View Of Corruption Research Articles

Semangat Anti Korupsi dalam Moderasi Beragama (Studi Komparatif Agama Islam dan Kristen)

Corruption is a deviant act in social life, culture, especially in religion. The act is seen as a misuse and abuse of power or position and betrayal of trust. The phenomenon of corruption has become ingrained in a country, and Indonesia is no exception. Therefore, what is the concept of corruption according to Islam and Christianity?. With aliteratur study and comparative analysis, this research found: Islam views corruption as 1). Akhdzul amwal bil bathil, which is eating other people’s wealth unlawfuly, 2). Al-gulul, which is betrayal or misappropriation, 3). Al-Suhtu, which is the proceeds of an unlawful act, 4). Risywah, or bribery. Christianity views corruption as theft, an act of moral corruption, self-enrichment, and abuse of authority. As for addressing this, Islam gives the sancition of cutting hands to corruptors, while Christianity sanctions corruption with compensation twice as much as what stolen or corrupted.

Corruption case of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) in Indonesia: Framing analysis study of MediaIndonesia.com and Okezone.com

The BTS (Base Transceiver Station) construction corruption case of the Minister of Communications and Information, Johny G. Plate, who is also a cadre of the Nasdem Party, has caused a lot of debate among netizens. Online news portals with different party owners are also said to have an impact on the framing of reality and influencing readers' perspectives in viewing the BTS corruption issue. Therefore, it is necessary to further examine how the online media Mediaindonesia.com and Okezone.com framed the corruption case involving Johny G. Plate as the Secretary General of Nasdem Party and former Minister of Communication and Information. The method used in this research is the framing analysis proposed by Robert N. Entman. The subjects of this research are the online media news portals Mediaindonesia.com and Okezone.com, while the objects are news articles about the identification of Johny G. Plate (JP) as a suspect in the BTS Kominfo corruption case. The research results revealed that MediaIndonesia.com tends to view corruption cases with a positive frame by prioritizing the principle of presumption of innocence for not firing Johny G. Plate as Secretary General of the Nasdem Party. In contrast, Okezone.com tends to frame the news by supporting legal efforts to thoroughly investigate the case and supporting a number of DPP Perindo Party stances that seem to be framed as the stance of the news portal.

Analyzing the Phenomenon of Financial and Administrative Corruption in the Iraqi Economy

The phenomenon of corruption in Iraq is not the result of the current period. It is dated back to more than three decades. The clearest ugly form of corruption is in 2003 as Iraq has occupied the highest ranks in financial and administrative corruption because of the occupation and the security conditions that accompanied it, the lack of independent authority, the destruction of the infrastructure, changingthe policy of The economic situation, the large amount of money spent on the reconstruction of Iraq,the transparency of media of all kinds and means, which obtained freedom to view corruption files credibly sometimes to some extent, which contributed to the spreadingand growing of the phenomenon of corruption. The Integrity Commission estimated the funds lost due to financial and administrative corruption in Iraq at approximately 320 billiondollars during the past 15 years. The Commission has received thousands of cases related to corruption.In the first quarter of 2017, the commission received (9832)cases of which (4443) cases were resolved. The research started from a question describing the research problem;"What are the implications of administrative and financial corruption in the environment of the Iraqi economy and what role is adopted by the economic and regulatory authorities in reducing this phenomenon?"due to the high degree of importance to the growing negative role played by administrative corruption in Economicperformance. The present study assumes that:"Administrative and financialcorruption is one of the main factors that limit the process of economic development in Iraq and thus contributes to hinder projects and plans of development and investment".The present study aimsat raising awareness of the seriousness of administrativeand financial corruption and its various forms, identifying causes and motives of corruption, seeking to reduce the negative effects on the development of its economic, social,and administrative dimensions, and tryingto develop effective solutions to address this phenomenon. The research answered the question and the assumption above.The present study is divided into three main sections. Section one presents the theoretical framework. Section two discusses the role played by financial authorities in addressing financial and administrative corruption. Section threetackles the economic effects of financial and administrative corruption in the environment of the Iraqi economy and waysto address them. The present study has come up with many conclusions and recommendations:Corruption thrives intheavailability of a favorable and encouraging environment.Corruption continues to limit opportunities for growth and economic development.If corruption escalates by 1%, the economic growth rate will decline by 0.72%.The present study focuseson recommendations regarding the legislative, economic and social aspects that constitute a roadmap forthrusting this phenomenon

