Vigna Ungiculata Research Articles

Assessing the Efficacy and Economics of Selected Insecticides against Pod Borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on Cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp]

Assessing the Efficacy and Economics of Selected Insecticides against Pod Borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on Cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp]

Evaluation of Methods of Adding Chitosan and Potassium Silicate on Some Soil Fertility and Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) Plant Productivity

This work aims to evaluate two methods of chitosan and potassium silicate application in 10, 15, and 20 days water irrigation on soil fertility and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) productivit. A field experiment was conducted in saline soil located in Sahl El-Hossinia at El-Sharkia Governorate. The location lies between latitude 32° / 00 to 32° / 15, N and longitude 30° / 50 to 31° / 15 E. For two successive summer seasons 2021 and 2022 cultivated with Cowpea, to study the evaluation of two methods applied for chitosan and silicate potassium combined with or without mineral N fertilizers different rate on some soil fertility and cowpea productivity under irrigation water periods. The experiments were carried out in a split-plotdesign with three replicates. Results obtained that the decreases of soil pH and soil salinity, as well as the increase of available macro-micronutrients contents in soil as affected with potassium silicate foliar application combined with mineral N through intervals irrigation period 10 days compared to other treatments. the increase of plant height (cm), No. of pods/plant, No. of branches /plant, weight 100 seeds (g), weight pods (ton/fed), and seeds yield (ton/fed) with increasing mineral N fertilizer rate combined with potassium silicate foliar application under irrigation water interval 10 days compared with other treatments. Also, the highest mean values of N, P, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrationsin seeds cowpea 4.16, 0.67, 9.20, 40.22 and 24.64 % respectively as affected with potassium silicate foliar application under irrigation water interval of 10 days than other treatments. From the previous results, we found that the method of foliar application of potassium silicate and chitosan under irrigation water at different periods has significant effects on all soil and plant characteristics compared to the soaking method.

Registration of ‘ARTPEA‐204B’, an early‐maturing cowpea cultivar for the southern agro‐ecology of Nigeria, with high fodder, high grain yield and reduced need for insecticidal spray

AbstractCowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp] production is affected by numerous constraints such as insect pests, diseases (fungal, viral, and bacterial), poor soil fertility, metal toxicity, drought, and excessive rainfall. The high cost of input, especially pesticides, also contributes to the reduction of cowpea yield potential in sub‐Saharan Africa. ‘ARTPEA‐204B’ (Reg. no. CV‐351, PI 702792; National code NGVU‐22‐38), also known as Modupe, was developed through a cross between ‘Ife Brown’ and a wild cowpea landrace and release by the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 2022. It was bred for early maturing, high grain and fodder yield, and reduced insecticidal spray for the southern agro‐ecologies of Nigeria. ARTPEA‐204B along with Ife Brown and other cowpea lines were evaluated under farmer's management conditions in an on‐farm trial conducted in 30 communities in 15 local government areas of Ondo, Ekiti, Osun, and Oyo States in 2021 under farmers’ condition. ARTPEA‐204B is early maturing (69–72 days), high‐yielding fodder (4500 kg/ha) and grain (1.29 t/ha), photoperiod insensitive, reduce spray, and adaptable to all agro‐ecologies in southern Nigeria.

Analysis of genetic parameters, trait association and genetic diversity in fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Fodder cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.) is regarded as one of the most important leguminous fodders due to its high biomass yield, high protein content and rapid growing nature. A study to analyze different genetic parameters, trait association and diversity was carried out with 79 fodder cowpea genotypes. The mean performances of the genotypes showed wide variation for all the traits studied. Plant height, the number of primary branches, the number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area index and dry matter yield were found to have a substantial and positive relationship with green fodder yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the leaf area index needs to be given due weightage for improving green fodder yield in cowpea. The 79 fodder cowpea genotypes were grouped into 10 clusters of which three were solitary which confirmed the presence of wide genetic diversity among the fodder cowpea germplasm lines. The maximum intra cluster distance was exhibited by cluster ІІІ followed by clusters ІX, ІІ, І, ІV, V and VІІ, whereas the cluster II and cluster IX recorded the greatest inter-cluster distance. Based on mean performance for green fodder production, the genotypes GETC 54, GETC 46, TNFC 0926, and GETC 53 were observed to be better prospects for exploitation in future breeding programs. Keywords: Fodder cowpea, genetic parameters, trait association, path analysis, genetic diversity

