidant defense system and immunity, which means that OO could be used as a functional feed additive to protect the intestine, and the appropriate addition level of OO should be 0.3 g kg-1.

Effects of dietary sodium acetate on intestinal health of juvenile Trachinotus ovatus based on multi-omics approach

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been widely applied in aquaculture. Previous studies mainly focused on phenotypic level involved in the trophic function of SCFAs. Integration of intestinal microbiota and lipidomic and transcriptomics responses could deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism of SCFAs. This study was performed to investigate the influences of sodium acetate (SA) on intestinal health of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including the control (C) group and SA group were fed to juvenile golden pompano (average weight 8.68 ± 0.07 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary SA significantly increased the activities of intestinal chymotrypsin, lipase and α-amylase enzymes as well as intestinal villus number and intestinal wall thickness (P < 0.05), while intestinal pH significantly decreased (P < 0.05). SA supplement significantly increased levels of butyric acid, valcric acid and caproic acid (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased levels of acetic acid, propionic acid and isvalcric acid (P < 0.05). SA supplementation significantly promoted intestinal microbiota alpha diversity and regulated microbial community composition by increasing the abundances of putatively beneficial bacteria such as Turicibacter and Labrenzia (P < 0.05). Besides, SA supplementation changed the lipid profile of intestinal metabolites through remodeling the abundances of Glycerolipids, Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids. SA supplementation promoted the upregulation of differential genes in “immune system process”, “transcription regulator activity”, “PI3K-Akt signaling pathway”, “Endocytosis”, “AMPK signaling pathway” and “Tight junction” (P < 0.05). This study provides a further insight into view for the benefit of SA on gut health of golden pompano.

Evaluation of the Use of Date Seed Flour in Feed on the Small Intestine Characteristics of Broiler

The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate the use of date seed flour in feed on the small intestine characteristics of broilers. This study used 200 Day Old Chick (DOC) broilers with type MB 202. This study used a field experiment method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments used were P0: basal feed without the use of date seed flour (DSF), P1: basal feed using 2.5% DSF, P2: basal feed using 5% DSF, P3: basal feed using 7.5% DSF, P4: basal feed using 10% DSF. The variables measured in this study were the number of villi, villi height, villi surface area, crypt depth, digesta pH, and digesta viscosity. The data obtained during the study were processed using Microsoft Excel software and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test if the results obtained were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) or very significantly different (P&lt; 0.01). This study gave results that were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) on the number of villi, villi height, villi surface area, crypt depth, and digesta pH. However, this study was able to give very significantly different results (P&lt;0.01) in digesta viscosity. The conclusion of this study is the use of date seed flour in feed up to 10% was able to give good results on the number of villi, villi height, villi surface area, crypt depth, and digesta pH of the small intestine of broilers, but it has not been able to give good results on the digesta viscosity of the small intestine of broilers.

Dietary Supplementation with Agave tequilana (Weber Var. Blue) Stem Powder Improves the Performance and Intestinal Integrity of Broiler Rabbits.

This study evaluated the effect of Agave tequilana (Weber var. azul) stem powder on the growth performance and the intestinal integrity in rabbits. A total of 120 male rabbits [New Zealand × California] were weaned for 35 days and randomized into four dietary treatments, 15 replicates per treatment, and two rabbits per replicate. The treatments consisted of a basal diet (T0) and dietary supplementation with 0.5% (T1), 1.0% (T2) and 1.5% (T3) of Agave tequilana stem powder. The T3 treatment improved the body weight and average daily gain (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the other groups, without affecting viability and feed conversion ratio (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, the T3 treatment enhanced (p &lt; 0.05) the thickness of the muscular and mucous layers, and the height, thickness, and number of villi in the duodenum (p &lt; 0.05). However, this treatment (T3) significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05) values for the area and depth of the crypts in the duodenum and the villus/crypt ratio. Likewise, in the cecum, T3 treatment provoked a marked decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in the depth and thickness of the crypts. The results indicate that the dietary use with 1.5% of A. tequilana stem powder had a natural growth-promoting effect and enhanced the histomorphometry of the concentric layers (muscle and mucosa), villi, and crypts as indicators of intestinal health in rabbits.

The effect of the use of cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta) and Indigofera zollingeriana leaf flour combination as a source of energy supplemented with citric acid in ration on broiler small intestine characteristics and productivity.

The study aimed to determine the effect of using a combination of cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta) and Indigofera zollingeriana leaf flour as an energy source supplemented with citric acid in the ration on performance, carcass quality, digesta pH, viscosity, and the number of villi in the intestines of broilers. The research design was completely randomized with five treatments and five replications, each containing four broilers. The treatment was a substitution of corn in the ration with a combination of cassava tuber and I. zollingeriana leaf (CIF): without CIF, 5% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 10% CIF substitute for corn + 0.2% citric acid, 15% CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid, and CIF corn substitute + 0.2% citric acid. Each treatment ration was supplemented with 0.2% citric acid. The variables that were looked at were ration consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, percentage of the carcass, percentage of abdominal fat, pH, viscosity, and the number of broiler villi. This study showed that the combination of CIF flour supplemented with 0.2% citric acid had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on body weight gain, ration conversion, live weight, carcass percentage, and the number of villi in broiler intestines. But it did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the amount of feed eaten, the amount of fat in the abdomen, the pH of the digesta, or the thickness of the broilers' blood. The combination of CIF flour at a level of 10% supplemented with 0.2% citric acid can be used as an energy source to replace corn without having a bad effect on production performance, carcass quality, and small intestine characteristics of broilers.

In Vivo Studies Should Take Priority When Defining Mechanisms of Intestinal Crypt Morphogenesis.

In Vivo Studies Should Take Priority When Defining Mechanisms of Intestinal Crypt Morphogenesis.