Developments in China's Public Opinion from Hu to Xi: Corruption, Activism and Regime Legitimacy

AbstractThis original analysis of the World Values Survey waves of 2007, 2012 and 2018 reveals important relationships among political trust and satisfaction, happiness, views of corruption, local elections and activism from the last half of the Hu Jintao administration through the first five years of Xi Jinping's rule. These data shed new light on the deeper dynamics underlying the high and growing levels of trust in government documented in other studies. Among this report's more novel findings, we find increased trust in government coincides with decreased local electoral participation, suggesting that participation in local elections is not key to perceptions of regime legitimacy. Views of corruption and a sense of personal efficacy through non-institutionalized forms of political participation such as peaceful demonstrations appear more relevant. Thus, constraints on people's ability to engage in peaceful demonstrations are likely to negatively impact views of regime legitimacy. In addition, the report uncovers demographic variations in these dynamics, indicating that regime legitimacy is more precarious among citizens at the bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy and among younger Chinese. Overall, these findings complicate existing explanations of regime legitimacy centring on economic performance, nationalism, responsiveness/adaptiveness and efforts to combat corruption.

КОРРУПЦИЯ КАК ПРОБЛЕМА НЕСПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ

This article reviews existing scientific approaches to the corruption study such as political, economic, functional, and normative-values-based approaches. The political approach views corruption as the misuse of power by a public official for personal and/or group political gain, the solution to corruption is put forward to improve democratization. The economic approach regards the individual as a rational agent, and defines corruption as rationally selfish behavior with careful calculation. All individuals, including politicians and businessmen, commit corruption on selfishly rational calculations because the benefit of corruption is greater than the risk. The functional approach asserts the positive role of corruption in developing countries depending on the socio-cultural context. In this regard, in each society corruption is defined according to each sociocultural context. The author puts forward that the main task in the fight against corruption is to develop a «judgment criterion of corruption», according to which corruption can be defined and which does not fluctuate in each context. In this regard, the author first considers legal norms as a «judgment criterion of corruption» for a more consistent definition of corruption. According to the normative value approach, when discussing the «criterion» it is necessary to consider not only legal norms but also the «a tacit consent» of society. This approach additionally treats corruption as inappropriate behavior with tacit consent and suggests moral principles such as ethics, morality, goodwill and other similar values as the judgment criterion for corruption. However, in order to say that the «criterion of society's judgment» equals moralprinciples or a tacit consent, precise explanations must be provided as to what the values presented above are and whether they can serve as a «just criterion» regardless of any sociocultural context and time horizon. Considering the above approaches, the author concludes that for a true fight against corruption it is necessary to develop a «judgment criterion of corruption», which allows to identify the fundamental causes of corruption, to define its universal definition and to develop a coherent anti-corruption strategy.

TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM

The purpose of this research is to find out how Islam views corruption and how to eradicate corruption according to Islamic criminal law. The research method used in this research is normative juridical research and it can be concluded: 1. Corruption in Islam is an act of violating the Shari'a. Islamic law aims to realize the benefit of mankind with what is called maqashidussy syaria'ah. From the perspective of the wider context of Islamic teachings, the practice of corruption is an act that is contrary to the principles of justice, accountability, and responsibility. Corruption and all its negative impacts cause various distortions to the life of the State and society which can be categorized into acts of destruction on earth which are highly condemned by Allah swt. 2. Islamic Criminal Law places corruption in the category of jarimah takzir, takzir is a legal sanction that is imposed on a person who commits a crime or criminal act who commits violations both related to the rights of Allah swt and human rights, and these violations are not explicitly determined in the form of sanctions in the texts of the Qur'an and hadith. Takzir legal sanctions can be in the form of imprisonment, fines, inclusion in the list of disgraceful people, dismissal, and even the death penalty.