FUMIGANT TOXICITY OF NATURAL PLANT PRODUCTS IN FORM OF ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST PULSE BEETLE CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS (L.) (COLEOPTERA:BRUCHIDAE)

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is an important pest of stored cowpea, Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walpers (Fabales: Fabaceae), with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. Many plant essential oils have a broad-spectrum activity against pest insects, and these oils traditionally have been used in the protection of stored products. The present investigation was aimed to assess the impact of two essential oils for their insecticidal activity against C. chinensis and they were tested in laboratory. In this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of essential oils from Aegle marmelos (L) Correa (Rutaceae) and Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae) were evaluated against the larvae and adults of C. chinensis at 30 ± 2° C, 75 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 10:14 L:D. The LC50 values of A. marmelos and C. reticulata were 14.351 !IL and 15.231 !IL after 72 hr against adults and 13.296 [t.1_, and 14.997 1.11_, after 72 hr of exposure against larvae, respectively. Therefore, these essential oils can be suggested for controlling C. chinensis in storage systems.

Effect of Zn and Fe Enriched FYM on Yield, Nutrient Content and Uptake by Cowpea Irrigated with Sodic Water

A pot experiment was conducted during kharif 2018-19 at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) to study the “Effect of Zn and Fe enriched Farmyard manure on nutrient availability and yield of cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.)wilczek] under sodic water irrigation” to evaluate the effect of different sodic water and sources of Zn and Fe on yield, nutrient concentration and uptake by cowpea on loamy sand soil. The experiment comprising of 15 treatment combinations replicated three times, was laid out randomized block design with three levels of sodic water (2, 4 and 6 mmol L-1 ) and five levels of sources of Zn and Fe (0, ZnSO4.7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, Zn enriched FYM, Fe enriched FYM) as variables. The total and number of nodules per plant, nodule index, pods per plant and seeds per pod were counted at stage and harvesting respectively. Results revealed that under 6 mmol L-1 Residual sodium carbonate of irrigation water, the seed and straw yield of, nutrient concentration and uptake viz., P, K, Zn and Fe in seed and straw decreased significantly with all levels of sodic water and maximum reduction was recorded with the application of 6 mmol L-1 of sodic water, while N in seed and straw, protein content in seed increased significantly. The application of Zn enriched FYM increased seed and straw yield , nutrient concentration and uptake viz., N, P, K, Zn and Fe in seed and straw, protein content in seed.

Manjari: A Cowpea Aphid Borne Mosaic Virus (CABMV) tolerant yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (L) Verdc) variety suited for problem zone of Kerala

Cowpea is an important vegetable crop worldwide and it contributes to nutritional security, income generation and soil fertility enhancement. The production of cowpea is limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is a major virus disease that results in substantial yield loss to the crop. The development and release of resistant varieties is the most viable option in the management of this disease. The objective of the study was to develop CABMV resistant cowpea varieties without compromising yield and quality which are suited for intercropping as well as pure crops. Backcross breeding for imparting disease resistance was performed in which CABMV resistance was transferred from the cultivar CO6. KMV1 is a superior variety suited for intercropping in coconut gardens and well suited to the special problem zone of Kerala but susceptible to virus disease. The segregating generations up to BC4F3 were evaluated for disease resistance and economically important traits. The economically superior selection having CABMV resistance was released as variety Manjari. The variety possesses the characteristics of tolerance to mosaic disease, shade tolerance, ideal for intercropping and very good culinary characters. Key words: Yard long bean, CABMV resistance, Vigna ungiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis

Cantharis 200c counters heat stress in germinating seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Background
 Thermal stress during early imbibitional phase of germination causes disruption of redox-homeostasis by increasing accumulation of ROS Reactive Oxygen species (assessed in terms of hydrogen peroxide) and significant reduction of antioxidative defense (assessed in terms of catalase and peroxidase) in germinating tissues of cowpea (Vigna ungiculata). It also induces oxidative damage to newly assembled membrane system by aggravating membrane lipid peroxidation [measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)]. Cantharis is a homeopathic remedy used for treating burn injuries in humans. The objective is to see whether potentized Cantharis could ameliorate heat stress in germinating seeds of cowpea.
 
