Vigna Mungo Cv Research Articles

Salicylic acid increases tolerance of Vigna mungo cv. T9 to short-term drought stress

Salicylic acid increases tolerance of Vigna mungo cv. T9 to short-term drought stress

Assessment of variability and association for seed yield and yield attributing traits among the interspecific derivatives of greengram x blackgram cross

The present investigation was carried out with 24 progenies in F4 generation of interspecific cross derivatives of Vigna radiata cv. VBN(Gg)2 x Vigna mungo cv. Mash 114 to study the variability and association among the yield and the yield component traits. A set of 24 F4 progenies from the interspecific cross between greengram (VBN(Gg)2) and blackgram (Mash 114) formed the basic genetic material for the present investigation. Variability studies recorded high Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for the traits viz., number of branches/ plant, number of clusters/ plant, number of pods/ plant and seed yield /plant. High heritability (h2) along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM) were recorded for the traits, plant height, number of clusters/ plant, number of pods/ plant and seed yield/ plant. Association studies revealed that the trait number of pods/ plant alone recorded high direct positive effect on seed yield/ plant. The results indicated that high magnitude of variability was present among the interspecific progenies for these traits. The high heritability and genetic advance might be due to presence of additive gene action. Hence selection based on these traits might be effective for genetic improvement among the interspecific progenies of Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo. The study indicates that the trait, number of pods / plant should be given due importance in selection programme for seed yield improvement in the interspecific progenies of greengram and blackgram.

Introgression of Vigna mungo Genome into Vigna radiata Towards the Broadening of Genetic Base for MYMV Resistance and Yield Attributes

The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban to assess the introgression level of blackgram (Vigna mungo cv. Mash 114) genome into greengram (Vigna radiata cv. VBN(Gg)2) genome background through interspecific hybridization. Superior progenies with high yield potential and MYMV disease resistance were selected in F4 generation of cross VBN(Gg)2 and Mash 114 and evaluated in F5 generation. Based on per se and yield performance, six superior F5 progenies were selected and subjected to background analysis. A set of 84 SSR primers were surveyed and 33 SSRs were found to be polymorphic between parents. The results showed that 10.9 to 34.9 per cent of Vigna mungo genome was introgressed into Vigna radiata background. The proportion of homozygotes and heterozygotes among the progenies ranged from 5.4 to 28.8 and 7.2 to 22.2 per cent respectively. Among the six progenies surveyed, one progeny 3-10-19 recorded a maximum of 34.9% of blackgram genome. The present investigation showed the successful introgression of Vigna mungo genome into the Vigna radiata background.

Cross inoculation with beneficial Rhizobium strain promotes plant growth in Vigna mungo

Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms facilitates plant growth and is an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, cross inoculation of Rhizobium aegyptiacum, an osmotolarant bacterial strain enhances growth in Vigna mungo cv. T9, a widely cultivated variety. In cross inoculated T9 plants, the stem length is increased in comparison to uninoculated plants and plants inoculated with the native Bradyrhizobium sp. Both the fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot is higher in R. aegyptiacum inoculated plants as compared to Bradyrhizobium inoculated plants. Thus, R. aegyptiacum can be successfully cross inoculated in drought susceptible agronomically desirable black gram varieties for better growth.

Association analysis for seed yield and component traits in interspecific derivatives of greengram and blackgram

A total of 52 progenies in F5 generation derived from an interspecific cross between greengram (Vigna radiata cv. VBN(Gg)2) and blackgram (Vigna mungo cv. Mash 114) were subjected to correlation and path analysis. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that number of pods per plant recorded significant and positive association with seed yield per plant. This trait alone recorded high direct effect on seed yield per plant. It also had moderate to high indirect effect for other traits. Hence number of pods per plant can be given top most priority while framing selection strategy for improvement of seed yield in interspecific derivatives of Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo.

ADAPTATION OF EXTRA-SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEA IN THE SHORT RAINY SEASON OF A TROPICAL BIMODAL RAINFALL ENVIRONMENT