Corruption in the public schools of Europe: A cross-national multilevel analysis of education system characteristics

Researchers have long theorized that characteristics of education systems impact both perceived and experienced corruption in public schools. However, due to insufficient cross-national survey data with measures on corruption in education and unassembled yet publicly available institutional data, there are few empirical tests of this theory. This article provides the rare direct test of the relationship between corruption in European public schools and three education system factors: government expenditure on education, education staff compensation, and teacher workload (pupil–teacher ratio). With a newly constructed harmonized data set for European countries, and controlling for national economic factors and individual characteristics, results of multilevel analyses suggest partial support for the theory that specific institutional characteristics of education systems impact public school corruption. The theorized institutional factors have different effects that depend on whether we examine bribe-giving experience or corruption perception. Results show that bribe-giving experience in public schools of Europe is weakly yet significantly related to education staff compensation. For corruption perception, low levels of government expenditure on education and a lopsided pupil–teacher ratio (too few teachers per student) increase the probability that people view corruption as prevalent.

When Do Voters Punish Corrupt Politicians? Experimental Evidence from a Field and Survey Experiment

AbstractWhen do voters punish corrupt politicians? Heterogeneous views about the importance of corruption can determine whether or not increased information enhances accountability. If partisan cleavages correlate with the importance voters place on corruption, then the consequences of information may vary by candidate, even when voters identify multiple candidates as corrupt. We provide evidence of this mechanism from a field experiment in a mayoral election in Brazil where a reputable interest group declared both candidates corrupt. We distributed fliers in the runoff mayoral election in São Paulo. Informing voters about the challenger's record reduced turnout by 1.9 percentage points and increased the opponent's vote by 2.6 percentage points. Informing voters about the incumbent's record had no effect on behavior. We attribute this divergent finding to differences in how each candidate's supporters view corruption. Using survey data and a survey experiment, we show that the challenger's supporters are more willing to punish their candidate for corruption, while the incumbent's supporters lack this inclination.

Messaging about corruption: The power of social norms

AbstractWhile commonly deployed in anti‐corruption programs, corruption messaging has shown limited success. I argue that strategies focusing on injunctive norms (what most people approve of) have been underutilized and could be a feasible way of influencing perceptions in a desirable direction. In two studies fielded in Mexico, I first identify a substantial discrepancy between how individuals view the permissibility of corruption and their perceptions of other people's attitudes. In a follow‐up preregistered experiment, I leverage this tension by randomly informing a treatment group about people's strong anti‐corruption attitudes. The results show that the treatment group became significantly more positive with regard to the attitudes of others. Moreover, they report higher interpersonal trust, are less likely view corruption as a basic part of Mexican culture, and show lower willingness to bribe. The study contributes to our understanding of corruption as a social phenomenon and provides insights about how to construct effective anti‐corruption messages.

Does Legitimacy Mitigate Corruption? The Relevance of Social Traps in Low-corruption Contexts

ABSTRACT People tend to accept decisions if the process leading up to them is perceived as legitimate. However, the literature seldom asks if perceived legitimacy translates to compliant, non-corrupt behavior. Thus, the association between legitimacy and corruption is curiously understudied. This paper argues that, while legitimation may contribute to acceptance of authority, it does not necessarily lead to compliance with anti-corruption norms. Analysing a mature democracy characterised by absence of endemic corruption, it finds that while legitimacy may, to a small extent, contribute to compliance with anti-corruption norms, it is in most cases insufficient to overcome incentives of self-interested behavior. Instead, compliance with anti-corruption norms crucially depends on individuals’ perceptions of how willing others are to take part, or not to take part, in corruption. This implies support for the ‘social trap’-view of corruption, where credible enforcement of non-corruption norms is crucial to persuading people not to take part in it.