 Methodology
 Seeds, imbibed in water overnight, were divided into four groups (n=50/group): Control I (Water 200c), Control II (Ethanol 200c), treated with Cantharis 200c and untreated and unstressed. Water soaked seeds were dipped in control/drug solution for 5 min and then washed. Control II and Cantharis 200c were diluted with water 1:1000 to minimize the ethanol effect. Except the fourth group, all other groups were subjected to heat stress (450C for 8 hours). All the groups were allowed to germinate for 5 days in germination chamber at 25 ± 20C. Groups 1 and 2 (Control I and II) served as systematic negative controls throughout the experiment. Ten independent replications were performed for each group in parallel. All experiments were randomized and blinded. 
 
 
 Results
 The systematic negative controls (I, II) did not produce any significant effect. The results in terms of germination, growth, soluble sugar, protein, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and loss of membrane permeability clearly exhibit that Cantharis 200c could mitigate heat stress significantly (p

Rotations with Crotalaria spp. do not suppress populations of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton

Summary Field studies were conducted in Mato Grosso, Brazil and Georgia, USA to evaluate the efficacy of Crotalaria spp. as a rotational cover crop for managing Meloidogyne incognita in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The two studies differed in how Crotalaria spp. were incorporated into the cotton production system to reflect differences in climate (tropical vs subtropical) and production systems typical for the two regions. In Mato Grosso, Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis were planted after soybean in late summer, grown for approximately 300 days, and incorporated into the soil 6-15 days prior to cotton planting. In Georgia, C. juncea and a nematode-resistant cowpea, Vigna ungiculata, were planted after maize in the late summer, grown until killed by frost in the early winter, and cotton was planted in the next season. Soil population densities of M. incognita and root galling in cotton were similar in cotton following either fallow, resistant cowpea, or Crotalaria spp. However, Crotalaria spp. significantly increased cotton plant height at the time of harvest relative to the other treatments. Except for one of the experiments in Brazil, incorporation of Crotalaria spp. in the rotational scheme did not increase cotton yield. Results indicate that a cover crop of Crotalaria spp. does not suppress M. incognita in cotton production system more than a fallow period or planting a resistant cover crop.

Influence of weather parameters on incidence of cowpea pod borer in central zone of Kerala

Cowpea is an annual herbaceous legume and is a main crop across Africa and Asia. It can be grown in sandy soil and is susceptible to low rainfall conditions. Cowpea pod borer (Muraca vitrata) is the main pest of cowpea. Weather factors affect different crops in many ways. Changing weather pattern over different regions affect host plants and pests. Total variability of pest populations in crops is determined by the natural growth of population and the influence of weather on activity and rate of multiplication of the insects (Kirk, 1997). Increased temperature increases productivity of cowpea if sufficient water is available, they also afford many insect species. Study conducted to examine the pest weather relationship of cowpea pod borer. Investigation was carried out on pod borer attack in cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.] in five different stations of Thrissur, Kerala for three years from 2012-14. The study revealed that cowpea pod borer incidence had positive correlation with maximum temperature and diurnal temperature range, whereas, pod borer incidence showed a negative correlation with rainfall, number of rainy days and afternoon relative humidity. Step-wise regression analysis showed that maximum temperature and afternoon relative humidity experienced in prior week and rainfall and number of rainy days in prior two weeks are the significant weather factors for predicting pod borer infestation in cowpea.

Efficiency and effectiveness of physical and chemical mutagens in cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.)Walp)

A study was conducted in cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) varieties, VBN 3 and CO(CP) 7 to find the efficiency andeffectiveness of physical (Gamma rays and Electron beam) and chemical (EMS) mutagens. A wide range of chlorophyll mutants and viable mutants were observed in the field. Overall chlorophyll mutant and viable mutant frequency was higher in EMS treatments in both the varieties. Mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness was also found to be higher in EMS treatments followed by electron beam and gamma rays. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency decreased with increase in doses of all mutagenic treatments.