The adaptation of extra-short-duration (ESD) and short-duration (SD) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes to the short rainy season (late March to late May; yala) was studied in Sri Lanka in 1995 and 1996. Eight ESD and two SD genotypes were sown on two dates in April and May, with and without supplementary irrigation. In addition, pigeonpea ESD genotype ICPL 88039, and SD genotype ICPL 86012, sesame (Sesamum indicum cv. M.I.3), blackgram (Vigna mungo cv. M.I.1) were compared under rainfed zero-tillage conditions after a rice crop at two locations in 1996. Grain yields of the pigeonpea genotypes under rainfed conditions ranged from 0.07 to 0.47 t ha−1 in the early sowings and 0.09 to 0.42 t ha−1 in the late sowings. The irrigated yields reached 1.7 t ha−1 in early sowing and 1.3 t ha−1 in the late sowings. Irrigation differentially influenced the performance of pigeonpea genotypes in both the sowings in 1996. Analysis of pooled data showed highly significant genotype × environment (year–sowing–irrigation combination) interactions. The interaction pattern among genotypes was associated with differences in the length of the reproductive period and the partitioning coefficient of genotypes. ICPL 88039, with the shortest reproductive period and one of the best in partitioning efficiency, recorded maximum mean yield. As a rainfed post-rice crop in farmers’ fields, ICPL 88039 yielded 0.43–1.4 t ha−1 which exceeded yields of SD pigeonpea (0.02–0.88 t ha−1), blackgram (0.03–1.00 t ha−1) and sesame (0–0.09 t ha−1). The results suggest scope for introducing ESD genotypes as a sole crop in the yala season in Sri Lanka since genotypes with short reproductive periods and high partitioning efficiencies are likely to have better adaptation to this season.

Adaptation to water deficits in three grain legume species. Mechanisms of turgor maintenance

Adaptation to water deficit, in terms of maintenance of leaf turgor pressure, was studied in four grain legumes — two soybean cultivars ( Glycine max cvs. Valder and Forrest) and one cultivar each of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata cv. Banjo) and black gram ( Vigna mungo cv. Regur). Experiments, in which high and low water deficit treatments were created by varying water supply, were conducted in both the field and glasshouse. Turgor pressures were derived from measurements of water and osmotic potentials. The species differed in the methods of maintaining turgor pressure. In cowpea and black gram, regulation of leaf water potential was predominant, while in the soybean cultivars solute accumulation played a more important role, reaching values of up to 0.5 MPa at a water potential of - 1 MPa. Regulation of water potential seemed to be effected by reductions in leaf area and, presumably, low resistances to water flow, though stomatal conductance did not seem to be an important cause of regulation of water potential under conditions of protracted water deficits in the field. Changes in the water potential at zero turgor with ontogeny were associated with increases in background solutes in all species. Values varied from 0.1 MPa to 0.4 MPa. However, solute accumulation in response to water stress did not change with ontogeny or leaf position.

Nitrogen dynamics of oats, sorghum, black gram, green panic and lucerne on a clay soil in south-eastern Queensland

Changes in the distribution of nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a clay soil (Pellustert) under oats (Avena sativa cv. Minhafer), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. E57), black gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur), green panic (Panicum maximum cv. Petrie), and lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River), and the uptake of N into plant shoots, were measured at Narayen on the brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) lands of south-eastem Queensland over each cropping season in 1975-85. Nitrate-N accumulated in the subsoil (30-150 cm) under sorghum and black gram, but not under oats. Green panic depleted nitrate-N after 2 years, and lucerne after 1 year. Losses of nitrate-N during 2 wet years reached 300 kg/ha under sorghum and black gram, and 57 kg/ha under oats, but were negligible under green panic and lucerne. Leaching to below 150 cm in the soil was the probable cause. The supply of soil N to oats, sorghum, and black gram was adequate during the 10 years, but the N yield of green panic decreased from 239 kg/ha to 150 kg/ha after 5 years. Accumulation of nitrate-N under sorghum and black gram could be utilised by rotating these crops with green panic or lucerne. This would also improve the productivity of green panic pastures. Rotating the summer crops with oats (winter crop) or with deeprooted crops (e.g. sunflowers) should also be tested. Alternatively, reduction of production of nitrate-N in the soil could be attempted. Zero or reduced tillage could do this, but it may also increase leaching by increasing the entry and movement of water in the soil.

Canopy development in grain legumes grown under different soil water regimes in a semi-arid tropical environment

Differences in the proportion of radiation intercepted at solar noon ( F), leaf canopy development and leaf conductance ( g 1) of soybean ( Glycine max cvs. Buchanan and Durack), green gram ( Vigna radiata cvs. Berken and CES-ID-21), black gram ( Vigna mungo cv. Regur), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata cv. Red Caloona), lablab bean ( Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth) and pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan cvs. Royes and insensitive ICP 7179) grown under different soil water regimes were analysed. When water deficits developed immediately following seedling establishment and were unrelieved to maturity the reduction in F was attributed to reduced leaf area development and more vertical leaf orientation, but no leaf loss occurred until near maturity. These reductions in F occurred in all grain legumes before any decreases in g 1 measured at solar noon were observed. In contrast, when water deficits developed from 6 weeks after sowing after an appreciable canopy had developed, F decreased immediately primarily due to leaf loss but did not fall as low as the maximum value of F in the regime where irrigation was terminated at seedling establishment. This indicates that leaf loss is not as sensitive to water deficits as leaf area development. Also, there were immediate reductions in g 1 as well as F when irrigation was terminated 6 weeks after sowing. There were differences among grain legumes in the degree of reduction in F in response to water deficits. Since the measurement of F is simpler and more rapid than the measurement of g 1, and since F is a much more sensitive indicator of the time of onset of water deficits, it is suggested that F be used as an index to quantify the development of water deficits in these crops.