Thick as thieves? Corruption, institutional trust, and investment locations

What makes corrupt investment locations still attractive to investing economies? This article examines whether states’ tendency to ignore corruption in investment targets is due to their being accustomed to corruption at home, or is instead due to a perception that despite flaws institutions can be counted on to remain functional. We argue that economies where corruption is viewed permissively would still likely invest in states equally perceived as corrupt but not necessarily due to shared collective tolerance. Rather, a perception of institutional dependability motivates the selection of investment locations, regardless of how people in investing states view corruption. To test our conjecture, we analyzed bilateral foreign direct investment outflows for 96 countries between 2001 and 2012 using exponential random graph models alongside value-based typologies for corruption and institutional confidence. Our results suggest that, overall, it is trust in institutions and not necessarily trepidation about corruption that mediates the selection of investment locations.

Capitalism, the Book of Amos and Adam Smith: An analysis of corruption

The purpose of this study is to challenge the criticism of capitalism by biblical scholars that is based on references to the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament and specifically the Book of Amos. In many of these reflections, capitalism is viewed as a corrupt and morally dysfunctional system that perpetuates economic injustice. In order to challenge these perspectives, the prophet Amos and Adam Smith (to whom the legacy of capitalism is generally traced) will be compared in terms of their understanding of corruption as an economic phenomenon and pressing problem in South Africa. This will be done to argue that both Amos and Smith, although from two distinct theoretical and historical perspectives, use similar analytic criteria to study corruption. Smith and Amos followed a dual view of corruption in which convictional decline took place. For Amos, the convictional dimension was represented specifically by a decline in belief in God and for Smith, by a decline in the values of the Enlightenment, such as liberty and equality; and at the same time, the moral dimension was represented by moral failure in terms of non-compliance with the law (תרה, torah) of God (Amos 2:4) and corrupt practices by citizen and government officials (Smith). Amos notes that there is a theological deficit at the root of economic injustice that results in the selling (מכר, makar) of the righteous (צדיק, tsaddiyq), the needy or beggar (אביון, ‘ebyon) and the dependent or weak (דל, dal) for private gain (Am 4:6). Law in the context of Amos is not only viewed as a moral imperative but the foundational principle of the structure of society (like liberty and freedom was for Smith). Therefore, a general criticism of capitalism based on moral failure and lack of conviction from Amos cannot be convincingly argued because Smith uses the same criteria. Criticism of capitalism should be more precise in terms of the loss of conviction and moral failures that Smith highlighted. Contribution: The comparative analysis of corruption in the Book of Amos and the philosophy of Adam Smith highlights that both use similar criteria, namely: conviction and morality. Therefore, a more nuanced critique of Capitalism is by biblical scholars is crucial for meaningful dialogue between biblical scholarship and economics.

Personal Corruption & Corrupting Laws: Montesquieu’s Twofold Theory of Corruption

Traditional views tend to identify the problem of corruption in the dishonesty of public officials. The main purpose of the research is to recover Montesquieu’s view of corruption and show that there are at least two different causes of corrupt behaviors. In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu distinguishes “two kinds of corruption: one, when the people do not observe the laws, the other when they are corrupted by the laws; the latter is an incurable ill because it lies in the remedy itself.” Recent studies about Montesquieu’s account of corruption do not pay much attention to this distinction. This paper unpacks the two kinds of corruption. The first kind tracks a problem of individuals who use their public office for private gain. The second track is the deficiency of the laws that contradict social behaviors and, therefore, are obeyed exclusively out of fear and violated whenever possible. The distinction is relevant to the anti-corruption literature because it implies two different ways to eradicate corruption. Corruption as a problem of individuals can be solved with better enforcement of the law: improving monitoring systems, better rewards for honesty, or higher punishments. Personal corruption can be dealt with what Celine Spector calls “a legislative arsenal.” However, improving enforcement mechanisms is unlikely to solve the problem in corrupting laws, given that people violate the law due to the high standards that it imposes on them. The solution for the second kind of corruption is to remove or modify the corrupting law. Montesquieu promoted the separation of powers and the spirit of moderation in the legislators to avoid corrupting laws. The result of this investigation is the importance of distinguishing between the situations in which more coercion can eradicate corruption and those in which more force against corruption leads to despotism. Keywords: Corruption, Legislation, Moderation, Montesquieu, Separation of Powers, Spirit of the Laws.