EFFECT OF NEEM COMPARED WITH PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF COWPEA ROOT ROT DISEASE

Cowpea also known as 'black eye beans' (Vigna ungiculata L.) is an important leguminous and hay crop in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina causes significant losses in cowpea. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the bio-potential of neem cake with Pseudomonas fluorescens on the management of cowpea root rot disease. In this study, P. fluorescens as seed and soil application (@ 10 gm/kg and 2.5 kg/ha) with neem oil cake as soil application @ 0.25 t/ha (T6) significantly reduced the root rot disease incidence with a maximum per cent disease reduction and increased the biometrics of cowpea plant under both pot and field trials. Keywords: Macrophomina phaseolina, cowpea, neem, in-vivo.

Studies on interrelationship and path coefficient analysis of fodder yield and yield component traits in fodder cowpea (Vigna ungiculata L. Walp)

An experiment was carried out to assess the nature and magnitude of association among 11 quantitative traits in 136 fodder cowpea accessions. From correlation studies, it is evident that the traits viz., number of primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant and leaf area exhibited significant positive correlation towards green fodder yield per plant as well as dry matter yield per plant. The highest positive direct effect of leaf area and the highest positive indirect effects of number of leaves per plant and dry matter yield per plant via leaf area would contribute more towards increasing green fodder yield per plant. Thus the traits viz., number of primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and dry matter yield per plant could be opted as selection index for fodder yield improvement in cowpea.

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Evaluation of Performances of Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) Genotypes in Agronomy Farm of Lamjung Campus

Seed to seed production experiments for cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) was conducted at Agronomy farm at IAAS Lamjung, and to compare production potentialities of given cowpea genotypes under the given sets of conditions. The treatment consists of two cowpea varieties viz. Prakash (Standard Check) and Malepatan (Local check) and four genotypes; IT 99K-573-2-1, IT 86F-2062-5, IT 93K-452-1, IT 98K-205-8. The experiment was conducted on RCBD design. .All other activities were carried out according to prepared working calendar almost from August 2016 to December 2016. Data collection were done for pre-determined growth and other yield parameters and was analyzed using MSTAT. Major parameters were Grain yield, Seeds/plant, Pods/plant, plant height, pod length, harvest index and test weight. Result shows maximum grain yield and harvest index was found for Prakash (Standard Check).Plant height and Pods /Plant was found highest for IT 99K-573-2-1. Similarly highest seed weight was found for Prakash (Standard Check) and Seeds/Plant and Pod length was maximum for IT 86F-2062-5.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(3): 382-385

PpTFDB: A pigeonpea transcription factor database for exploring functional genomics in legumes.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), a diploid legume crop, is a member of the tribe Phaseoleae. This tribe is descended from the millettioid (tropical) clade of the subfamily Papilionoideae, which includes many important legume crop species such as soybean (Glycine max), mung bean (Vigna radiata), cowpea (Vigna ungiculata), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). It plays major role in food and nutritional security, being rich source of proteins, minerals and vitamins. We have developed a comprehensive Pigeonpea Transcription Factors Database (PpTFDB) that encompasses information about 1829 putative transcription factors (TFs) and their 55 TF families. PpTFDB provides a comprehensive information about each of the identified TFs that includes chromosomal location, protein physicochemical properties, sequence data, protein functional annotation, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) with primers derived from their motifs, orthology with related legume crops, and gene ontology (GO) assignment to respective TFs. (PpTFDB: http://14.139.229.199/PpTFDB/Home.aspx) is a freely available and user friendly web resource that facilitates users to retrieve the information of individual members of a TF family through a set of query interfaces including TF ID or protein functional annotation. In addition, users can also get the information by browsing interfaces, which include browsing by TF Categories and by, GO Categories. This PpTFDB will serve as a promising central resource for researchers as well as breeders who are working towards crop improvement of legume crops.