Rhizobium strain evaluation of Glycine max cv. Davis, Vigna mungo cv. Regur and V. unguiculata cv. Caloona for three soils in glasshouse and field experiments

The need for inoculation of soybean (Glycine max cv. Davis), gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur) and cowpea (V. unguiculata cv. Caloona) with six appropriate strains of Rhizobium in two grain legume, clay soil growing areas (Narayen and Emerald, central Queensland) and a Rhizobium free (to sparse) soil (Beerwah, in south-eastern Queensland) was investigated in glasshouse and field experiments. Inoculated plants generally had vegetative and grain yields which were between those of the nitrogen and nil nitrogen uninoculated controls, although for the freely nodulating Vigna species the nil nitrogen control plants were sometimes as large as those in the inoculated treatments. The strains of Rhizobium CB1015 and CB1243 performed well on cowpea and gram as did most strains used as inoculum on soybean. Strain USDA94 was often poor on soybean. In the two heavy clay soils tested, plants inoculated with CB756 and the streptomycin-resistant mutant CB756str developed nitrogen deficiency symptoms in their leaves, suggesting that the strains were not suited to those soil types. There was not a close relationship between the glasshouse and field means due to large residual errors in the field.

Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south-eastern Queensland. IV. Interaction with sowing arrangement

The effect of spatial arrangement and population density on growth, dry matter production, yield and water use of black gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur), green gram (V. radiata cv. Berken), cowpea (V. unguiculata CPI 28215) and soybean (Glycine rnax CP126671), under irrigated, rain-fed fallowed and rain-fed double-cropped culture was evaluated at Dalby in south-eastern Queensland. Equidistant spacings increased initial rates of leaf area index (LAI) development and crop water use compared with 1-m rows at the same population densities. In the irrigated and rain-fed fallowed treatments, where more water was available for crop growth, both seed yields and total crop water use were higher in the equidistant spacings. However, in the double-cropped treatment, where water availability was limited, there was no yield difference between rows and equidistant spacings, primarily because initially faster growth in the latter was offset by more severe water stress later in the season. Higher population density also increased initial crop growth rate and water use, particularly in the equidistant spacings. However, there was no significant yield response to density, presumably because subsequent competition for light/ water offset initial effects on growth. Although absolute yield differences existed between legume cultivars within cultural treatments, there were no significant differential responses to either spatial arrangement or population density among these four cultivars.

Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south-eastern Queensland. I. Physiological response mechanisms

The response of soybean (Glycine max CPI 26671), black gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur), green gram ( V , radiata cv. Berken) and cowpea (V. unguiculta CPI 28215) to water stress was evaluated in the field at Dalby in south-east Queensland. Three stress response mechanisms were identified in each species but the degree of expression varied substantially. The Vigna spp. cultivars exhibited a measure of escape through faster development in response to stress, particularly in the flowering to maturity phase. Black gram and cowpea revealed additional developmental plasticity in terms of the ability to produce new flushes of flowering when stress was relieved late in the life cycle. Variation in phenology of the soybean cultivar in response to stress was small. Two mechanisms served to avoid dehydration through reduced water loss, viz. (i) stomatal closure in response to falling leaf water potential, and (ii) paraheliotropic leaf movement. Stomatal closure occurred at higher leaf water potentials and the expression of paraheliotropy under stress was strongest in Vigna spp. cultivars. Reduced leaf conductances were associated with higher leaf temperatures, particularly in soybean where paraheliotropy under stress was small. The inter-relationships between stress mechanisms, and some implications of cultivar differences for acclimatization to drought, are discussed.

Changes in the numbers of antibiotic-resistant rhizobia in the soil and rhizosphere of field grown Vigna mungo CV. Regur

A streptomycin-resistant variant, of CB756 was used as seed inoculum to follow population changes in rhizosphere and soil of black gram ( Vigna mungo cv. Regur) by direct plating onto an antibiotic agar medium. The number of viable rhizobia decreased from the initial level added to the soil at sowing. There was a further decrease during the early stages of root development, which was followed by a substantial increase in the rhizosphere population, and this increase continued for the duration of the experiment. Very little consistent change in soil numbers occurred until after plant senescence and nodule and root decay, which coincided with an increase in the soil numbers of CB756str r. Movement of the inoculum strain in the soil and rhizosphere from the seed inoculum was estimated by measuring lateral and vertical distribution of nodules on the root system.