Economic Integration and Corruption - EU Enlargement in Western Balkans

The paper examines possible EU enlargement in Western Balkans from the point of view of corruption. Transparency International warns from the risks of acceleration and spreading of corruption in economic integration between states with different levels of integrity, and draws ambitious guidelines for optimal anti-corruption policy. The paper aims for policy advices concerning proper policy. The method is, first, to compare the candidate states to the current 28 EU states in terms of corruption and the quality of governance. Second, the paper briefly surveys the relevant literature on the macroeconomic effects of corruption, which shows that in countries that are imprinted by both corruption and bad governance, particularly in terms of rule of law and government effectiveness, a straightforward attac on corruption is hopeless, and it may even be economically detrimental. The conclusion is that following the guidelines given by Transparency International is a too winding path to take, and it is almost impossible to set full integrity as a precondition to entry. Optimal policy to avoid contagion of corruption is to focus not on the candidates, but on the existing EU28, and particularly on their close neighbors. This can be done best by concentrating on international business transactions, namely by strict enforcement of the OECD anti-corruption convention. The EU should pressure all member states to uniform commitment to it. After the entrance, rooting out of corruption and enhancement of formal governance in the new member states can then be carried out in due course. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.12.21524

Conflict-Criminological Paradigm of Corruption (Article 2)

The second part of the study pays special attention to the disputable issues of defining the concept of «corruption» and different research strategies of analyzing corruption practices and schemes of corrupt behavior through the prism of conflict social interactions. Corruption is characterized as the process and result of illegal conversion of the resources of public officials and private persons that trespasses the boundaries of social contract. The authors view corruption as a method through which capital is seeking to include material and moral elements of society into its movement. These elements, due to evident social and political necessity, cannot belong to private persons and should (could) only exist as a public whole, as public property. The analysis of contemporary research publications shows that the conceptual field of criminology uses the concept of «corruption» in two senses: in the broad sense, which includes all the manifestations of the «corruption» of power and the intentional abuse of office, status and authority by public officials with the purpose of personal enrichment or pursuing group interests, and in the narrow sense - the aggregate of the elements of offences with the corresponding qualifying characteristics and measures of legal liability. The authors conclude that corruption is a latent process of transforming the results of actions into a commodity of a «non-commodity» nature which cannot be the object of exchange within the legal field. Corruption relations are analyzed as such situations of forfeiting the public good to individual private beneficiaries when public officials receive a compensation for transferring to private persons the resources and benefits that do not rightfully belong to them. The authors prove the necessity of identifying the removal of economic, political and symbolic capital from public circulation for the benefit of private persons. They determine the challenges of transferring corruption counteraction from the regional and international perspective to the coordination of legal methods and highlight the conflicts between legal constructs in the development of anti-corruption measures.

Identifying Corruption Risk: A Comparison of Bulgaria and the Czech Republic

The article focuses on risk assessment of individual and systematic corruption at the municipal level in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. For this purpose, it uses the method of Corruption Risk FMEA, which is based on the classic Fault Mode and Effect Analysis used mainly in production. The model views corruption as an individual action, the application of which revealed significant differences in corruption risk which were detrimental in Bulgaria. The causes of these differences can be seen in the normative attitude of the public towards corruption, the insufficient involvement of the general public, and also the lack in range of controls. Improving the current situation can be achieved in two ways. The “low road” means increasing controls, for example, audits (in particular) and performance benchmarking, and applying them at the appropriate time. The “high road” means utilizing soft instruments and a change in the normative approach of the public towards corruption.

An analysis of the impact of corruption on the realisation of the right to development

Although the relationship between corruption and economic performance is now extant in the development literature, the nexus between corruption and its impact on the realisation (or non-realisation) of human rights is much less understood and therefore, in need of further elaboration. Emerging research appears to show a strong correlation between corruption, poverty, and inequality though this nascent research does not show any hierarchy among human rights affected by corruption. What is clear, however, is that when corruption becomes endemic in a polity, it benefits the well-connected and wealthy, debases the marginalised to lives of poverty and impoverishment. Inevitably, this leads to the weakening of the very accountability structures which are cardinal for protecting human rights. However, to date, no convincing theoretical framework has been advanced which seeks to explain corruption as a human rights violation. The traditional approach is to view corruption as impacting on, or contributing to human rights violations but not seeing it as a rights violation per se. Using the right to development as provided in the Declaration on the Right to Development and given legal teeth under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as an entry point, this article argues that corruption is not only an obstacle to the realisation of the right to development, but a violation of human rights. Linking corruption and human rights, in particular, the right to development, as this article attempts to do, serves mostly to add a new perspective by deploying human rights norms and institutions in fighting the deleterious effects of corruption on the realisation of human rights.