Ensiling Legume with Cereal Fodder Influences Quality of Silage Mixtures

This study was conducted to determine the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of corn (Zea mays L.) + cow pea (Vigna ungiculata L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) + alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silages. The corn-cowpea and oats-alfalfa mixtures were ensiled separately in the ratio of 100: 0 (A), 75: 25 (B), 50: 50 (C), 25: 75 (D) and 0: 100 (E) of grass and legume in each case. The fodder mixtures were ensiled in vacuumed plastic bags for 45 days at room temperature. The addition of cowpea in corn or alfalfa in oats had significant effect (P<0.05) on chemical composition, pH value, NH3-N and total digestible nutrients of silage mixtures. The levels of crude protein, ash content, pH value and NH3-N were higher (P<0.05) in silage mixtures with increased proportion of legumes. Acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre contents were, however, high in silage mixture with increased proportion of corn or oats. Fermentation characteristics improved in corn-cowpea and oats-alfalfa mixture silages at a ratio of 75: 25 compared with the other combinations.

Factors That Compromise the Nutritional Value of Cowpea Fluor and Its Protein Isolates

Anti-nutritional studies on cowpea (Vigna ungiculata L.) seeds as whole cowpea flour (WCF), dehulled cowpea flour (DCF), dehulled defatted cowpea flour (DDCF) and protein isolates obtained from DDCF by isoelectric (CPIA) and micellization (CPIB) precipitation. The protein content of WCF and DDCF were 22.3% and 26.75% respectively, while CPIA and CPIB showed 75% and 76% respectively. The abundant minerals in WCF and DCF were calcium (32.38 - 33.61 mg/100 g); potassium (29.25 - 24.99 mg/100 g); and sodium (1.76 - 1.00 mg/100 g). The least abundant minerals were iron (0.004 - 0.013 mg/100 g); copper (0.04 - 0.25 mg/100 g); manganese (0.18 - 0.30 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.26 - 1.22 mg/100 g); respectively. Trypsin inhibitor activity for WCF, CPIA and CPIB was found 16,640 TIU/g, 4293 TIU/g and 4290 TIU/g respectively. Condensed tannins in RCF and DDCF were found 0.003% and 0.004% respectively while phytic acid content 0.8% and 1.17% respectively, no phytic acid and tannins were observed in protein isolates. Cowpea flour was also similar to other edible grain legumes in content of anti-nutritional factors; appropriate processing methods improved cowpea nutritive value and significantly reduced the levels of anti-nutritional factors.

Population dynamics of major insect pests of cowpea [Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.

Investigations were carried out on population dynamics of major insect pests that attack cowpea [ Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp.] at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2012-13. The results revealed that aphid and jassid population started from 3 rd week of October, reached a peak of 3.4 aphid index and 3.8 jassids/ leaf by 1 st week of December whereas whitefly population started from 3 rd week of October and reached to a peak level of 3.7 whiteflies per leaf in 4 th week of November. Cowpea pod borer population started in 2 nd week of November and reached to a peak level (2.8 larvae/plant) in 1 st week of December and thereafter, decreased gradually. Spotted pod borer population started from 1 st week of November coinciding with the flower initiation and reached to a peak of 2.8 larvae per leaf in 1st week of December. Among various weather parameters, evening relative humidity showed a significantly negative influence on population of almost all pests and minimum temperature showed a significantly negative correlation with aphid, cowpea pod borer and ladybird beetle population.

The Effect of pH on Foaming Properties of Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata L.walp) Flour and Protein Isolates

The effect of pH on foaming properties on cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) seeds as whole cowpea flour (WCF), dehulled cowpea flour (DCF), dehulled defatted cowpea flour (DDCF) and cowpea protein isolates (CPI) obtained from DDCF by isoelectric (CPIA) and micellization (CPIB) precipitation was studied. The protein % was found to be 22.3% in (WCF) and 26% in (DDCF) flour, while 75 and 76% for CPIA and CPIB respectively. The foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) were greatly affected by pH values. FC of DDCF and CPIB showed minimum level at pH 2.0 while CPIA at pH 4.0. However, the FS of DDCF was highest at pH 5.0 while CPIA and CPIB were less stable. CPIB have poor FS compared to CPIA at all pH ranges (2-12). Maximum FS was observed at pH 9.0 for DDCF which remain stable up to standing period of 2 hr. CPIA form foam with highest initial volume and maximum FS was observed at pH 9.0. FC of all products was found to be higher at alkaline region of pH compared to acidic side. Defattening markedly increase the FC in the flours.