The Systemic Nature of Corruption

This paper aims to view corruption in light of the consequences that arise from it and believes that corruption should not be regarded in individual instances. Corruption is not restricted to any one type office or motive or a single type of compensation. The paper argues that by its very nature corruption is a self reproducing network that leads to a social institution that parallels the government in strength and its impact on the economy. Once corruption is institutionalized, people interacting in a corrupt network often have no choice but to engage in corrupt practices thereby ‘supporting’ and fueling the furtherance of the institution of corruption. The provision of licenses and permits is used as a standing example to measure the nature of corruption because the monopoly that the public sector has over the issue of such public goods and services is exemplified by regulations in licensing and the awarding of permits. The consequences of corruption are identified in the context of license provision. It is very common for ministries or smaller branches of the government to entrust one of their officials with the responsibility of granting a license or permit for a certain project. This is seen in heavy industries or large projects which require a sizable investment and will yield massive revenue in time. Licenses and permits are common for natural resource extraction, steel, coal and natural gas industries, infrastructure development, fisheries, construction and many other such industries. This provide public officials a perfect opportunity to extract rent from citizens who either don't know any better or simply cannot do anything about it because of the system they live in. The dynamics and problems of such a system are highlighted and a few simple solutions are suggested.

Рецензия на монографию «Коррупция: природа, проявление, взаимодействие» / отв. ред. акад. РАН Т. Я. Хабриева. М.: ИД «Юриспруденция», 2014. 688 с.

The review presents the authors’ opinion of the monograph “Corruption: nature, revelation, interaction” / editor-in-chief Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences T. Ya. Khabrieva. Selected chapters and paragraphs are reviewed and analyzed. The authors note both positive and negative sides of the monograph. The concept of corruption as a social phenomenon is discussed, as well as the need to implement international norms in national legislation, the legal framework for combating corruption in Russia, the activities of the various institutions to fight against corruption,combating corruption in state and municipal service, ways of overcoming the corruption potential of legal acts, impact of corruption on business, and methods of combating corruption abroad.The team of authors, including a large number of well-known scientists and politicians (S. B. Ivanov, S. B. Naryshkin, S. V. Stepashin, Yu. A. Tikhomirov, A. V. Fedorov, T. Ya. Khabrieva, etc.) view corruption as a social phenomenon, highlight the issues of international cooperation on corruption issues, give a detailed review of legislation (including international) on combating corruption, and name individual institutions to counteract this dangerous phenomenon. Special chapters are devoted to corruption in the system of state and municipal service, and corruption in the business sector. Detailed attention in a separate chapter is given to the institution of anti-corruption expertise.

Conflict between social structure and legal framework: political corruption in Pakistan

There is a growing body of literature on the conflict between social environment and legal system. This article seeks to unravel the contradiction between Pakistan's anti-corruption laws and its social world. The study of this uncharted territory becomes even more urgent when the consequences of corruption are taken into account in the broader context of Pakistan's internal cohesion, democratic development and sustainable growth. Despite the fact that Pakistan inherited a British legal framework based on the division between public and private spheres, the article argues that a greater part of Pakistani society does not recognise such division. The split between public and private realms which provides a conceptual framework for any definition of political corruption seems culturally deficient. In particular, the paper attempts to demonstrate that ethnic loyalties by taking precedence over the public interest give rise to the ‘moral view of corruption', which explains why many people do not view the use of public office for ethnic gain to be an act of corruption. In these particular circumstances, the paper finds an underlying conflict in the treatment of corruption between the social and legal systems. The disparity between the legal system and social world has given rise to grave concern on the part of civil society.